27 Questions
What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?
The flow of information from DNA to RNA to Protein
What is the repository of genetic information in most organisms?
DNA
What is reverse transcription?
The synthesis of DNA from an RNA template
What is the purpose of reverse transcription in the laboratory?
To make many copies of a specific genetic sequence for analysis
What is a gene?
A segment of DNA that encodes a specific protein
What is a genotype?
The genetic composition of an individual, particularly the alleles for specific genes
What are alleles?
Different forms of a single gene
What is a homologous chromosome pair?
A pair of chromosomes that contain the same genes
What is a phenotype?
The physical characteristics of an individual
What technique combines reverse transcription and PCR amplification?
RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription-PCR)
What is color blindness?
The inability to distinguish between different colors.
Which type of color blindness is most common?
Red-green color blindness
What are the components of a nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base, phosphate group, sugar
Which nucleic acid carries genetic information in all cellular forms of life and some viruses?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Which nucleic acid functions as an intermediary in the transfer of genetic information from DNA to protein?
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
What are the two chemically distinct types of nucleic acids?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Which bases are found in DNA?
Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C)
What is the principle behind the complementary base pairing in DNA?
If one strand has ACGT, the opposite strand must have TGCA.
What does the Chargaff Rule state about the base composition of DNA?
The amount of adenine equals the amount of guanine, and the amount of cytosine equals the amount of thymine.
How are the two strands of DNA arranged in the double helix structure?
The hydrophilic backbones are on the outside, and the bases are stacked inside.
What is the main reason for the negative charge on the surface of the DNA helix?
The phosphate groups have a free -OH group that dissociates a hydrogen ion.
How does the complementary nature of DNA strands explain the process of DNA replication?
Each strand can be used as a template to reconstruct the base sequence in the opposite strand.
What is the major structural form of DNA found in cells?
B-form
What is the direction of the RNA strand?
5' to 3'
How can phosphodiester bonds in RNA be cleaved?
Hydrolytically by chemicals or enzymatically by ribonucleases
What is the difference between the A-form and B-form of DNA?
A-form is right-handed with 11 base pairs per turn, B-form is right-handed with 10 base pairs per turn.
What is the characteristic of the Z-form of DNA?
It is a left-handed double helix with 12 base pairs per turn.
Explore the fundamental concept of the Central Dogma of molecular biology, which describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. Learn about reverse transcription, a process where DNA is synthesized from an RNA template, driven by RNA-dependent DNA polymerases.
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