59 Questions
What is one of the defining characteristics of most macromolecules?
They are assembled from smaller units called monomers
What type of reaction requires energy from ATP to activate the monomers?
Condensation reaction
What is the role of lysosomes in the cell?
Breaking down macromolecules into simple monomers
What is the composition of mitochondria?
Lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
How are monomers usually assembled into polymers?
By coupling to a carrier molecule
What is the structural unit of life according to the Cell Theory?
Cells
Which atom is mentioned as the fundamental atom in the text?
Carbon
What is the primary composition of microtubules and elements of the cytoskeleton?
Proteins
What can carbon easily bond to in biological molecules according to the text?
Sulfur
Why is silicon mentioned as less stable and way too reactive compared to carbon?
It forms single bonds instead of double or triple bonds
What type of reaction releases water in the process of assembling monomers into polymers?
Condensation reaction
Which organelle acts like a recycling center by breaking down macromolecules into simple monomers?
Lysosomes
Which molecules typically require condensation reactions to assemble them into polymers?
Proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates
What is the role of ATP in the activation of monomers during polymer assembly?
ATP activates the monomers for condensation reactions
Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the four classes of macromolecules?
Vitamins
Most macromolecules are polymers made up of individual units called monomers.
True
What type of bond will Cysteine form with another Cysteine?
Disulfide bond
In protein structure, which level refers to the entire protein's overall 3D shape?
Tertiary structure
What is the role of molecular chaperonins in protein folding?
To provide a private space for new proteins to fold properly
What is the primary function of fibrous proteins?
To fill structural roles
How are two chunks of amino acid chains held together in Beta-sheet folding?
By hydrogen bonds
What determines the functionality of a protein according to the text?
Tertiary structure
What causes the new protein to fold incorrectly according to the text?
Interference from other proteins
What did Christian Anfinsen conclude about protein folding based on his experiment with ribonuclease?
The information for correct folding is contained within the amino acid sequence
What is the primary function of proteins in the cell?
Regulating genetic expression
What is the general structure of amino acids?
Carboxyl group, amino group, R-group, a central carbon atom, and a single hydrogen atom
How are nonpolar amino acids with hydrophobic side chains known to associate with each other?
Via Van der Waals forces and hydrophobic interactions
What do polar, uncharged amino acids do at cellular pH?
Have a partial charge
What is the classification of amino acids based on?
The chemistry of the R-group
Monomers assemble via (blank) reactions.
Condensation
Which of the following is a product of a condensation reaction?
Water
Amino acid monomers are linked via (blank) reactions to form (blank) bonds between units.
Condensation + Peptide
An alpha helix, which is secured via hydrogen bonding, is an example of secondary structure.
True
An amino acid with a hydrophobic R-group would likely be displayed on the (blank) of a protein once it is folded into its final 3D shape.
Interior
All proteins exhibit quaternary level of folding.
False
The order of nucleotides in DNA and RNA does not affect the ability to store and transmit information for the cell.
False
Each nucleotide is composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group.
True
What is the primary function of nucleic acids in the cell?
To store and transmit information for the cell
What is the composition of a nucleotide?
Five-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group
Where does DNA reside in the cell?
In the nucleus
What gives DNA and RNA the ability to store and transmit information for the cell?
The sequence or order of nucleotides
What is the monomer for DNA?
Nucleotide
What is a similarity between RNA and protein molecules?
Both are polymers composed of individual monomer units.
An error in the nucleotide sequence of DNA could lead to protein misfolding and possibly a decrease in protein functionality.
True
What molar ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is usually found in carbohydrates?
1:2:1
Which suffix in the name of a substance indicates that it is likely a carbohydrate?
-ose
What type of bond is formed between monosaccharides in a disaccharide?
Glycosidic bond
Where are oligosaccharides typically found when attached to a lipid or a protein?
Exoplasmic leaflet
What is the primary function of Glycogen in animals and humans?
Store chemical energy
What are the main polysaccharides?
All of the above
Which of the following is true regarding beta-pleated sheets?
Secured via H-bonds between amino and carboxy groups
What is the monomer in a molecule of sucrose?
Monosaccharide
All nucleotides have the same nitrogenous base.
False
Which of the following is a structural polysaccharide produced by animal cells?
Chitin
Which type of fatty acid has a hydrocarbon chain that extends on the SAME side of the double bonds?
Cis-unsaturated fatty acid
What is the structural feature of phosphoglycerides that distinguishes them from triglycerides?
Fatty acid chains
Which lipid molecule is made from a four-ringed hydrocarbon skeleton?
Cholesterol
What is the amphipathic characteristic of phospholipids responsible for?
Membrane fluidity
Which type of fat is solid at room temperature?
Saturated fat
Test your knowledge about the Cell Theory by Schledien and Schwann, and the main biological molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Understand the significance of these molecules in cellular structure and function.
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