The Cell and Disease Quiz

<p>Potocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide binding sites for transcription factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5-9 nm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large arrays of repeating sequences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>60% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clathrin-coated pits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caveolin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulatory RNAs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Actin microfilaments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variation in gene regulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain heterochromatin organization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GPI-linked molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macromolecule transport via clathrin-coated vesicles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At the cellular level (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They arise from perturbations in genes, proteins, and metabolites. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They explain disease pathogenesis and can drive therapeutic discovery. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of Na+ gradient generation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extracellular Matrix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Na+ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pump polar compounds out of cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signal transduction pathways (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It influences regulatory mechanisms in the genome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Are active primarily at pH 5 or less (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They play roles in gene regulation and expression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Net water outflow from the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphorylation with mannose-6-phosphate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through trans Golgi vesicles expressing M6P receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maternal inheritance from the ovum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitophagy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They constantly undergo fission and fusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autophagy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 to 10 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>With N-formylmethionine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy generation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis of membrane and export protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytosol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To efficiently manage potentially injurious enzymes or metabolites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Golgi apparatus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intracellular transport and export (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To optimize efficiency while preventing cellular damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of disease, focusing on the cellular level.

A complex chain of molecules (genes, proteins, and metabolites) within cells that influence their survival and behaviors.

The complete set of genetic instructions in a cell.

DNA sequences that aren't directly translated into proteins but still have vital functions.

The structural building blocks of the cell, responsible for maintaining shape and movement.

The process by which cells interact with their environment and each other.

A complex network of internal membranes involved in protein synthesis and modification.

Cellular mechanisms that regulate cell growth, division, and death.

DNA regions that initiate and regulate gene expression

These are DNA sequences that bind proteins to organize and maintain the structure of chromatin

RNAs that don't code for proteins but regulate gene expression

Large arrays of repeating DNA sequences found in centromeres, important for maintaining heterochromatin structure

Chromosome ends that protect against degradation

The portion of the genome that is transcribed into RNA but never translated into protein

Variations in gene regulation may be more important in causing disease than changes in proteins

The set of all proteins expressed in a cell, tissue, or organism

A structure within a cell that performs a specific function, like a mini-organ.

The fluid inside a cell that contains all the organelles.

The powerhouse of the cell, generates energy (ATP).

A network of membranes involved in protein synthesis and modification.

A small, rounded organelle that digests cellular waste and worn-out organelles.

A membrane-bound sac that transports materials within the cell.

The control center of the cell, containing DNA.

A small, dense region within the nucleus where ribosomes are produced.

A small, membrane-bound organelle that helps break down fatty acids and other molecules.

The process by which cells engulf large particles, such as bacteria, debris, and food, by forming vesicles called phagosomes.

The process by which cells transport substances across their membranes, from the extracellular space to the intracellular space, and vice versa.

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

The process by which cells move substances across their membranes against a concentration gradient, requiring energy.

A type of active transport that uses the energy stored in the Na+ gradient to move other substances across the membrane.

The process by which cells internalize fluids and small molecules via small vesicles.

The inward movement of molecules into a cell.

The outward movement of molecules from a cell.

A type of endocytosis where the membrane forms small pockets called caveolae to take in specific molecules.

The major structural protein found in caveolae, which are small pockets in the cell membrane.

A form of endocytosis where a receptor on the cell membrane binds to a specific molecule, causing a pocket to form and bring it into the cell.

Special regions on the cell membrane coated with clathrin, which are proteins that help form pockets for receptor-mediated endocytosis.

A type of cytoskeletal fiber made of the protein actin, responsible for cell shape, movement, and muscle contraction.

A type of cytoskeletal structure made of tubulin, responsible for transporting materials inside the cell, moving chromosomes during cell division, and maintaining cell shape.

Lysosomal enzymes are initially synthesized in the ER lumen and then tagged with mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) within the Golgi apparatus. These M6P-modified proteins are subsequently delivered to lysosomes through trans Golgi vesicles that express M6P receptors.

Material internalized by fluid-phase or receptor-mediated endocytosis passes from the plasma membrane to early and then late endosomes and ultimately arrives at the lysosome. These compartments are progressively acidified such that proteolytic enzymes become active in late endosomes and lysosomes.

Senescent organelles and/or large, denatured protein complexes can be ferried into lysosomes by a process called autophagy. Through a mechanism involving the products of a number of autophagy-related (Atg) genes, obsolete organelles are corralled by a double membrane derived from the ER.

Mitochondria initiate protein synthesis with N-formylmethionine and are sensitive to some antibacterial antibiotics.

Mitochondrial biogenesis requires a genetic contribution from preexisting mitochondria, and the ovum contributes the vast majority of cytoplasmic organelles in the fertilized zygote. Thus, mitochondrial DNA is almost entirely maternally inherited.

Mitochondrial disorders may be X-linked, autosomal, or maternally inherited because the protein constituents of mitochondria are encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA.

Mitochondria are constantly undergoing fission and fusion with other newly synthesized mitochondria. This supports their renewal and defends against degenerative changes that occur through ongoing oxygen free radical damage.

Mitochondria are short-lived, being degraded through autophagy (mitophagy) with estimated half-lives of 1 to 10 days depending on the tissue, nutritional status, metabolic demands, and intercurrent injury.