The Cell and Disease Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of the human genome is ultimately transcribed?

  • 90%
  • 75%
  • 85% (correct)
  • 80%

    • What is the primary function of caveolae in eukaryotic cells?

  • Transport of macromolecules via clathrin-coated vesicles
  • Support cell migration through microtubules
  • Formation of tight junctions between cells
  • Internalization of receptors and transmembrane signaling (correct)

    • Which regions of DNA are associated with the critical architectural planning of the genome?

  • Exons
  • Telomeres and centromeres (correct)
  • Introns
  • Transcription factors

    • Which type of endocytosis is characterized by 'cellular sipping'?

    <p>Potocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do promoter and enhancer regions play in the human genome?

    <p>They provide binding sites for transcription factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter range of actin microfilaments?

    <p>5-9 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of satellite DNA?

    <p>Large arrays of repeating sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of the genome is transcribed into RNAs that are never translated?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Receptor-mediated endocytosis primarily occurs at which specialized regions of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Clathrin-coated pits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is the main structural component of caveolae?

    <p>Caveolin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional non-protein-coding sequences could be crucial in disease causation?

    <p>Regulatory RNAs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytoskeletal structure primarily drives cell migration?

    <p>Actin microfilaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of genetic variation is highlighted as potentially more important in disease causation?

    <p>Variation in gene regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is satellite DNA important in addition to spindle apparatus attachment?

    <p>To maintain heterochromatin organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules are primarily internalized through caveolae?

    <p>GPI-linked molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions is NOT associated with caveolae?

    <p>Macromolecule transport via clathrin-coated vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'pathology' primarily refer to?

    <p>The study of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Virchow, where does disease originate?

    <p>At the cellular level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows for transcellular transport in the opposite direction for specific receptors and ligands?

    <p>Transcytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the influence of cellular pathologies?

    <p>They arise from perturbations in genes, proteins, and metabolites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of molecular perturbations in understanding diseases?

    <p>They explain disease pathogenesis and can drive therapeutic discovery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes osmotic swelling in cells during injury?

    <p>Loss of Na+ gradient generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular component is involved in maintaining cell populations?

    <p>Extracellular Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions are typically expelled from the cell to prevent overhydration?

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the multidrug resistance (MDR) protein?

    <p>Pump polar compounds out of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily studied within the context of cellular signaling?

    <p>Signal transduction pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does noncoding DNA play in cellular functions?

    <p>It influences regulatory mechanisms in the genome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the endocytosis process when the vesicle is large?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is true about lysosomal enzymes?

    <p>Are active primarily at pH 5 or less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do micro-RNA and long noncoding RNA contribute to cellular mechanisms?

    <p>They play roles in gene regulation and expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of hypertonicity in relation to cell water movement?

    <p>Net water outflow from the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the direction of water movement in relation to solute concentrations?

    <p>Passive processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What modification occurs to lysosomal enzymes in the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Phosphorylation with mannose-6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are macromolecules delivered to lysosomes?

    <p>Through trans Golgi vesicles expressing M6P receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of mitochondrial DNA in the fertilized zygote?

    <p>Maternal inheritance from the ovum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that involves the degradation of obsolete mitochondria?

    <p>Mitophagy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the dynamics of mitochondria?

    <p>They constantly undergo fission and fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process transports senescent organelles to lysosomes?

    <p>Autophagy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the estimated half-lives of mitochondria?

    <p>1 to 10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are proteins synthesized in mitochondria initiated?

    <p>With N-formylmethionine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mitochondria within a cell?

    <p>Energy generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Synthesis of membrane and export protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intracellular compartment is most prominent in terms of total volume?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of compartmentalizing cellular functions?

    <p>To efficiently manage potentially injurious enzymes or metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organelles is most directly involved in apoptosis?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total cell volume do lysosomes occupy?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily responsible for the modification and sorting of proteins?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which role is NOT associated with peroxisomes?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of endosomes?

    <p>Intracellular transport and export</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of having high concentrations of certain metabolites or enzymes in defined compartments?

    <p>To optimize efficiency while preventing cellular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease

    • Pathology is the study of disease, originating at the cellular level.
    • Disease arises from perturbations in molecules, affecting cell survival and behaviors.
    • The human genome comprises ~3.2 billion DNA base pairs.
    • Protein-encoding genes make up only ~1.5% of the genome.
    • The remaining ~98.5% is non-coding DNA, crucial for gene regulation and "architectural planning."
    • The human genome shares ~99.5% DNA identity between individuals.
    • Non-protein-coding sequences include promoters, enhancers, regulatory RNAs (microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs), mobile genetic elements (transposons), and structural regions like telomeres and centromeres.
    • Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variations (CNVs) are the two main types of DNA variation in the human genome.
    • SNPs are single nucleotide position variants and typically biallelic (two choices).
    • CNVs are variations in numbers of DNA sequences, from 1000 base pairs up to millions.
    • Histones and histone-modifying factors are crucial for DNA compaction.
    • Nucleosomes wrap DNA around histone cores.
    • Chromatin remodeling changes nucleosome positions, affecting gene regulation.
    • Histone marks (methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation) influence DNA accessibility and transcription.
    • DNA methylation generally silences gene expression.

    Cellular Housekeeping

    • Normal cell function requires efficient compartmentalization.
    • Intracellular organelles (e.g., cytosol, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi) carry out specific cellular functions.
    • Proteasomes degrade proteins.
    • Lysosomes digest macromolecules.
    • Peroxisomes break down fatty acids.
    • Plasma membranes regulate transport and protect the cell from the outside environment.
    • The cytoskeleton (actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules) supports structure and movement.
    • Transport proteins (channels and carriers) facilitate solute movement.
    • Membrane transport mechanisms exist for various substances (ions, nutrients, etc.), often driven by concentration or electrical gradients.

    Cellular Activation

    • Intercellular communication is essential for cell development and tissue maintenance.
    • Signals regulate cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival.
    • Signal transduction pathways trigger intracellular events in response to external cues.
    • Receptors (surface or intracellular) bind signaling molecules and transmit signals.
    • Modular signaling proteins and hubs contribute to intricate signaling networks.
    • Transcription factors control gene expression, influencing cellular activity.

    Growth Factors and Receptors

    • Growth factors stimulate cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation.
    • Many growth factors are involved in tissue regeneration and repair.
    • Growth factors bind to specific receptors, activating signaling pathways.

    Gene Editing

    • CRISPR-Cas9 system is a powerful gene editing tool.
    • guide RNAs target specific DNA sequences for cleavage.
    • Gene editing can correct mutations and introduce new genetic material with precision.

    Stem Cells

    • Stem cells can self-renew and differentiate into specialized cell types.
    • Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent, able to form all cell types.
    • Adult stem cells are multipotent, differentiating into specific cell types.
    • Stem cells reside in niches, where they are regulated by soluble factors and other cells.
    • iPS cells are induced from somatic cells to exhibit stem cell-like characteristics.

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    The Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on pathology and the cellular origins of disease. This quiz covers the intricacies of the human genome, including DNA structure, coding and non-coding sequences, and variations like SNPs and CNVs. Explore how cellular disruptions relate to health and disease processes.

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