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Questions and Answers
Which cellular change is characterized by swollen cells with granular cytoplasm and a normal nucleus?
Which cellular change is characterized by swollen cells with granular cytoplasm and a normal nucleus?
- Cellular swelling
- Fatty change
- Cloudy swelling (correct)
- Hydropic degeneration
In which organs does hydropic degeneration commonly occur?
In which organs does hydropic degeneration commonly occur?
- Brain, bone marrow, and skin
- Lungs, spleen, and pancreas
- Renal tubules, cardiac muscles, and hepatocytes (correct)
- Stomach, intestines, and gallbladder
What is the characteristic feature of fatty change in cells?
What is the characteristic feature of fatty change in cells?
- Presence of swollen cells with granular cytoplasm
- Abnormal accumulation of intracellular neutral fat (correct)
- Increased cell size with vacuolated cytoplasm
- Formation of water-filled vacuoles in the cytoplasm
What is the common light microscopic change associated with reversible cell injury?
What is the common light microscopic change associated with reversible cell injury?
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What are the macroscopic characteristics of an organ undergoing hydropic degeneration?
What are the macroscopic characteristics of an organ undergoing hydropic degeneration?
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Study Notes
Causes of Cell Injury
- Living irritants: infections
- Non-living: trauma, physical injury (thermal, radiation), chemical injury, immunological injury, hypoxia (anemia, inadequate oxygen, ischemia)
Reversible Injury
- Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disrupted → Decreased ATP
- Decreased ATP leads to:
- Decreased Na/K pump → gain of intracellular Na → cell swelling
- Decreased ATP-dependent Ca pumps → increased cytoplasmic Ca concentration
- Lactic acid accumulation → decreased pH
- Detachment of ribosomes from RER → decreased protein synthesis
- End result: cytoskeletal disruption with loss of microvilli, bleb formation, etc.
Role of Mitochondria in Cell Injury
- Mitochondria responsible for:
- Cell respiration
- Production of ATP
- Vital functions of the cell:
- Cellular osmolarity (Na/K)
- Membrane transport process
- Protein synthesis
Reversible Mitochondrial Changes in Cell Injury
- Mild injury: swollen mitochondria
- Normal mitochondria
- Severe injury:
- Rupture of mitochondrial membrane
- Myelin figure (remnants of mitochondrial membrane)
- Calcification of mitochondrial remnants
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