Cellular Pathology

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Questions and Answers

Which cellular change is characterized by swollen cells with granular cytoplasm and a normal nucleus?

  • Cellular swelling
  • Fatty change
  • Cloudy swelling (correct)
  • Hydropic degeneration

In which organs does hydropic degeneration commonly occur?

  • Brain, bone marrow, and skin
  • Lungs, spleen, and pancreas
  • Renal tubules, cardiac muscles, and hepatocytes (correct)
  • Stomach, intestines, and gallbladder

What is the characteristic feature of fatty change in cells?

  • Presence of swollen cells with granular cytoplasm
  • Abnormal accumulation of intracellular neutral fat (correct)
  • Increased cell size with vacuolated cytoplasm
  • Formation of water-filled vacuoles in the cytoplasm

What is the common light microscopic change associated with reversible cell injury?

<p>Cell swelling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the macroscopic characteristics of an organ undergoing hydropic degeneration?

<p>Enlarged, soft, pale with tense capsule and rounded borders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Causes of Cell Injury

  • Living irritants: infections
  • Non-living: trauma, physical injury (thermal, radiation), chemical injury, immunological injury, hypoxia (anemia, inadequate oxygen, ischemia)

Reversible Injury

  • Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disrupted → Decreased ATP
  • Decreased ATP leads to:
    • Decreased Na/K pump → gain of intracellular Na → cell swelling
    • Decreased ATP-dependent Ca pumps → increased cytoplasmic Ca concentration
    • Lactic acid accumulation → decreased pH
    • Detachment of ribosomes from RER → decreased protein synthesis
  • End result: cytoskeletal disruption with loss of microvilli, bleb formation, etc.

Role of Mitochondria in Cell Injury

  • Mitochondria responsible for:
    • Cell respiration
    • Production of ATP
    • Vital functions of the cell:
      • Cellular osmolarity (Na/K)
      • Membrane transport process
      • Protein synthesis

Reversible Mitochondrial Changes in Cell Injury

  • Mild injury: swollen mitochondria
  • Normal mitochondria
  • Severe injury:
    • Rupture of mitochondrial membrane
    • Myelin figure (remnants of mitochondrial membrane)
    • Calcification of mitochondrial remnants

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