Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the cardiac cycle?
What is the cardiac cycle?
- The mechanical events where blood flows through the different chambers of the heart (correct)
- The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
- The electrical events in the heart leading to contraction and relaxation
- The process of blood circulation through the body
What is meant by 'diastole' in the context of the cardiac cycle?
What is meant by 'diastole' in the context of the cardiac cycle?
- Contraction
- Relaxation (correct)
- Electrical stimulation of the heart muscles
- Blood ejection from the heart
What happens during mid to late ventricular diastole?
What happens during mid to late ventricular diastole?
- Ventricular relaxation is in its last stages (correct)
- Atrial relaxation is occurring
- Blood is being ejected from the ventricles
- Ventricular contraction is at its peak
What are the semilunar valves mentioned in the text?
What are the semilunar valves mentioned in the text?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the semilunar valves snap shut?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the semilunar valves snap shut?
What causes the production of the 'dub' sound in the cardiac cycle?
What causes the production of the 'dub' sound in the cardiac cycle?
Which phase of the cardiac cycle is associated with the T wave on an EKG?
Which phase of the cardiac cycle is associated with the T wave on an EKG?
What is the arterial pressure in comparison to ventricular pressure during the cardiac cycle?
What is the arterial pressure in comparison to ventricular pressure during the cardiac cycle?
What is the pressure relationship between atria and ventricles during the isovolumetric relaxation phase?
What is the pressure relationship between atria and ventricles during the isovolumetric relaxation phase?
What sound is produced when the AV valves close during the cardiac cycle?
What sound is produced when the AV valves close during the cardiac cycle?
What happens to the ventricles during the isovolumetric relaxation phase?
What happens to the ventricles during the isovolumetric relaxation phase?
What is the duration of the cardiac cycle?
What is the duration of the cardiac cycle?
What is the function of the dicrotic notch in the cardiac cycle?
What is the function of the dicrotic notch in the cardiac cycle?
What occurs during the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?
What occurs during the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?
What happens to the atrial pressure during the isovolumetric relaxation phase?
What happens to the atrial pressure during the isovolumetric relaxation phase?
What is the purpose of the iso-volumetric relaxation phase in the cardiac cycle?
What is the purpose of the iso-volumetric relaxation phase in the cardiac cycle?
What causes the opening of semilunar valves?
What causes the opening of semilunar valves?
Why do AV valves remain closed during blood ejection?
Why do AV valves remain closed during blood ejection?
What is the pressure in the ventricles during blood ejection?
What is the pressure in the ventricles during blood ejection?
What is the term for the remaining blood in the ventricles after ejection?
What is the term for the remaining blood in the ventricles after ejection?
What causes the rise in pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk?
What causes the rise in pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk?
What happens to arteries in response to high pressure?
What happens to arteries in response to high pressure?
What causes the brief rise in aortic pressure represented by the dicrotic notch?
What causes the brief rise in aortic pressure represented by the dicrotic notch?
During which phase do ventricles depolarize and contract?
During which phase do ventricles depolarize and contract?
What is the term for the blood volume in the ventricles at the beginning of systole?
What is the term for the blood volume in the ventricles at the beginning of systole?
What is the term for the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction?
What is the term for the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction?
What happens to elastic arteries after recoiling blood?
What happens to elastic arteries after recoiling blood?
What is the term for the phase when blood is distributed to systemic, pulmonary, and coronary circuits?
What is the term for the phase when blood is distributed to systemic, pulmonary, and coronary circuits?
What causes the AV valves to open during the cardiac cycle?
What causes the AV valves to open during the cardiac cycle?
What keeps the semilunar valves closed during the cardiac cycle?
What keeps the semilunar valves closed during the cardiac cycle?
What is the end diastolic volume (EDV) defined as in the cardiac cycle?
What is the end diastolic volume (EDV) defined as in the cardiac cycle?
What initiates the iso-volumetric contraction phase in the cardiac cycle?
What initiates the iso-volumetric contraction phase in the cardiac cycle?
What is another term for the iso-volumetric contraction phase in the cardiac cycle?
What is another term for the iso-volumetric contraction phase in the cardiac cycle?
What occurs when the SA node fires at the end of ventricular diastole in the cardiac cycle?
What occurs when the SA node fires at the end of ventricular diastole in the cardiac cycle?
What is the phase of the cardiac cycle that involves the period of ventricular filling?
What is the phase of the cardiac cycle that involves the period of ventricular filling?
What is essential in comprehending the cardiac cycle according to the text?
What is essential in comprehending the cardiac cycle according to the text?
What percentage of blood flows passively into the ventricles when the AV valves open?
What percentage of blood flows passively into the ventricles when the AV valves open?
What keeps the semilunar valves closed during the cardiac cycle?
What keeps the semilunar valves closed during the cardiac cycle?
What is the phase that involves the myocardium squeezing the ventricles in an attempt to push blood upwards?
What is the phase that involves the myocardium squeezing the ventricles in an attempt to push blood upwards?
What is the phase that is crucial in the cardiac cycle?
What is the phase that is crucial in the cardiac cycle?
During the isovolumetric contraction phase, what is the pressure in the left ventricle?
During the isovolumetric contraction phase, what is the pressure in the left ventricle?
What causes the semilunar valves to open?
What causes the semilunar valves to open?
What is the pressure in the pulmonary trunk during the cardiac cycle?
What is the pressure in the pulmonary trunk during the cardiac cycle?
What produces the first heart sound, 'Lub' (S1)?
What produces the first heart sound, 'Lub' (S1)?
What is the pressure in the aorta during the cardiac cycle?
What is the pressure in the aorta during the cardiac cycle?
What happens when the ventricular pressure becomes greater than the atrial pressure?
What happens when the ventricular pressure becomes greater than the atrial pressure?
What is the pressure in the right ventricle during the isovolumetric contraction phase?
What is the pressure in the right ventricle during the isovolumetric contraction phase?
Why do the semilunar valves remain closed at a certain point in the cardiac cycle?
Why do the semilunar valves remain closed at a certain point in the cardiac cycle?
What causes the ventricular pressure to rise and the atrial pressure to drop?
What causes the ventricular pressure to rise and the atrial pressure to drop?
What is the pressure in the ventricles during the cardiac cycle?
What is the pressure in the ventricles during the cardiac cycle?
Why are the semilunar valves closed at a certain point in the cardiac cycle?
Why are the semilunar valves closed at a certain point in the cardiac cycle?
What is the purpose of the detailed explanation provided in the text?
What is the purpose of the detailed explanation provided in the text?
What are the ganglia called that are in front of the aorta and in front of the vertebral column?
What are the ganglia called that are in front of the aorta and in front of the vertebral column?
What term is used for the ganglia that go to a lot of the abdominal pelvic viscera?
What term is used for the ganglia that go to a lot of the abdominal pelvic viscera?
What is another name for the ganglia known as collateral ganglia?
What is another name for the ganglia known as collateral ganglia?
What are the ganglia called that are also known as pre-k or Duke ganglia?
What are the ganglia called that are also known as pre-k or Duke ganglia?
What type of ganglia are present in the parasympathetic nervous system?
What type of ganglia are present in the parasympathetic nervous system?
What neurotransmitter is released at the synapse between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems?
What neurotransmitter is released at the synapse between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems?
Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic motor neurons located?
Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic motor neurons located?
What type of neurons release norepinephrine in the autonomic nervous system?
What type of neurons release norepinephrine in the autonomic nervous system?
Through which structure do preganglionic sympathetic motor neurons move into the ganglia?
Through which structure do preganglionic sympathetic motor neurons move into the ganglia?
What is the pathway leading to the ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system characterized by?
What is the pathway leading to the ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system characterized by?
What are the ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system interconnected in?
What are the ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system interconnected in?
What are the ganglia filled with in the autonomic nervous system?
What are the ganglia filled with in the autonomic nervous system?
Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic motor neurons located?
Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic motor neurons located?
What is crucial for comprehending the functioning of the autonomic nervous system?
What is crucial for comprehending the functioning of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the location of ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the location of ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system?
Where can the postganglionic motor neurons synapse?
Where can the postganglionic motor neurons synapse?
What type of fibers are found in the gray ramus?
What type of fibers are found in the gray ramus?
Which neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons to sweat glands?
Which neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons to sweat glands?
Where do splanchnic nerves go in the body?
Where do splanchnic nerves go in the body?
What is the exception in the pathway to the adrenal medulla?
What is the exception in the pathway to the adrenal medulla?
Where can preganglionic sympathetic motor neurons synapse?
Where can preganglionic sympathetic motor neurons synapse?
Where can splanchnic nerves synapse when going to abdominal viscera?
Where can splanchnic nerves synapse when going to abdominal viscera?
What types of tissue can the sympathetic nervous system pathways lead to?
What types of tissue can the sympathetic nervous system pathways lead to?
What is the neurotransmitter released by most postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
What is the neurotransmitter released by most postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
What is the term for the nerves that leave as their own nerve, such as those going to abdominal viscera?
What is the term for the nerves that leave as their own nerve, such as those going to abdominal viscera?
What do the pathways of sympathetic nervous system motor neurons involve?
What do the pathways of sympathetic nervous system motor neurons involve?
What is the term for the ganglia located in front of the vertebral column?
What is the term for the ganglia located in front of the vertebral column?
Which nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion?
Which nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion?
How many traditional branches make up the autonomic nervous system?
How many traditional branches make up the autonomic nervous system?
Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system found?
Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system found?
Which nervous system is often referred to as the 'fight or flight' system?
Which nervous system is often referred to as the 'fight or flight' system?
How many motor neurons does the autonomic nervous system require to reach the effector organ?
How many motor neurons does the autonomic nervous system require to reach the effector organ?
Which specific chemical is released by the alpha motor neuron of the somatic nervous system?
Which specific chemical is released by the alpha motor neuron of the somatic nervous system?
Which system is responsible for conserving energy and is often referred to as the 'rest and digest' system?
Which system is responsible for conserving energy and is often referred to as the 'rest and digest' system?
Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic nervous system located?
Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic nervous system located?
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for regulating various bodily functions, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and digestion?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for regulating various bodily functions, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and digestion?
Which part of the nervous system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis within the body?
Which part of the nervous system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis within the body?
Study Notes
Cardiac Cycle Overview
- The text describes the myocardium beginning to slowly depolarize and contract, leading to the blood moving up towards the pulmonary trunk and aorta.
- The pressure in the aorta is about 80mmHg, while in the pulmonary trunk it is around 7-10mmHg.
- The pressure in the ventricles is less than the aortic and pulmonary pressure, about 60mmHg and 7mmHg respectively.
- The semilunar valves are closed at this point due to the pressure differences.
- As the blood accumulates, it pushes the valves up and back together, causing the ventricular pressure to rise and the atrial pressure to drop.
- The atrioventricular valves close when the ventricular pressure becomes greater than the atrial pressure.
- The semilunar valves remain closed as the arterial pressure is still greater than the ventricular pressure.
- During the isovolumetric contraction phase, no blood leaves the ventricles, and the AV valves snap shut, producing the first heart sound, "Lub" (S1).
- The left ventricle pressure rises to about 120mmHg, while the right ventricle pressure remains at around 25mmHg.
- The ventricular pressure becomes greater than the arterial pressure, causing the semilunar valves to open and blood to move out.
- The text aims to maintain a consistent flow throughout all phases of the cardiac cycle, ensuring clarity in the explanation of atrial versus ventricular pressure dynamics.
- The detailed explanation provides a comprehensive overview of the physiological processes involved in the cardiac cycle, including pressure differentials, valve actions, and sound production.
Autonomic Nervous System Overview
- The autonomic nervous system is made up of three traditional branches: the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, and the enteric nervous system.
- The autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion.
- The somatic nervous system is under voluntary control, while the autonomic nervous system is not.
- The somatic motor fibers only require one motor neuron to reach the effector organ, while the autonomic nervous system requires two motor neurons: preganglionic and postganglionic.
- The sympathetic nervous system is often referred to as the "fight or flight" system and is designed to use energy in stressful situations.
- The preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system are found in the thoracolumbar outflow, extending from T1 to L2 in the spinal cord.
- The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for conserving energy and is often referred to as the "rest and digest" system.
- The preganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic nervous system are located in the brainstem and the sacral region of the spinal cord.
- Acetylcholine is the specific chemical released by the alpha motor neuron of the somatic nervous system, while the autonomic nervous system releases different neurotransmitters.
- The autonomic nervous system regulates various bodily functions, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and digestion.
- The autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis within the body.
- The autonomic nervous system is a key component of the peripheral nervous system, which also includes the sensory and motor systems.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of the cardiac cycle with this quiz. Explore the dynamics of atrial and ventricular pressures, valve actions, and sound production in each phase of the cycle.
