The Cardiac Cycle Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the cardiac cycle?

  • The mechanical events where blood flows through the different chambers of the heart (correct)
  • The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
  • The electrical events in the heart leading to contraction and relaxation
  • The process of blood circulation through the body

    • What is meant by 'diastole' in the context of the cardiac cycle?

  • Contraction
  • Relaxation (correct)
  • Electrical stimulation of the heart muscles
  • Blood ejection from the heart

    • What happens during mid to late ventricular diastole?

  • Ventricular relaxation is in its last stages (correct)
  • Atrial relaxation is occurring
  • Blood is being ejected from the ventricles
  • Ventricular contraction is at its peak

    • What are the semilunar valves mentioned in the text?

    <p>Pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the semilunar valves snap shut?

    <p>Isovolumetric relaxation phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the production of the 'dub' sound in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Semilunar valve closure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cardiac cycle is associated with the T wave on an EKG?

    <p>Ventricular repolarization phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arterial pressure in comparison to ventricular pressure during the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Greater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure relationship between atria and ventricles during the isovolumetric relaxation phase?

    <p>Ventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sound is produced when the AV valves close during the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Lub</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ventricles during the isovolumetric relaxation phase?

    <p>They relax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the cardiac cycle?

    <p>0.8 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the dicrotic notch in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Causes a brief rise in aortic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Semilunar valves close</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the atrial pressure during the isovolumetric relaxation phase?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the iso-volumetric relaxation phase in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the opening of semilunar valves?

    <p>Greater ventricular pressure than arterial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do AV valves remain closed during blood ejection?

    <p>Greater pressure in the ventricles than in the atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure in the ventricles during blood ejection?

    <p>120 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the remaining blood in the ventricles after ejection?

    <p>End systolic volume (ESV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the rise in pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

    <p>Accumulated blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to arteries in response to high pressure?

    <p>They stretch to accommodate high pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the brief rise in aortic pressure represented by the dicrotic notch?

    <p>Valve closure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do ventricles depolarize and contract?

    <p>Mid to late ventricular systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the blood volume in the ventricles at the beginning of systole?

    <p>End diastolic volume (EDV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction?

    <p>Stroke volume (SV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to elastic arteries after recoiling blood?

    <p>Aortic and pulmonary trunk pressure rises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phase when blood is distributed to systemic, pulmonary, and coronary circuits?

    <p>Blood ejection phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the AV valves to open during the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Atrial pressure exceeding ventricular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What keeps the semilunar valves closed during the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk exceeding that in the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end diastolic volume (EDV) defined as in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>The blood accumulated in the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the iso-volumetric contraction phase in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Ventricular depolarization and contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another term for the iso-volumetric contraction phase in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Isovolumetric systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the SA node fires at the end of ventricular diastole in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Atrial depolarization and pushing the remaining 20% of blood into the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase of the cardiac cycle that involves the period of ventricular filling?

    <p>Mid to late ventricular diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential in comprehending the cardiac cycle according to the text?

    <p>Understanding the pressure differentials and valve movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of blood flows passively into the ventricles when the AV valves open?

    <p>70-80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What keeps the semilunar valves closed during the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk exceeding that in the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase that involves the myocardium squeezing the ventricles in an attempt to push blood upwards?

    <p>Iso-volumetric contraction phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase that is crucial in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Iso-volumetric contraction phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the isovolumetric contraction phase, what is the pressure in the left ventricle?

    <p>120mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the semilunar valves to open?

    <p>Ventricular pressure becomes greater than the arterial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure in the pulmonary trunk during the cardiac cycle?

    <p>7-10mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What produces the first heart sound, 'Lub' (S1)?

    <p>The AV valves snap shut during isovolumetric contraction phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure in the aorta during the cardiac cycle?

    <p>80mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the ventricular pressure becomes greater than the atrial pressure?

    <p>The AV valves close</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure in the right ventricle during the isovolumetric contraction phase?

    <p>25mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do the semilunar valves remain closed at a certain point in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>The arterial pressure is still greater than the ventricular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the ventricular pressure to rise and the atrial pressure to drop?

    <p>The blood accumulates and pushes the valves up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure in the ventricles during the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Less than the aortic and pulmonary pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the semilunar valves closed at a certain point in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Due to pressure differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the detailed explanation provided in the text?

    <p>To provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological processes involved in the cardiac cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ganglia called that are in front of the aorta and in front of the vertebral column?

    <p>Pre-vertebral ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for the ganglia that go to a lot of the abdominal pelvic viscera?

    <p>Sub-diaphragmatic ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for the ganglia known as collateral ganglia?

    <p>Paravertebral ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ganglia called that are also known as pre-k or Duke ganglia?

    <p>Pre-vertebral ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ganglia are present in the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Terminal and intramural ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is released at the synapse between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic motor neurons located?

    <p>Lateral gray horn of the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons release norepinephrine in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Postganglionic sympathetic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Through which structure do preganglionic sympathetic motor neurons move into the ganglia?

    <p>Ventral root and ventral ramus of the spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway leading to the ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system characterized by?

    <p>Highly myelinated axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system interconnected in?

    <p>Chain-like structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ganglia filled with in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Cell bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic motor neurons located?

    <p>Lateral gray horn of the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for comprehending the functioning of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Understanding differences in neurotransmitter release and ganglia location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Chain or paravertebral ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can the postganglionic motor neurons synapse?

    <p>On cell bodies in chain ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers are found in the gray ramus?

    <p>Unmyelinated axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons to sweat glands?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do splanchnic nerves go in the body?

    <p>Thoracic and abdominal viscera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the exception in the pathway to the adrenal medulla?

    <p>It doesn't involve chain or collateral ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can preganglionic sympathetic motor neurons synapse?

    <p>On cell bodies in a chain ganglia at a lower level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can splanchnic nerves synapse when going to abdominal viscera?

    <p>In front of the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of tissue can the sympathetic nervous system pathways lead to?

    <p>Erector pili muscle, blood vessels, and sweat glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the neurotransmitter released by most postganglionic sympathetic neurons?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the nerves that leave as their own nerve, such as those going to abdominal viscera?

    <p>Splanchnic nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the pathways of sympathetic nervous system motor neurons involve?

    <p>Complex and varied routes to different target tissues and organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ganglia located in front of the vertebral column?

    <p>Prevertebral ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion?

    <p>Parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many traditional branches make up the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system found?

    <p>Thoracolumbar outflow, extending from T1 to L2 in the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system is often referred to as the 'fight or flight' system?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many motor neurons does the autonomic nervous system require to reach the effector organ?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specific chemical is released by the alpha motor neuron of the somatic nervous system?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for conserving energy and is often referred to as the 'rest and digest' system?

    <p>Parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic nervous system located?

    <p>Brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Using energy in stressful situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Conserving energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for regulating various bodily functions, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and digestion?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis within the body?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiac Cycle Overview

    • The text describes the myocardium beginning to slowly depolarize and contract, leading to the blood moving up towards the pulmonary trunk and aorta.
    • The pressure in the aorta is about 80mmHg, while in the pulmonary trunk it is around 7-10mmHg.
    • The pressure in the ventricles is less than the aortic and pulmonary pressure, about 60mmHg and 7mmHg respectively.
    • The semilunar valves are closed at this point due to the pressure differences.
    • As the blood accumulates, it pushes the valves up and back together, causing the ventricular pressure to rise and the atrial pressure to drop.
    • The atrioventricular valves close when the ventricular pressure becomes greater than the atrial pressure.
    • The semilunar valves remain closed as the arterial pressure is still greater than the ventricular pressure.
    • During the isovolumetric contraction phase, no blood leaves the ventricles, and the AV valves snap shut, producing the first heart sound, "Lub" (S1).
    • The left ventricle pressure rises to about 120mmHg, while the right ventricle pressure remains at around 25mmHg.
    • The ventricular pressure becomes greater than the arterial pressure, causing the semilunar valves to open and blood to move out.
    • The text aims to maintain a consistent flow throughout all phases of the cardiac cycle, ensuring clarity in the explanation of atrial versus ventricular pressure dynamics.
    • The detailed explanation provides a comprehensive overview of the physiological processes involved in the cardiac cycle, including pressure differentials, valve actions, and sound production.

    Autonomic Nervous System Overview

    • The autonomic nervous system is made up of three traditional branches: the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, and the enteric nervous system.
    • The autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion.
    • The somatic nervous system is under voluntary control, while the autonomic nervous system is not.
    • The somatic motor fibers only require one motor neuron to reach the effector organ, while the autonomic nervous system requires two motor neurons: preganglionic and postganglionic.
    • The sympathetic nervous system is often referred to as the "fight or flight" system and is designed to use energy in stressful situations.
    • The preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system are found in the thoracolumbar outflow, extending from T1 to L2 in the spinal cord.
    • The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for conserving energy and is often referred to as the "rest and digest" system.
    • The preganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic nervous system are located in the brainstem and the sacral region of the spinal cord.
    • Acetylcholine is the specific chemical released by the alpha motor neuron of the somatic nervous system, while the autonomic nervous system releases different neurotransmitters.
    • The autonomic nervous system regulates various bodily functions, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and digestion.
    • The autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis within the body.
    • The autonomic nervous system is a key component of the peripheral nervous system, which also includes the sensory and motor systems.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the cardiac cycle with this quiz. Explore the dynamics of atrial and ventricular pressures, valve actions, and sound production in each phase of the cycle.

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