9 Questions
What is the reason for using the base letter L in the MN blood group genotypes?
To honor the discoverers, Landsteiner and Levine
In the MN blood group genotypes, which type of arrangement is based solely on alphabetical order?
Presence of MN genotype
What is unique about the inheritance of the sickle cell gene?
It shows codominance at the molecular level
Which of these statements best describes codominance as observed in sickle cell anemia?
Both forms of hemoglobin are equally expressed in heterozygotes
In the context of genetics, what does the term 'phenotype' refer to?
The visible expression of a genetic trait
How do codominant genes differ from dominant-recessive genes?
Codominant genes have both alleles expressed in the phenotype
How does sickle cell anemia differ from the MN blood group in terms of genetic inheritance?
Sickle cell anemia is controlled by multiple genes, while MN blood group is controlled by a single gene pair
What does it mean when it is said that both M and N alleles in MN blood type are dominant?
Both M and N alleles are equally expressed in phenotype
What happens at a molecular level in individuals with both forms of hemoglobin (HbA and HbB)?
Both forms of hemoglobin are expressed equally
Study Notes
The ABO Blood Group
- Almost all individuals have the H substance on their RBCs, which is necessary for the formation of A and B antigens.
- The H gene is very common, with 99.9% of individuals having an HH or Hh genotype.
Formation of A and B Antigens
- The IA allele expresses an enzyme that attaches N-acetylgalactosamine (AcGalNH) to the H substance, producing the A antigen.
- The IB allele expresses an enzyme that attaches galactose to the H substance, producing the B antigen.
Type O Phenotype
- Individuals with the IOIO allele have a mutation in the I gene, resulting in a non-functional protein and lacking an enzyme to modify the H substance.
- Type O individuals have only the H substance on their RBCs, with no A or B antigen.
ABO Blood Group Genotypes and Phenotypes
- The ABO blood group involves 3 alleles (I^A, I^B, and IO) that can combine to form 4 blood types (phenotypes).
- The 4 blood types are: Type A (A antigen only), Type B (B antigen only), Type AB (both A and B antigens), and Type O (neither A nor B antigen).
- Each phenotype is identifiable by the type of antigen present on the surface of red blood cells.
Codominance in Animals and Humans
- Codominance is observed in cattle, chickens, and horses, where both alleles are expressed equally.
- In humans, examples of codominance include the MN blood group and the inheritance of sickle cell anemia.
- In the MN blood group, both M and N alleles are dominant, resulting in heterozygotes expressing both alleles.
- In sickle cell anemia, codominance is seen at the molecular level, where both HbA and HbB alleles are expressed in heterozygotes.
Learn about the ABO blood types, the role of the H substance in the formation of A and B antigens, and the rarity of the Bombay phenotype in individuals. Explore the genetic variations that determine blood type.
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