The Bombay Phenotype and ABO Blood Types
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Questions and Answers

What is the reason for using the base letter L in the MN blood group genotypes?

  • To show the dominance of the N allele
  • To honor the discoverers, Landsteiner and Levine (correct)
  • To indicate the recessive alleles
  • To highlight the dominance of the M allele
  • In the MN blood group genotypes, which type of arrangement is based solely on alphabetical order?

  • Presence of MM genotype
  • Presence of MN genotype (correct)
  • Presence of heterozygote arrangement
  • Presence of NN genotype
  • What is unique about the inheritance of the sickle cell gene?

  • It involves a double base substitution
  • It leads to anemia due to mutation in hemoglobin
  • It results in normal hemoglobin production
  • It shows codominance at the molecular level (correct)
  • Which of these statements best describes codominance as observed in sickle cell anemia?

    <p>Both forms of hemoglobin are equally expressed in heterozygotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of genetics, what does the term 'phenotype' refer to?

    <p>The visible expression of a genetic trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do codominant genes differ from dominant-recessive genes?

    <p>Codominant genes have both alleles expressed in the phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sickle cell anemia differ from the MN blood group in terms of genetic inheritance?

    <p>Sickle cell anemia is controlled by multiple genes, while MN blood group is controlled by a single gene pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when it is said that both M and N alleles in MN blood type are dominant?

    <p>Both M and N alleles are equally expressed in phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at a molecular level in individuals with both forms of hemoglobin (HbA and HbB)?

    <p>Both forms of hemoglobin are expressed equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The ABO Blood Group

    • Almost all individuals have the H substance on their RBCs, which is necessary for the formation of A and B antigens.
    • The H gene is very common, with 99.9% of individuals having an HH or Hh genotype.

    Formation of A and B Antigens

    • The IA allele expresses an enzyme that attaches N-acetylgalactosamine (AcGalNH) to the H substance, producing the A antigen.
    • The IB allele expresses an enzyme that attaches galactose to the H substance, producing the B antigen.

    Type O Phenotype

    • Individuals with the IOIO allele have a mutation in the I gene, resulting in a non-functional protein and lacking an enzyme to modify the H substance.
    • Type O individuals have only the H substance on their RBCs, with no A or B antigen.

    ABO Blood Group Genotypes and Phenotypes

    • The ABO blood group involves 3 alleles (I^A, I^B, and IO) that can combine to form 4 blood types (phenotypes).
    • The 4 blood types are: Type A (A antigen only), Type B (B antigen only), Type AB (both A and B antigens), and Type O (neither A nor B antigen).
    • Each phenotype is identifiable by the type of antigen present on the surface of red blood cells.

    Codominance in Animals and Humans

    • Codominance is observed in cattle, chickens, and horses, where both alleles are expressed equally.
    • In humans, examples of codominance include the MN blood group and the inheritance of sickle cell anemia.
    • In the MN blood group, both M and N alleles are dominant, resulting in heterozygotes expressing both alleles.
    • In sickle cell anemia, codominance is seen at the molecular level, where both HbA and HbB alleles are expressed in heterozygotes.

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    Description

    Learn about the ABO blood types, the role of the H substance in the formation of A and B antigens, and the rarity of the Bombay phenotype in individuals. Explore the genetic variations that determine blood type.

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