The Black Death and its Economic Impact in Europe Quiz
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Questions and Answers

According to the Malthusian theory, how does per capita income change as population rises?

  • Per capita income remains constant
  • Per capita income increases
  • Per capita income falls (correct)
  • Per capita income fluctuates

    • In the Malthusian model, what happens to birth rates with increasing per capita incomes?

  • Birth rates increase (correct)
  • Birth rates remain constant
  • Birth rates decrease
  • Birth rates become unpredictable

    • What is the relationship between good harvests and death rates in the Malthusian theory?

  • Good harvests lead to unpredictable changes in death rates
  • Good harvests lead to fewer deaths (correct)
  • Good harvests lead to more deaths
  • Good harvests have no impact on death rates

    • According to the pre-modern production function in the Malthusian theory, what happens to per capita income as population (L) rises?

    <p>Per capita income falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Malthusian trap refer to in the context of long-run equilibrium?

    <p>Population growth pushes per capita income to a subsistence level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the constant $0 < \alpha < 1$ in the pre-modern production function $Y = A\Lambda^\alpha L^{1-\alpha}$?

    <p>It represents constant scale returns and decreasing marginal returns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Malthusian theory, what determines the equilibrium income level in pre-industrial societies?

    <p>Positive checks and preventive checks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did pre-industrial societies believe would increase per capita incomes?

    <p>Limiting births</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Malthusian theory, what could increase per capita incomes in pre-industrial societies?

    <p>Anything deadly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did recent research support across many pre-modern countries regarding economic theories?

    <p>Malthusian theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Adam Smith's emphasis on division of labor allow for in pre-modern economies?

    <p>Output growth absent technological progress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which factor caused a 41% GDP increase in Europe?

    <p>Sustained monetary injections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary export destination of England until the late C18th?

    <p>Mediterranean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the approximate percentage of West European GDP for three centuries represented by the Atlantic trade?

    <p>$1%$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor caused the Iberian tradables sector to become uncompetitive according to the text?

    <p>Dutch disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event set the stage for the subsequent Industrial Revolution according to the text?

    <p>$High wages in Northwest Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor made Iberian governments unresponsive to demands from local taxpayers?

    <p>American precious metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary cause of real exchange rate appreciation in Iberian countries according to the text?

    <p>Inflation caused by Dutch disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the approximate percentage of American imports of Spain until late C18th compared to West European GDP?

    <p>$1%$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event caused a confluence of factors giving rise to the Little Divergence during which Northwest European incomes begin to rise?

    <p>Commercial Revolution and Smithian growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated mortality rate of the European population due to the Black Death?

    <p>1/3 to 1/2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributed to the decrease in labor supply and increase in wages after the Black Death?

    <p>High mortality rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did urbanization have on fertility rates in Northwest Europe after the Black Death?

    <p>Fertility rates fell due to cultural norms and institutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributed to the 'Great Divergence' across Europe?

    <p>Tax revenues mainly spent on wars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the Black Death on marriage patterns in Northwest Europe?

    <p>Men and women married relatively late and often not at all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to a more persistent death rate effect from the Black Death in Europe compared to other parts of Eurasia and Africa?

    <p>Europe's urban infrastructure deficiencies and political fragmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the main factors contributing to the fall in birth rates in Northwest Europe after the Black Death?

    <p>Consensuality, labor market access, and inheritance systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the pre-modern production function $Y = A ext{Λ}^ ext{α} L^{1- ext{α}}$, what does the constant $0 < ext{α} < 1$ signify?

    <p>Constant scale returns and decreasing marginal returns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of population growth on per capita income in the Malthusian model?

    <p>Population growth pushes per capita income down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Malthusian theory, how does technological progress impact per capita incomes in pre-industrial societies?

    <p>It did not result in higher per capita incomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between good harvests and death rates in the Malthusian theory?

    <p>Good harvests lead to fewer deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of Adam Smith's emphasis on division of labor in pre-modern economies?

    <p>Output growth absent technological progress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary linkage between demographic and economic variables in Malthus' theory?

    <p>Birth rates and per capita incomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Malthusian theory, what determines the equilibrium income level in pre-industrial societies?

    <p>Positive checks and preventive checks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Little Divergence refer to?

    <p>The period during which Northwest European incomes begin to rise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did recent research support across many pre-modern countries regarding economic theories?

    <p>The Malthusian theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Malthusian trap refer to in the context of long-run equilibrium?

    <p>The point at which population growth pushes per capita income down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of economic efflorescences in the pre-modern world on per capita income gains?

    <p>Led to significant per capita income gains, but eventually disappeared under various disrupting events and Malthusian forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Thomas Malthus' theory about birth rates and death rates with respect to per capita incomes?

    <p>Birth rates increase with rising per capita incomes while death rates decrease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the constant $0 < \alpha < 1$ in the pre-modern production function $Y = A\Lambda^\alpha L^{1-\alpha}$?

    <p>It indicates the diminishing returns to labor as population increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to output fluctuations in pre-modern economies according to Adam Smith's theory?

    <p>Learning-by-doing and decline in market size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the decrease in labor supply and increase in wages after the Black Death?

    <p>Higher demand for labor due to urbanization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributed to the 'Great Divergence' across Europe?

    <p>Institutions and cultural norms that allowed the Black Death to have a particularly persistent effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to a more persistent death rate effect from the Black Death in Europe compared to other parts of Eurasia and Africa?

    <p>Institutions and cultural norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor caused Northwest European birth rates to fall more than elsewhere after the Black Death?

    <p>Consensuality in marriage patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    $Y = A ext{Λ}^α L^{1-α}$ represents which economic model?

    <p>Malthusian growth model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    $25%$ to $40%$ fewer births than biologically possible after the Black Death is attributed to:

    <p>Consensuality in marriage patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributed to the Little Divergence during which Northwest European incomes begin to rise?

    <p>Intra-European trade intensification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated percentage increase in Europe's GDP caused by sustained monetary injections?

    <p>41%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributed to the uncompetitiveness of the Iberian tradables sector according to the text?

    <p>Dutch disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the institutional resource curse lead to in Spanish and Portuguese governments?

    <p>Unresponsiveness to demands from local taxpayers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary export destination of England until the late C18th according to the text?

    <p>Mediterranean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event set the stage for the subsequent Industrial Revolution according to the text?

    <p>High wages in Northwest Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the constant $0 < \alpha < 1$ in the pre-modern production function $Y = A\Lambda^\alpha L^{1-\alpha}$?

    <p>$\alpha$ represents the share of output attributed to labor input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the approximate mortality rate of the European population due to the Black Death?

    <p>50-60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary factor contributing to the decrease in labor supply and increase in wages after the Black Death?

    <p>Urbanization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to a more persistent death rate effect from the Black Death in Europe compared to other parts of Eurasia and Africa?

    <p>Political fragmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributed to the 'Great Divergence' across Europe?

    <p>Tax revenues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    $25%$ to $40%$ fewer births than biologically possible after the Black Death is attributed to:

    <p>Late marriage and low marriage rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event caused a confluence of factors giving rise to the Little Divergence during which Northwest European incomes begin to rise?

    <p>Final pre-modern efflorescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary export destination of England until the late C18th according to the text?

    <p>Iberian countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the constant $0 < \alpha < 1$ signify in the pre-modern production function $Y = A\Lambda^\alpha L^{1-\alpha}$?

    <p>It signifies constant scale returns and decreasing marginal returns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary linkage between demographic and economic variables in Malthus' theory?

    <p>Birth rates are linked to per capita incomes, and death rates are linked to harvest quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Little Divergence refer to?

    <p>A period during which Northwest European incomes begin to rise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of population growth on per capita income in the Malthusian model?

    <p>Population growth pushes per capita income down, leading to a long-run equilibrium known as the Malthusian trap.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    $25%$ to $40%$ fewer births than biologically possible after the Black Death is attributed to:

    <p>Decreased fertility due to social and economic factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated percentage increase in Europe's GDP caused by sustained monetary injections?

    <p>$41%$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributed to the decrease in labor supply and increase in wages after the Black Death?

    <p>The significant reduction in population leading to labor scarcity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Malthusian theory, how could pre-industrial societies increase per capita incomes?

    <p>By limiting births</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did recent research support across many pre-modern countries regarding Malthusian theory?

    <p>It supports the idea of equilibrium income level determined by birth and death rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Adam Smith's emphasis on division of labor allow for in pre-modern economies?

    <p>Output growth absent technological progress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of economic efflorescences in the pre-modern world on per capita income gains?

    <p>Led to significant per capita income gains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    $Y = A ext{Λ}^α L^{1-α}$ represents which economic model?

    <p>$Y = A ext{Λ}^α L^{1-α}$ represents the pre-modern production function in the Malthusian theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Thomas Malthus' theory about birth rates and death rates with respect to per capita incomes?

    <p>Increased death rate and decreased birth rate could determine equilibrium income level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to output fluctuations in pre-modern economies according to Adam Smith's theory?

    <p>Learning-by-doing and decline in market size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of sustained monetary injections on Europe's GDP, according to Chen et al. (2022)?

    <p>Caused a 41% GDP increase in Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the uncompetitiveness of the Iberian tradables sector?

    <p>Inflation caused real exchange rate appreciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory attributes the rise of Northwest European incomes to a confluence of factors after the Black Death?

    <p>The Little Divergence theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the approximate percentage of West European GDP represented by the Atlantic trade for three centuries?

    <p>$1 ext{%}$ of West European GDP for three centuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did recent research support regarding the economic history of humanity?

    <p>$99.9 ext{%}$ adheres to Malthusian model with temporary efflorescences due to Smithian growth or Malthusian growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did North and Thomas (1970) suggest about England's exports until late C18th?

    <p>$80 ext{%}$ of value of American imports of Spain until late C18th</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Drelichman (2005) attribute to the unresponsiveness of Iberian governments to demands from local taxpayers?

    <p>Institutional resource curse: Spanish and Portuguese governments could rely on American precious metals for their revenues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of Adam Smith's emphasis on division of labor in pre-modern economies?

    <p>Allowed for increased productivity and specialization leading to economic growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Little Divergence refer to?

    <p>A period during which Northwest European incomes begin to rise after the Black Death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Black Death and the Origins of the ‘Great Divergence’ in Europe, 1300–1600

    • The Black Death killed 1/3 to 1/2 of the European population, leading to a decrease in labor supply and an increase in wages.
    • Urbanization led to higher demand for food and increased urban mortality, contributing to the spread of disease and higher mortality rates.
    • War and disease spread further increased mortality rates in early modern Europe.
    • Urbanization promoted tax revenues, mainly spent on wars, contributing to the 'Great Divergence' across Europe.
    • Europe's urban infrastructure deficiencies and political fragmentation led to a more persistent death rate effect from the Black Death compared to other parts of Eurasia and Africa.
    • After the Black Death, men and women in Northwest Europe married relatively late and often not at all, resulting in 25% to 40% fewer births than biologically possible.
    • Northwest European birth rates fell more than elsewhere due to factors such as consensuality, labor market access, and inheritance systems.
    • In Northwest Europe, institutions and cultural norms allowed the Black Death to have a particularly persistent effect, influencing urbanization and fertility rates.
    • The Black Death and the Little Divergence in Northwest Europe were influenced by the effects of urbanization and labor market opportunities on fertility.
    • The Dutch and English incomes rose again in the 16th and 17th centuries due to a final pre-modern efflorescence, following the Black Death.
    • In the early modern period, intra-European trade intensified, leading to the proliferation of institutional innovations and decreasing transaction costs for European market integration.
    • The Atlantic economy and imperialism contributed to the growth of Europe in the early modern period, leading to Smithian and Malthusian growth.

    The Black Death and the Origins of the ‘Great Divergence’ in Europe, 1300–1600

    • The Black Death killed 1/3 to 1/2 of the European population, leading to a decrease in labor supply and an increase in wages.
    • Urbanization led to higher demand for food and increased urban mortality, contributing to the spread of disease and higher mortality rates.
    • War and disease spread further increased mortality rates in early modern Europe.
    • Urbanization promoted tax revenues, mainly spent on wars, contributing to the 'Great Divergence' across Europe.
    • Europe's urban infrastructure deficiencies and political fragmentation led to a more persistent death rate effect from the Black Death compared to other parts of Eurasia and Africa.
    • After the Black Death, men and women in Northwest Europe married relatively late and often not at all, resulting in 25% to 40% fewer births than biologically possible.
    • Northwest European birth rates fell more than elsewhere due to factors such as consensuality, labor market access, and inheritance systems.
    • In Northwest Europe, institutions and cultural norms allowed the Black Death to have a particularly persistent effect, influencing urbanization and fertility rates.
    • The Black Death and the Little Divergence in Northwest Europe were influenced by the effects of urbanization and labor market opportunities on fertility.
    • The Dutch and English incomes rose again in the 16th and 17th centuries due to a final pre-modern efflorescence, following the Black Death.
    • In the early modern period, intra-European trade intensified, leading to the proliferation of institutional innovations and decreasing transaction costs for European market integration.
    • The Atlantic economy and imperialism contributed to the growth of Europe in the early modern period, leading to Smithian and Malthusian growth.

    Pre-Industrial Economic Theories and Growth Patterns

    • Malthusian theory: equilibrium income level determined by positive checks (increased death rate) and preventive checks (decreased birth rate)
    • Change in birth rate: pre-industrial societies could increase per capita incomes by limiting births
    • Change in death rate: anything deadly could increase per capita incomes in pre-industrial societies
    • Change in technology: technological progress did not result in higher per capita incomes in pre-industrial societies
    • Recent research supports the Malthusian theory across many pre-modern countries
    • Pre-modern efflorescences: historical periods of economic growth above subsistence levels
    • Economic growth in pre-modern economies: Adam Smith's emphasis on division of labor and David Ricardo's focus on international trade
    • Smithian growth: division of labor allows for output growth absent technological progress
    • Smithian growth: output fluctuations in pre-modern economies due to learning-by-doing and decline in market size
    • Pre-modern income fluctuated above subsistence level, according to Smith and Malthus
    • Example: Antique efflorescence in the Mediterranean Antiquity saw per capita incomes on the Italian peninsula rise up to 5x subsistence level
    • Economic efflorescences in the pre-modern world led to significant per capita income gains, but eventually disappeared under various disrupting events and Malthusian forces

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    Test your knowledge on the economic impact of the Black Death in Europe between 1300-1600. Explore how high death rates influenced labor supply, wages, urbanization, and trade during this period.

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