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Questions and Answers
According to the Malthusian theory, how does per capita income change as population rises?
According to the Malthusian theory, how does per capita income change as population rises?
- Per capita income remains constant
- Per capita income increases
- Per capita income falls (correct)
- Per capita income fluctuates
In the Malthusian model, what happens to birth rates with increasing per capita incomes?
In the Malthusian model, what happens to birth rates with increasing per capita incomes?
- Birth rates increase (correct)
- Birth rates remain constant
- Birth rates decrease
- Birth rates become unpredictable
What is the relationship between good harvests and death rates in the Malthusian theory?
What is the relationship between good harvests and death rates in the Malthusian theory?
- Good harvests lead to unpredictable changes in death rates
- Good harvests lead to fewer deaths (correct)
- Good harvests lead to more deaths
- Good harvests have no impact on death rates
According to the pre-modern production function in the Malthusian theory, what happens to per capita income as population (L) rises?
According to the pre-modern production function in the Malthusian theory, what happens to per capita income as population (L) rises?
What does the Malthusian trap refer to in the context of long-run equilibrium?
What does the Malthusian trap refer to in the context of long-run equilibrium?
What is the significance of the constant $0 < \alpha < 1$ in the pre-modern production function $Y = A\Lambda^\alpha L^{1-\alpha}$?
What is the significance of the constant $0 < \alpha < 1$ in the pre-modern production function $Y = A\Lambda^\alpha L^{1-\alpha}$?
According to Malthusian theory, what determines the equilibrium income level in pre-industrial societies?
According to Malthusian theory, what determines the equilibrium income level in pre-industrial societies?
What did pre-industrial societies believe would increase per capita incomes?
What did pre-industrial societies believe would increase per capita incomes?
According to Malthusian theory, what could increase per capita incomes in pre-industrial societies?
According to Malthusian theory, what could increase per capita incomes in pre-industrial societies?
What did recent research support across many pre-modern countries regarding economic theories?
What did recent research support across many pre-modern countries regarding economic theories?
What did Adam Smith's emphasis on division of labor allow for in pre-modern economies?
What did Adam Smith's emphasis on division of labor allow for in pre-modern economies?
According to the text, which factor caused a 41% GDP increase in Europe?
According to the text, which factor caused a 41% GDP increase in Europe?
What was the primary export destination of England until the late C18th?
What was the primary export destination of England until the late C18th?
What was the approximate percentage of West European GDP for three centuries represented by the Atlantic trade?
What was the approximate percentage of West European GDP for three centuries represented by the Atlantic trade?
What factor caused the Iberian tradables sector to become uncompetitive according to the text?
What factor caused the Iberian tradables sector to become uncompetitive according to the text?
Which event set the stage for the subsequent Industrial Revolution according to the text?
Which event set the stage for the subsequent Industrial Revolution according to the text?
Which factor made Iberian governments unresponsive to demands from local taxpayers?
Which factor made Iberian governments unresponsive to demands from local taxpayers?
What was the primary cause of real exchange rate appreciation in Iberian countries according to the text?
What was the primary cause of real exchange rate appreciation in Iberian countries according to the text?
What was the approximate percentage of American imports of Spain until late C18th compared to West European GDP?
What was the approximate percentage of American imports of Spain until late C18th compared to West European GDP?
What event caused a confluence of factors giving rise to the Little Divergence during which Northwest European incomes begin to rise?
What event caused a confluence of factors giving rise to the Little Divergence during which Northwest European incomes begin to rise?
What was the estimated mortality rate of the European population due to the Black Death?
What was the estimated mortality rate of the European population due to the Black Death?
What contributed to the decrease in labor supply and increase in wages after the Black Death?
What contributed to the decrease in labor supply and increase in wages after the Black Death?
What effect did urbanization have on fertility rates in Northwest Europe after the Black Death?
What effect did urbanization have on fertility rates in Northwest Europe after the Black Death?
What contributed to the 'Great Divergence' across Europe?
What contributed to the 'Great Divergence' across Europe?
What was the impact of the Black Death on marriage patterns in Northwest Europe?
What was the impact of the Black Death on marriage patterns in Northwest Europe?
What led to a more persistent death rate effect from the Black Death in Europe compared to other parts of Eurasia and Africa?
What led to a more persistent death rate effect from the Black Death in Europe compared to other parts of Eurasia and Africa?
What were the main factors contributing to the fall in birth rates in Northwest Europe after the Black Death?
What were the main factors contributing to the fall in birth rates in Northwest Europe after the Black Death?
In the pre-modern production function $Y = A ext{Λ}^ ext{α} L^{1- ext{α}}$, what does the constant $0 < ext{α} < 1$ signify?
In the pre-modern production function $Y = A ext{Λ}^ ext{α} L^{1- ext{α}}$, what does the constant $0 < ext{α} < 1$ signify?
What is the impact of population growth on per capita income in the Malthusian model?
What is the impact of population growth on per capita income in the Malthusian model?
According to the Malthusian theory, how does technological progress impact per capita incomes in pre-industrial societies?
According to the Malthusian theory, how does technological progress impact per capita incomes in pre-industrial societies?
What is the relationship between good harvests and death rates in the Malthusian theory?
What is the relationship between good harvests and death rates in the Malthusian theory?
What was the primary focus of Adam Smith's emphasis on division of labor in pre-modern economies?
What was the primary focus of Adam Smith's emphasis on division of labor in pre-modern economies?
What is the primary linkage between demographic and economic variables in Malthus' theory?
What is the primary linkage between demographic and economic variables in Malthus' theory?
In the Malthusian theory, what determines the equilibrium income level in pre-industrial societies?
In the Malthusian theory, what determines the equilibrium income level in pre-industrial societies?
What does the Little Divergence refer to?
What does the Little Divergence refer to?
What did recent research support across many pre-modern countries regarding economic theories?
What did recent research support across many pre-modern countries regarding economic theories?
What does the Malthusian trap refer to in the context of long-run equilibrium?
What does the Malthusian trap refer to in the context of long-run equilibrium?
What was the impact of economic efflorescences in the pre-modern world on per capita income gains?
What was the impact of economic efflorescences in the pre-modern world on per capita income gains?
What was Thomas Malthus' theory about birth rates and death rates with respect to per capita incomes?
What was Thomas Malthus' theory about birth rates and death rates with respect to per capita incomes?
What was the significance of the constant $0 < \alpha < 1$ in the pre-modern production function $Y = A\Lambda^\alpha L^{1-\alpha}$?
What was the significance of the constant $0 < \alpha < 1$ in the pre-modern production function $Y = A\Lambda^\alpha L^{1-\alpha}$?
What led to output fluctuations in pre-modern economies according to Adam Smith's theory?
What led to output fluctuations in pre-modern economies according to Adam Smith's theory?
What was the primary reason for the decrease in labor supply and increase in wages after the Black Death?
What was the primary reason for the decrease in labor supply and increase in wages after the Black Death?
What contributed to the 'Great Divergence' across Europe?
What contributed to the 'Great Divergence' across Europe?
What led to a more persistent death rate effect from the Black Death in Europe compared to other parts of Eurasia and Africa?
What led to a more persistent death rate effect from the Black Death in Europe compared to other parts of Eurasia and Africa?
What factor caused Northwest European birth rates to fall more than elsewhere after the Black Death?
What factor caused Northwest European birth rates to fall more than elsewhere after the Black Death?
$Y = A ext{Λ}^α L^{1-α}$ represents which economic model?
$Y = A ext{Λ}^α L^{1-α}$ represents which economic model?
$25%$ to $40%$ fewer births than biologically possible after the Black Death is attributed to:
$25%$ to $40%$ fewer births than biologically possible after the Black Death is attributed to:
What contributed to the Little Divergence during which Northwest European incomes begin to rise?
What contributed to the Little Divergence during which Northwest European incomes begin to rise?
What was the estimated percentage increase in Europe's GDP caused by sustained monetary injections?
What was the estimated percentage increase in Europe's GDP caused by sustained monetary injections?
What factor contributed to the uncompetitiveness of the Iberian tradables sector according to the text?
What factor contributed to the uncompetitiveness of the Iberian tradables sector according to the text?
What did the institutional resource curse lead to in Spanish and Portuguese governments?
What did the institutional resource curse lead to in Spanish and Portuguese governments?
What was the primary export destination of England until the late C18th according to the text?
What was the primary export destination of England until the late C18th according to the text?
What event set the stage for the subsequent Industrial Revolution according to the text?
What event set the stage for the subsequent Industrial Revolution according to the text?
What is the significance of the constant $0 < \alpha < 1$ in the pre-modern production function $Y = A\Lambda^\alpha L^{1-\alpha}$?
What is the significance of the constant $0 < \alpha < 1$ in the pre-modern production function $Y = A\Lambda^\alpha L^{1-\alpha}$?
What was the approximate mortality rate of the European population due to the Black Death?
What was the approximate mortality rate of the European population due to the Black Death?
What was the primary factor contributing to the decrease in labor supply and increase in wages after the Black Death?
What was the primary factor contributing to the decrease in labor supply and increase in wages after the Black Death?
What led to a more persistent death rate effect from the Black Death in Europe compared to other parts of Eurasia and Africa?
What led to a more persistent death rate effect from the Black Death in Europe compared to other parts of Eurasia and Africa?
What contributed to the 'Great Divergence' across Europe?
What contributed to the 'Great Divergence' across Europe?
$25%$ to $40%$ fewer births than biologically possible after the Black Death is attributed to:
$25%$ to $40%$ fewer births than biologically possible after the Black Death is attributed to:
What event caused a confluence of factors giving rise to the Little Divergence during which Northwest European incomes begin to rise?
What event caused a confluence of factors giving rise to the Little Divergence during which Northwest European incomes begin to rise?
What was the primary export destination of England until the late C18th according to the text?
What was the primary export destination of England until the late C18th according to the text?
What does the constant $0 < \alpha < 1$ signify in the pre-modern production function $Y = A\Lambda^\alpha L^{1-\alpha}$?
What does the constant $0 < \alpha < 1$ signify in the pre-modern production function $Y = A\Lambda^\alpha L^{1-\alpha}$?
What is the primary linkage between demographic and economic variables in Malthus' theory?
What is the primary linkage between demographic and economic variables in Malthus' theory?
What does the Little Divergence refer to?
What does the Little Divergence refer to?
What is the impact of population growth on per capita income in the Malthusian model?
What is the impact of population growth on per capita income in the Malthusian model?
$25%$ to $40%$ fewer births than biologically possible after the Black Death is attributed to:
$25%$ to $40%$ fewer births than biologically possible after the Black Death is attributed to:
What was the estimated percentage increase in Europe's GDP caused by sustained monetary injections?
What was the estimated percentage increase in Europe's GDP caused by sustained monetary injections?
What contributed to the decrease in labor supply and increase in wages after the Black Death?
What contributed to the decrease in labor supply and increase in wages after the Black Death?
According to Malthusian theory, how could pre-industrial societies increase per capita incomes?
According to Malthusian theory, how could pre-industrial societies increase per capita incomes?
What did recent research support across many pre-modern countries regarding Malthusian theory?
What did recent research support across many pre-modern countries regarding Malthusian theory?
What did Adam Smith's emphasis on division of labor allow for in pre-modern economies?
What did Adam Smith's emphasis on division of labor allow for in pre-modern economies?
What was the impact of economic efflorescences in the pre-modern world on per capita income gains?
What was the impact of economic efflorescences in the pre-modern world on per capita income gains?
$Y = A ext{Λ}^α L^{1-α}$ represents which economic model?
$Y = A ext{Λ}^α L^{1-α}$ represents which economic model?
What was Thomas Malthus' theory about birth rates and death rates with respect to per capita incomes?
What was Thomas Malthus' theory about birth rates and death rates with respect to per capita incomes?
What led to output fluctuations in pre-modern economies according to Adam Smith's theory?
What led to output fluctuations in pre-modern economies according to Adam Smith's theory?
What was the impact of sustained monetary injections on Europe's GDP, according to Chen et al. (2022)?
What was the impact of sustained monetary injections on Europe's GDP, according to Chen et al. (2022)?
What was the primary reason for the uncompetitiveness of the Iberian tradables sector?
What was the primary reason for the uncompetitiveness of the Iberian tradables sector?
Which theory attributes the rise of Northwest European incomes to a confluence of factors after the Black Death?
Which theory attributes the rise of Northwest European incomes to a confluence of factors after the Black Death?
What was the approximate percentage of West European GDP represented by the Atlantic trade for three centuries?
What was the approximate percentage of West European GDP represented by the Atlantic trade for three centuries?
What did recent research support regarding the economic history of humanity?
What did recent research support regarding the economic history of humanity?
What did North and Thomas (1970) suggest about England's exports until late C18th?
What did North and Thomas (1970) suggest about England's exports until late C18th?
What did Drelichman (2005) attribute to the unresponsiveness of Iberian governments to demands from local taxpayers?
What did Drelichman (2005) attribute to the unresponsiveness of Iberian governments to demands from local taxpayers?
What was the primary focus of Adam Smith's emphasis on division of labor in pre-modern economies?
What was the primary focus of Adam Smith's emphasis on division of labor in pre-modern economies?
What does the Little Divergence refer to?
What does the Little Divergence refer to?
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Study Notes
The Black Death and the Origins of the ‘Great Divergence’ in Europe, 1300–1600
- The Black Death killed 1/3 to 1/2 of the European population, leading to a decrease in labor supply and an increase in wages.
- Urbanization led to higher demand for food and increased urban mortality, contributing to the spread of disease and higher mortality rates.
- War and disease spread further increased mortality rates in early modern Europe.
- Urbanization promoted tax revenues, mainly spent on wars, contributing to the 'Great Divergence' across Europe.
- Europe's urban infrastructure deficiencies and political fragmentation led to a more persistent death rate effect from the Black Death compared to other parts of Eurasia and Africa.
- After the Black Death, men and women in Northwest Europe married relatively late and often not at all, resulting in 25% to 40% fewer births than biologically possible.
- Northwest European birth rates fell more than elsewhere due to factors such as consensuality, labor market access, and inheritance systems.
- In Northwest Europe, institutions and cultural norms allowed the Black Death to have a particularly persistent effect, influencing urbanization and fertility rates.
- The Black Death and the Little Divergence in Northwest Europe were influenced by the effects of urbanization and labor market opportunities on fertility.
- The Dutch and English incomes rose again in the 16th and 17th centuries due to a final pre-modern efflorescence, following the Black Death.
- In the early modern period, intra-European trade intensified, leading to the proliferation of institutional innovations and decreasing transaction costs for European market integration.
- The Atlantic economy and imperialism contributed to the growth of Europe in the early modern period, leading to Smithian and Malthusian growth.
The Black Death and the Origins of the ‘Great Divergence’ in Europe, 1300–1600
- The Black Death killed 1/3 to 1/2 of the European population, leading to a decrease in labor supply and an increase in wages.
- Urbanization led to higher demand for food and increased urban mortality, contributing to the spread of disease and higher mortality rates.
- War and disease spread further increased mortality rates in early modern Europe.
- Urbanization promoted tax revenues, mainly spent on wars, contributing to the 'Great Divergence' across Europe.
- Europe's urban infrastructure deficiencies and political fragmentation led to a more persistent death rate effect from the Black Death compared to other parts of Eurasia and Africa.
- After the Black Death, men and women in Northwest Europe married relatively late and often not at all, resulting in 25% to 40% fewer births than biologically possible.
- Northwest European birth rates fell more than elsewhere due to factors such as consensuality, labor market access, and inheritance systems.
- In Northwest Europe, institutions and cultural norms allowed the Black Death to have a particularly persistent effect, influencing urbanization and fertility rates.
- The Black Death and the Little Divergence in Northwest Europe were influenced by the effects of urbanization and labor market opportunities on fertility.
- The Dutch and English incomes rose again in the 16th and 17th centuries due to a final pre-modern efflorescence, following the Black Death.
- In the early modern period, intra-European trade intensified, leading to the proliferation of institutional innovations and decreasing transaction costs for European market integration.
- The Atlantic economy and imperialism contributed to the growth of Europe in the early modern period, leading to Smithian and Malthusian growth.
Pre-Industrial Economic Theories and Growth Patterns
- Malthusian theory: equilibrium income level determined by positive checks (increased death rate) and preventive checks (decreased birth rate)
- Change in birth rate: pre-industrial societies could increase per capita incomes by limiting births
- Change in death rate: anything deadly could increase per capita incomes in pre-industrial societies
- Change in technology: technological progress did not result in higher per capita incomes in pre-industrial societies
- Recent research supports the Malthusian theory across many pre-modern countries
- Pre-modern efflorescences: historical periods of economic growth above subsistence levels
- Economic growth in pre-modern economies: Adam Smith's emphasis on division of labor and David Ricardo's focus on international trade
- Smithian growth: division of labor allows for output growth absent technological progress
- Smithian growth: output fluctuations in pre-modern economies due to learning-by-doing and decline in market size
- Pre-modern income fluctuated above subsistence level, according to Smith and Malthus
- Example: Antique efflorescence in the Mediterranean Antiquity saw per capita incomes on the Italian peninsula rise up to 5x subsistence level
- Economic efflorescences in the pre-modern world led to significant per capita income gains, but eventually disappeared under various disrupting events and Malthusian forces
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