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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following best describes the autonomic nervous system?
- An involuntary system that controls and modulates the functions of visceral organs (correct)
- A system that primarily controls skeletal muscles
- A system that primarily controls the central nervous system
- A voluntary system that controls and modulates the functions of visceral organs
What is the neurotransmitter released by adrenergic neurons?
What is the neurotransmitter released by adrenergic neurons?
- Norepinephrine (correct)
- Acetylcholine
- Serotonin
- Dopamine
What are the two types of neurons in each pathway of the autonomic nervous system?
What are the two types of neurons in each pathway of the autonomic nervous system?
- Motor neurons and sensory neurons
- Afferent neurons and efferent neurons
- Sympathetic neurons and parasympathetic neurons
- Preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons (correct)
What are the receptors for norepinephrine called?
What are the receptors for norepinephrine called?
Which type of neurons release acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter?
Which type of neurons release acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter?
What are the receptors for acetylcholine called?
What are the receptors for acetylcholine called?
What is the term for postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the gastrointestinal tract that release peptides or nitric oxide as their neurotransmitter instead of acetylcholine?
What is the term for postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the gastrointestinal tract that release peptides or nitric oxide as their neurotransmitter instead of acetylcholine?
What are the neuroeffector junctions of the autonomic nervous system analogous to?
What are the neuroeffector junctions of the autonomic nervous system analogous to?
What is the main category of preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the main category of preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
What do sweat glands have in terms of innervation?
What do sweat glands have in terms of innervation?
Which ganglion is an example of a prevertebral ganglion?
Which ganglion is an example of a prevertebral ganglion?
What is the specialized ganglion located in the thoracic spinal cord?
What is the specialized ganglion located in the thoracic spinal cord?
Which neurotransmitter is released by the axons of preganglionic neurons onto chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?
Which neurotransmitter is released by the axons of preganglionic neurons onto chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?
What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine in the adrenal medulla?
What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine in the adrenal medulla?
Which neurotransmitters are released by sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic nerves?
Which neurotransmitters are released by sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic nerves?
What is the overall function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the overall function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the body's response to fear, extreme stress, and intense exercise called?
What is the body's response to fear, extreme stress, and intense exercise called?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is called craniosacral?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is called craniosacral?
What neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic varicosities?
What neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic varicosities?
What is the overall function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the overall function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is released by the axons of preganglionic neurons onto chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?
Which neurotransmitter is released by the axons of preganglionic neurons onto chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?
What are the receptors for norepinephrine called?
What are the receptors for norepinephrine called?
Which neurotransmitters are released by sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic nerves?
Which neurotransmitters are released by sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic nerves?
What are the receptors for acetylcholine called?
What are the receptors for acetylcholine called?
What is the overall function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the overall function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the term for postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the gastrointestinal tract that release peptides or nitric oxide as their neurotransmitter instead of acetylcholine?
What is the term for postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the gastrointestinal tract that release peptides or nitric oxide as their neurotransmitter instead of acetylcholine?
What neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic varicosities?
What neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic varicosities?
What is the neurotransmitter released by adrenergic neurons?
What is the neurotransmitter released by adrenergic neurons?
Which of the following best describes the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following best describes the autonomic nervous system?
What is the main category of preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the main category of preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
Which ganglion is an example of a prevertebral ganglion?
Which ganglion is an example of a prevertebral ganglion?
What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine in the adrenal medulla?
What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine in the adrenal medulla?
What neurotransmitter is released by the axons of preganglionic neurons onto chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?
What neurotransmitter is released by the axons of preganglionic neurons onto chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?
What is the term for postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the gastrointestinal tract that release peptides or nitric oxide as their neurotransmitter instead of acetylcholine?
What is the term for postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the gastrointestinal tract that release peptides or nitric oxide as their neurotransmitter instead of acetylcholine?
What are the receptors for acetylcholine called?
What are the receptors for acetylcholine called?
What is the overall function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the overall function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic varicosities?
What neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic varicosities?
What are the receptors for norepinephrine called?
What are the receptors for norepinephrine called?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is called craniosacral?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is called craniosacral?
Which neurotransmitters are released by sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic nerves?
Which neurotransmitters are released by sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic nerves?
Which ganglion is an example of a prevertebral ganglion?
Which ganglion is an example of a prevertebral ganglion?
What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine in the adrenal medulla?
What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine in the adrenal medulla?
What are the two types of neurons in each pathway of the autonomic nervous system?
What are the two types of neurons in each pathway of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the overall function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the overall function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic varicosities?
What neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic varicosities?
What are the receptors for norepinephrine called?
What are the receptors for norepinephrine called?
What is the specialized ganglion located in the thoracic spinal cord?
What is the specialized ganglion located in the thoracic spinal cord?
What is the term for postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the gastrointestinal tract that release peptides or nitric oxide as their neurotransmitter instead of acetylcholine?
What is the term for postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the gastrointestinal tract that release peptides or nitric oxide as their neurotransmitter instead of acetylcholine?
What is the neurotransmitter released by adrenergic neurons?
What is the neurotransmitter released by adrenergic neurons?
What is the body's response to fear, extreme stress, and intense exercise called?
What is the body's response to fear, extreme stress, and intense exercise called?
Which ganglion is an example of a prevertebral ganglion?
Which ganglion is an example of a prevertebral ganglion?
What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine in the adrenal medulla?
What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine in the adrenal medulla?
What is the neurotransmitter released by adrenergic neurons?
What is the neurotransmitter released by adrenergic neurons?
What is the overall function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the overall function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic varicosities?
What is the neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic varicosities?
What is the specialized ganglion located in the thoracic spinal cord?
What is the specialized ganglion located in the thoracic spinal cord?
What is the term for postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the gastrointestinal tract that release peptides or nitric oxide as their neurotransmitter instead of acetylcholine?
What is the term for postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the gastrointestinal tract that release peptides or nitric oxide as their neurotransmitter instead of acetylcholine?
What are the receptors for norepinephrine called?
What are the receptors for norepinephrine called?
What is the main category of preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the main category of preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the body's response to fear, extreme stress, and intense exercise called?
What is the body's response to fear, extreme stress, and intense exercise called?
Which neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic nerves?
Which neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic nerves?
What type of neurons release acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter?
What type of neurons release acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter?
What are the receptors for norepinephrine called?
What are the receptors for norepinephrine called?
What is the term for postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the gastrointestinal tract that release peptides or nitric oxide as their neurotransmitter instead of acetylcholine?
What is the term for postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the gastrointestinal tract that release peptides or nitric oxide as their neurotransmitter instead of acetylcholine?
What are the neuroeffector junctions of the autonomic nervous system analogous to?
What are the neuroeffector junctions of the autonomic nervous system analogous to?
What is the overall function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the overall function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the specialized ganglion located in the thoracic spinal cord?
What is the specialized ganglion located in the thoracic spinal cord?
What is the body's response to fear, extreme stress, and intense exercise called?
What is the body's response to fear, extreme stress, and intense exercise called?
What is the neurotransmitter released by adrenergic neurons?
What is the neurotransmitter released by adrenergic neurons?
What is the overall function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the overall function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System
- Composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, regulating involuntary bodily functions.
- Divided into craniosacral (parasympathetic) and thoracolumbar (sympathetic) regions.
Neurotransmitters
- Adrenergic neurons release norepinephrine as their primary neurotransmitter.
- Acetylcholine is released by cholinergic neurons.
Neurons in Pathways
- Each pathway of the autonomic nervous system contains two types of neurons: preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons.
Receptors
- Norepinephrine interacts with adrenergic receptors.
- Acetylcholine binds to cholinergic receptors.
- Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the gastrointestinal tract can release peptides or nitric oxide instead of acetylcholine, known as peptidergic or nitrergic neurons.
Neuroeffector Junctions
- The neuroeffector junctions of the autonomic nervous system are analogous to neuromuscular junctions.
Sympathetic Nervous System
- Contains preganglionic neurons primarily in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
- Sweat glands receive sympathetic innervation.
- Functions to prepare the body for "fight or flight" responses, activated during fear, extreme stress, or intense exercise, known as the sympathetic response.
Ganglia
- An example of a prevertebral ganglion includes the celiac ganglion.
- A specialized ganglion located in the thoracic spinal cord is the sympathetic chain ganglion.
Adrenal Medulla
- Preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine onto chromaffin cells, which then release norepinephrine and epinephrine.
- The conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine in these cells is catalyzed by the enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT).
Sympathetic Postganglionic Nerves
- Release norepinephrine that acts on adrenergic receptors.
- The overall function includes mobilization of resources, increasing heart rate, and redirecting blood to muscles during stress.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Known for conserving energy, promoting rest and digest activities.
- Releases acetylcholine at varicosities during signaling.
- Its function is opposite to that of the sympathetic system, focusing on maintenance and recovery.
Summary of Key Terms
- Craniosacral Division: Refers to the parasympathetic nervous system.
- Adrenergic Neurons: Release norepinephrine.
- Cholinergic Neurons: Release acetylcholine.
- Neurotransmitters in Stress Response: Norepinephrine and epinephrine are key signaling molecules during fight or flight reactions.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the autonomic nervous system with this quiz! Explore the functions and organization of this involuntary system that controls visceral organs, including the heart muscle. Challenge yourself with questions on preganglionic and postganglionic neurons, and compare it to the somatic nervous system.
