The Art of Massage by John Harvey Kellogg

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Questions and Answers

Who is the author of 'The Art of Massage'?

John Harvey Kellogg (correct)

Galen

Hippocrates

Asclepiades

Massage was considered a respected therapeutic practice at the time of its introduction.

False

What is massage?

Systematic rubbing and manipulation of the tissues of the body.

Which cultures are known to have historically employed massage?

Chinese, Japanese, Hindus, Persians, Greeks, and Romans. Signup and view all the answers

Which physician claimed that sleep could be induced by gentle stroking?

Asclepiades Signup and view all the answers

Massage was employed by the Chinese as early as ____ years ago.

3000 Signup and view all the answers

What did Hippocrates direct regarding the application of friction?

Friction should be applied centripetally, or in the direction of the veins. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the significant benefits of massage according to the author?

Quickens circulation Signup and view all the answers

Who made extensive use of massage, calling it anatripsis?

Hippocrates Signup and view all the answers

What effect does massage have on respiratory activity?

It increases the depth of the respiratory movements. Signup and view all the answers

Massage primarily affects respiration through the lungs.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes are affected by massage? (Select all that apply)

Heat Regulation Signup and view all the answers

Massage promotes the secretion of __________ in the digestive process.

digestive fluids Signup and view all the answers

How does massage improve digestion?

By improving appetite, promoting secretion of digestive fluids, aiding absorption, and enhancing peristalsis. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the chief effects of massage upon elimination?

To improve elimination of waste Signup and view all the answers

Massage does not have any effect on renal activity.

False Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the number of blood corpuscles during massage?

The number of corpuscles can increase due to their release from storage in the spleen and liver. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of massage?

Decreased tissue metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Friction of the skin increases the elimination of __________ by sixty percent.

water Signup and view all the answers

What reflex influence does massage have on digestive processes?

It promotes the production of digestive fluids and aids absorption. Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is especially useful for exciting the nerve centers?

Beating Signup and view all the answers

The sedative effects of massage are less marked than the stimulating effects.

False Signup and view all the answers

What effect does strong percussion have?

Relieves pain Signup and view all the answers

Massage helps in the __________ of the entire nervous system.

reconstructive effects Signup and view all the answers

How does massage influence muscle nutrition?

Increases blood supply Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the blood supply of a muscle during inactivity?

It goes around the muscle Signup and view all the answers

Massage is a complete substitute for exercise.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to remove the effects of muscular fatigue?

Massage Signup and view all the answers

The term used for massage among the Maoris is __________.

romi-romi Signup and view all the answers

How does massage affect the bones?

It induces growth Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable effect of general massage on heart activity?

Increases the rate and force of the heart beat Signup and view all the answers

Light percussion produces contraction of blood vessels.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does massage do to the lymph vessels?

Increases flow Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the diaphragm's rhythmical movement during massage?

Pumps lymph Signup and view all the answers

Increasing the depth of respiratory movement aids in __________.

flow of lymph Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used by the natives of the Sandwich Islands for massage?

lomi-lomi Signup and view all the answers

What percussion technique was used by ancient Roman physicians?

whipping Signup and view all the answers

What is the practice of massage called by the Maoris of New Zealand?

romi-romi Signup and view all the answers

What is the literal meaning of the massage technique 'toogi-toogi' used in Tonga Island?

to beat Signup and view all the answers

Massage may help stimulate vital activity in the muscles without taxing the _________.

nerve centers Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are directly affected by massage?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

The sympathetic nerve controls the function of digestive organs, kidneys, and liver.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary muscles of the thigh according to the text?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'muscle tone' described as?

Insensible activity of the muscles Signup and view all the answers

Massage is a recent practice that originated in France.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological effects can massage produce on the human body?

Mechanical, reflex, and metabolic effects Signup and view all the answers

What local effect does massage have on blood and lymph circulation?

Increase of blood and lymph circulation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a local effect of massage?

Development of mental clarity Signup and view all the answers

How does massage influence the body's ability to defend itself against temperature changes?

Increases the skin's reactive power. Signup and view all the answers

Massage has no effect on the circulatory system.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which condition has been shown to improve rapidly with massage?

Anæmia and chlorosis Signup and view all the answers

In what way does massage help in the treatment of obesity?

Acts as a valuable adjunct to management by aiding in the initial stages. Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of massage on muscle tone in spasmodic diseases?

Improvement of the muscular tone. Signup and view all the answers

Chorea does not respond to massage treatment.

False Signup and view all the answers

Massage is useful in treating __________ accompanying cerebral congestion.

insomnia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders can massage NOT significantly influence?

Severe anaphylactic shock Signup and view all the answers

What effect does massage have on the liver during acute inflammatory affections?

Relieves general visceral congestion. Signup and view all the answers

Massage may be beneficial in treating __________ conditions of the kidneys.

renal Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of massage in cases of retrodisplacement of the uterus?

Restoration of position or improvement in nutrition. Signup and view all the answers

Massage of the prostate generally yields excellent results in chronic hypertrophy.

False Signup and view all the answers

What method did Poliakow report in the treatment of cases of pleurisy?

Massage Signup and view all the answers

Massage should be avoided in acute febrile conditions.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which procedures are recommended for massage of the thorax?

Friction Signup and view all the answers

What is the best time of day for applying massage in cases of pulmonary disease?

Soon after breakfast Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effect can result from simple touch in massage?

Elevation of temperature Signup and view all the answers

Massage of the ear, neck, and throat can benefit certain forms of _____ due to catarrhal disease.

deafness Signup and view all the answers

Match the following massage procedures to their descriptions:

Touch = Skilled contact applied with purpose Pressure = Application of light or heavy pressure Nerve Compression = Strong pressure on a nerve trunk Friction = Movement applied to the skin and underlying tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which forms of movement are suggested for massage after reducing a fracture?

Centripetal friction and fulling movements Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to The Art of Massage

Authored by John Harvey Kellogg, a prominent physician and member of various medical organizations, emphasizing the importance of massage in therapeutic practices.
The book is a practical manual for nurses, students, and practitioners, originally published in 1895 and revised in 1923.

Historical Context of Massage

Massage is one of the oldest therapeutic techniques, with evidence of use in China dating back 3000 years.
Ancient texts from China and Greece, such as "The Cong-Fou of the Tao-Tse," discuss the methodology and benefits of massage.
Practiced extensively in cultures including Chinese, Japanese, Hindoos, Persians, Greeks, and Romans, signifying its longstanding therapeutic value.
Hippocrates and Galen were notable historical figures who recognized and utilized massage in treating various ailments.

Physiological Effects of Massage

Massage directly impacts the skin, connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerve endings, promoting physiological benefits.
Enhances blood circulation, potentially alleviating pain and improving overall bodily function.
Encourages efficient movement of nutritive fluids and can influence metabolic processes within the body.

Therapeutic Applications

Used to relieve various ailments such as fever, pain, and inflammation, as well as enhancing muscle recovery.
Complementary to other therapeutic methods, including hydrotherapy and dietotherapy, to enhance overall treatment effectiveness.

Techniques and Methods

Covers various techniques, including kneading, stroking, and tapping, each with specific effects on the body.
Emphasizes the importance of skilled application of techniques to treat conditions effectively, including the adjustment of methods based on patient needs.

Evolution and Recognition of Massage

Initially viewed with skepticism, massage gained legitimacy over decades through systematic practices and scientific understanding.
The author reflects on the rise of osteopathy and its influence on recognizing the therapeutic value of manual manipulations.
Advocates for the integration of physiotherapy methods into medical practice, pushing for broader acceptance of non-pharmaceutical treatments in modern medicine.

Contributions to Modern Medicine

The text highlights the significance of physiologic medicine, with a call for medical professionals to embrace effective, evidence-based non-drug therapies.
Illustrates the dynamic nature of medical practices, urging practitioners to adapt and remain up-to-date with evolving therapeutic techniques.### Connective Tissue and Muscular System
Connective tissue is located beneath the skin and rich in veins and lymph vessels.
Muscles comprise approximately half of body weight and receive about one fourth of blood supply.
During exercise or massage, dilated muscle vessels can contain up to half of the blood volume.
Muscles generate body heat via oxidation of glycogen, with 25% energy used for work and 75% for heat.
Voluntary exercise utilizes energy from both nerve centers and muscles, while massage stimulates muscles without taxing nerve centers.
Muscle tone reflects continuous activity influenced by the nervous system, notable in abdominal muscles aiding expiration.
Massage enhances muscular tone by improving nutrition.

Circulatory and Nervous System Impact

Large blood vessels (veins and arteries) can have their circulation accelerated or impeded based on massage manipulation direction.
Lymphatic channels accompanying veins are affected by suitable massage techniques.
The heart may also respond to specific massage procedures.
All major nerve trunks are influenced by various massage techniques, enhancing stimulating or sedative effects.
Major viscera (e.g., stomach, liver, kidneys) can be affected by skilled massage operators.

Bone, Joint, and Ligament Structure

Understanding bones, joints, and ligaments is crucial for effective massage techniques.
Detailed anatomical knowledge, including bony prominences and muscle origins, is essential for practice.

Anatomical Structures to Study

Specific skeletal landmarks to focus on include:
- Head: Mastoid process, zygoma, and lower jaw angle.
- Neck: Cervical vertebrae and hyoid bone.
- Chest: 24 ribs (true, false, floating), sternum.
- Upper and Lower Limbs: Key bones and joints, such as scapula, humerus, femur, and tarsal bones.

Key Muscles and Their Functions

Muscles associated with different body regions:
- Face: Muscles of mastication and expression.
- Neck: Trapezius and scaleni.
- Chest: Pectoralis muscles.
- Abdomen: Rectus and oblique muscles.
- Upper and Lower Limbs: Specific muscles facilitating movement and stability.

Vascular System

Veins play a significant role in massage, whereas arteries are mainly too deep for substantial manipulation.
Notable veins include jugular, axillary, radial, and femoral veins.

Nervous System Components

Knowledge of peripheral and central neurological structures is pivotal, including cranial and peripheral nerves.
The pneumogastric nerve influences major organs in the thoracic cavity and abdomen.

Viscera and Anatomy

An understanding of the abdominal and pelvic viscera allows for effective massage application.
Important organs include the heart, stomach, liver, kidneys, and bladder.

Key Landmarks in Massage

Familiarity with anatomical landmarks (e.g., linea alba, inguinal ring) helps in identifying regions for effective treatment.
Understanding the nine abdominal regions aids in lymphatic and blood flow manipulations.

Physiological Effects of Massage

Massage effects are categorized into mechanical, reflex, and metabolic impacts.
It can enhance circulation, promote nerve function, and facilitate tissue changes in the body.

Nervous System Effects

Massage stimulates the nervous system through direct effects like vibration and compression.
Sedative effects arise from gentle techniques, producing relaxation and pain relief.

Muscle System Effects

Massage encourages muscle nutrition and development by increasing blood flow and stimulating activity similar to exercise.
It also facilitates venous and lymphatic drainage, enhancing overall muscle function.### Benefits of Massage on Muscles
Massage enhances blood supply to muscles, improving nutrition and potentially increasing size.
Regular massage can lead to firmer and more elastic muscles over time.
Unlike exercise, massage nourishes muscles without causing fatigue but does not replace exercise entirely.

Effects on Muscular Contraction

Physical stimuli like a smart blow can induce muscle contraction.
Rapid succession of blows can cause tetanic contraction; strong vibrations also promote this response.
A custom vibratory apparatus can produce muscle contractions at a rate of sixty movements per second.

Electro-excitability of Muscles

Massage increases the electro-excitability of muscles, requiring less electrical current for contraction afterward.
Higher irritability or abnormal muscular responses may be alleviated by massage, aiding preparations for electrical applications in therapy.

Relief from Muscular Fatigue

Fatigue results from toxic substances produced during muscle activity, leading to auto-curarization of nerve terminals.
Muscle fatigue can be reversed quickly through massage, allowing for enhanced performance after rest and treatment.
Cultures like the Sandwich Islanders and Maori utilize massage for recovery from fatigue and cramping.

Influence on Bones, Skeleton, and Ligaments

Bones receive nourishment from the same blood supply as surrounding muscles, so muscle exercise promotes bone growth.
Increased blood circulation through muscles positively affects the development of bone and surrounding structures, including ligaments and cartilage.

Impact on Circulation

Massage enhances both peripheral and central circulation, stimulating heart activity without significantly raising arterial pressure.
Reflex actions during massage can dilate blood vessels and increase the flow of blood.
Techniques like friction target superficial veins while deeper kneading affects deeper vessels.

Effects on Lymphatic Circulation

Massage promotes lymph flow, aiding in the removal of toxins from tissues.
Friction and kneading movements directly stimulate adjacent lymph vessels, enhancing their functionality.
Evidence suggests massage can significantly improve lymph drainage, especially in cases of inflammation and swelling.

Effects on Respiration

Massage increases the depth and activity of respiratory movements by stimulating circulation and metabolic processes.
Enhanced tissue respiration occurs as oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide eliminated more efficiently during massage.

Influence on Body Temperature Regulation

Massage impacts heat production, dissipation, and regulation, affecting overall body temperature.
Muscles act as heat producers; massage can increase temperature by enhancing muscle activity.
Friction techniques can improve heat elimination from the skin through increased blood flow and enhanced sweat gland activity.

Summary of Physiological Effects

Circulation Improvement: Massage increases heart rate and efficiency, enhances blood flow, and decreases resistance in vessels.
Lymphatic Support: Supports drainage and detoxification via stimulated lymphatic channels and improved lymphatic flow.
Respiratory Enhancement: Boosts lung and tissue respiration, improving overall metabolic function and oxygen delivery.
Temperature Modulation: Can both raise and lower body temperature depending on the technique applied.

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Description

Explore the principles and techniques of massage as outlined in John Harvey Kellogg's comprehensive manual. This quiz covers key insights relevant to nurses, students, and practitioners alike. Test your knowledge of this essential therapeutic practice and its applications in healthcare.