The Anterior Cingulate Cortex
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Questions and Answers

Which layer of the meninges is the toughest and causes a water-tight seal around the central nervous system?

  • Pia mater
  • Arachnoid membrane
  • Subarachnoid space
  • Dura mater (correct)

Which layer of the meninges is the most delicate and in direct contact with the brain?

  • Arachnoid membrane
  • Dura mater
  • Pia mater (correct)
  • Subarachnoid space

What is the function of the meninges and the ventricular system?

  • To cause inflammation of the meningeal layers
  • To produce cerebrospinal fluid
  • To spread bacterial meningitis
  • To cushion the brain from impact trauma (correct)

Which ventricle is connected to the Third ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct?

<p>Fourth Ventricle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cerebral aqueduct?

<p>To connect the Third ventricle to the Fourth ventricle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition occurs when the cerebral aqueduct is blocked, causing pressure on the ventricles?

<p>Hydrocephalus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for movement and includes areas involved in motivation, goal-setting, and execution?

<p>Frontal Lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region showed greater activation in individuals with autism in the study discussed?

<p>Amygdala (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning is associated with the hippocampus?

<p>Episodic Learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the difference in reaction between angry and neutral faces in autistic individuals?

<p>Greater activation for angry faces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe is the primary auditory cortex located in?

<p>Temporal lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the amygdala?

<p>Regulating emotions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is associated with Broca's Aphasia?

<p>Frontal lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Insula cortex located?

<p>Temporal lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for predicting the future and simulating experiences?

<p>Frontal lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the prefrontal cortex?

<p>Executive function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is known as the major behavioral inhibition area and evaluates the consequences of actions?

<p>Orbital frontal cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is primarily involved in touch perception and creating mental images through touch?

<p>Parietal lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is known as the 'alarm system' of the brain?

<p>Amygdala (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex?

<p>To make a person not care about pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of brain activity is characterized by self-reflection and daydreaming?

<p>Default mode network (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Fusiform gyrus in individuals with autism?

<p>To avoid eye contact (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for visual processing?

<p>Occipital lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ventral stream in visual processing?

<p>Identifying features and meaning of visual information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the dorsal and ventral streams in visual processing?

<p>The dorsal stream creates a sense of where objects are located, while the ventral stream creates a sense of what we are seeing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the primary visual cortex (V1)?

<p>Processing basic edges and areas of high contrast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the meninges is in direct contact with the brain?

<p>Pia mater (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ventricular system?

<p>To produce cerebrospinal fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease involves the inflammation or autoimmune reaction of one or more meningeal layers?

<p>Meningitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure showed greater activation in individuals with autism in the study discussed?

<p>Amygdala (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the study reveal about the reaction of autistic individuals to neutral faces?

<p>Autistic individuals had a highly exaggerated reaction to neutral faces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hippocampus?

<p>Spatial navigation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye contains photoreceptive cells?

<p>Cones and rods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the V1 cortex in the occipital lobe?

<p>Processing basic edges and areas of high contrast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stream in visual processing is responsible for processing spatial aspects of vision?

<p>Dorsal stream (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Wernicke's area in the brain?

<p>Language processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is responsible for processing auditory information such as spoken language and music?

<p>Temporal lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cortex area is known as the primary motor cortex?

<p>Precentral gyrus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Insula cortex located?

<p>In the area revealed when the frontal lobe is retracted up and the temporal lobe is retracted down (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cortex area significantly increases its activity once the pain threshold is crossed?

<p>Insula cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for executive function, including working memory, attention, and impulse inhibition?

<p>Frontal lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is implicated in the well-known neurological case of Phineas Gage and is responsible for evaluating the social, economic, and legal repercussions of actions?

<p>Orbital frontal cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Broca's area?

<p>Language production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is primarily involved in touch perception and allows an individual to create a mental image of what's outside without looking, through touch?

<p>Parietal lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ventricle is the largest among all ventricles?

<p>Lateral Ventricles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the lateral ventricles to appear enlarged in cases of brain degeneration?

<p>Retreat of the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is known as the 'central hub' of the default mode network?

<p>Posterior Cingulate Cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition called when the cerebral aqueduct is blocked, causing pressure on the ventricles?

<p>Hydrocephalus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the anterior cingulate cortex?

<p>Regulating emotions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the white matter in the brain?

<p>Connects different areas of the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the amygdala's response to neutral faces in autistic individuals compared to control individuals?

<p>Higher response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has research revealed about the amygdala's role in mental illnesses such as major depression and anxiety?

<p>It is enlarged and overactive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the meninges is the toughest and causes a water-tight seal around the central nervous system?

<p>Dura mater (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ventricle is connected to the Third ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct?

<p>Fourth ventricle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease involves the inflammation or autoimmune reaction of one or more meningeal layers?

<p>Meningitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What brain structures showed greater activation in individuals with autism in the study discussed?

<p>Hippocampus and amygdala (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hippocampus?

<p>Episodic learning and spatial navigation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the study reveal about the reaction of autistic individuals to neutral faces?

<p>They had a highly exaggerated reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for mate identification and acquisition?

<p>Frontal lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is responsible for controlling movement through precise stimulation and motor signals?

<p>Primary Motor Cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is responsible for executive functions such as working memory, attention, and impulse inhibition?

<p>Prefrontal Cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is known as the language area?

<p>Broca's Area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ventricle is connected to the Third ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct?

<p>Fourth Ventricle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is caused by the blockage of the cerebral aqueduct, resulting in pressure on the ventricles?

<p>Hydrocephalus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lateral ventricles in cases of brain degeneration?

<p>They retreat due to brain degeneration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?

<p>Movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye processes red, green, and blue colors?

<p>Cones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stream in visual processing is responsible for identifying the content or meaning of visual information?

<p>Ventral stream (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is primarily involved in processing visual information?

<p>Occipital lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stream in visual processing is responsible for processing spatial aspects of vision?

<p>Dorsal stream (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is responsible for monitoring the state of the body and understanding ourselves and other people?

<p>Insula cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cortex area is known as the 'mirror' system and is involved in understanding the experiences of others?

<p>Anterior cingulate cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cortex area is responsible for processing sensations of pain and significantly increases its activity once the pain threshold is crossed?

<p>Primary somatosensory cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the limbic system is activated both by physical pain and social pain, such as social exclusion?

<p>Anterior cingulate cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is known as the 'central hub' of the default mode network?

<p>Posterior Cingulate Cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the amygdala's response to neutral faces in autistic individuals compared to control individuals?

<p>Autistic individuals have a higher amygdala response to neutral faces than control individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What brain region showed greater activation in individuals with autism in the study discussed?

<p>Fusiform gyrus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the amygdala?

<p>Responding strongly to negative or threatening stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the meninges is the most delicate and in direct contact with the brain?

<p>Pia mater (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ventricular system?

<p>To produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease involves the inflammation or autoimmune reaction of one or more meningeal layers?

<p>Meningitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ventricle is the largest among all ventricles?

<p>Lateral Ventricles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lateral ventricles in cases of brain degeneration?

<p>They retreat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition called when the cerebral aqueduct is blocked, causing pressure on the ventricles?

<p>Hydrocephalus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?

<p>Movement and simulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is responsible for processing sensations of pain?

<p>Insula cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cortex area is known as the 'mirror' system that helps us understand ourselves and other people?

<p>Anterior cingulate cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is known as the 'alarm system' and is involved in learning, memory, and emotion?

<p>Amygdala (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for executive functions such as working memory, attention, and impulse inhibition?

<p>Frontal lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stream in visual processing is responsible for processing basic edges and areas of high contrast?

<p>Occipital stream (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for processing auditory information such as spoken language and music?

<p>Temporal lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Wernicke's area?

<p>Comprehending language (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ventral stream in visual processing?

<p>Identifying the content or meaning of visual information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is housed in the hippocampus and then transferred to the cortex?

<p>Intermediate-term memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of place cells in spatial navigation learning?

<p>They respond when the animal is in a particular spot of its cage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the removal of patient H.M's hippocampus accidentally discover about memory creation?

<p>The hippocampus is necessary for creating new memories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is responsible for evaluating the consequences of actions and is implicated in the well-known neurological case of Phineas Gage?

<p>Orbital frontal cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is responsible for planning and strategizing, working memory, attention and impulse inhibition, and is involved in executive function?

<p>Orbital frontal cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is responsible for language production and is adjacent to the primary motor cortex, pre-motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and orbital frontal cortex?

<p>Broca's area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is largely responsible for touch perception and allows an individual to create a mental image of what's outside without looking, through touch?

<p>Parietal lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is known as the 'alarm system' of the brain?

<p>Amygdala (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the amygdala?

<p>Responding to emotionally meaningful stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the amygdala play in mental illnesses?

<p>It is enlarged and overactive in patients with major depression and anxiety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the study conducted by UCLA reveal about the reaction of autistic individuals to neutral faces?

<p>Autistic individuals had a higher response in the amygdala compared to control individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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