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Questions and Answers
What was the initial reaction of local populations in areas conquered by the French armies?
What was the initial reaction of local populations in areas conquered by the French armies?
They welcomed the French armies as harbingers of liberty.
What factors contributed to the turning of enthusiasm into hostility towards French rule?
What factors contributed to the turning of enthusiasm into hostility towards French rule?
Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies, and the lack of political freedom.
How did businessmen and small-scale producers benefit from the French administrative changes?
How did businessmen and small-scale producers benefit from the French administrative changes?
Uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency facilitated movement and exchange of goods and capital.
What event is depicted in Fig. 5 of the text?
What event is depicted in Fig. 5 of the text?
How did the Revolution of 1848 influence the development of nationalism in Europe?
How did the Revolution of 1848 influence the development of nationalism in Europe?
What role did Johann Gottfried Herder play in the development of nationalism?
What role did Johann Gottfried Herder play in the development of nationalism?
How did nationalism manifest in Poland during the period discussed in the text?
How did nationalism manifest in Poland during the period discussed in the text?
What significance did folklore collection have in the context of nationalism?
What significance did folklore collection have in the context of nationalism?
How did folk culture contribute to the rise of nationalism in Europe?
How did folk culture contribute to the rise of nationalism in Europe?
In what way did the emphasis on vernacular language support the growth of nationalism?
In what way did the emphasis on vernacular language support the growth of nationalism?
How did the absence of 'nation-states' in mid-eighteenth-century Europe impact the development of nationalism?
How did the absence of 'nation-states' in mid-eighteenth-century Europe impact the development of nationalism?
Why did the initial enthusiasm towards French rule turn into hostility in many conquered areas?
Why did the initial enthusiasm towards French rule turn into hostility in many conquered areas?
How did uniform laws and standard weights and measures benefit businessmen and producers?
How did uniform laws and standard weights and measures benefit businessmen and producers?
What advantages did a common national currency bring to Europe during this period?
What advantages did a common national currency bring to Europe during this period?
How did the loss of battles affect Napoleon's territorial control as depicted in Fig. 5?
How did the loss of battles affect Napoleon's territorial control as depicted in Fig. 5?
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Study Notes
The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848
- Liberalism and nationalism became increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe, including the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland, and Poland.
- The revolutions were led by liberal-nationalists belonging to the educated middle-class elite, including professors, schoolteachers, clerks, and members of the commercial middle classes.
- The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830, where the Bourbon kings were overthrown and a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head was established.
The Greek War of Independence
- Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
- The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks, which began in 1821.
- Nationalists in Greece received support from other Greeks living in exile and many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class
- A landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent, united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions.
- The aristocracy owned estates in the countryside and town-houses, spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society, and their families were often connected by ties of marriage.
- However, the aristocracy was numerically a small group, and the majority of the population was made up of the peasantry.
Important Dates
- 1797: Napoleon invades Italy; Napoleonic wars begin.
- 1814-1815: Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace Settlement.
- 1821: Greek struggle for independence begins.
- 1848: Revolutions in Europe; artisans, industrial workers, and peasants revolt against economic hardships; middle classes demand constitutions and representative governments; Italians, Germans, Magyars, Poles, Czechs, etc. demand nation-states.
- 1859-1870: Unification of Italy.
- 1866-1871: Unification of Germany.
- 1905: Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires.
The Rise of Nationalism
- Nationalism emerged as a response to the conservative reaction after 1815.
- The growth of revolutionary nationalism sparked off struggles for independence across Europe.
- Nationalists demanded nation-states, constitutions, and representative governments.
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