The Age of Imperialism: 1870-1914
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Questions and Answers

What was a significant result of foreign influence on China at the end of the 19th century?

  • China established stronger military ties with Europe.
  • China completely annexed by Japan.
  • China became a semi-colony under multiple powers. (correct)
  • China retained full sovereignty over its economy.

Which territories did the United States gain as a result of its expansionism beginning in 1898?

  • Cuba and the Philippines
  • Cuba and Panama
  • Puerto Rico and Hawaii
  • Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Hawaii (correct)

What was the Colombian government's response to the U.S. proposal for the Panama Canal?

  • They approved the construction immediately.
  • They proposed a new route for the canal construction.
  • They denied the U.S. the right to build the canal. (correct)
  • They offered financial support to the U.S.

Which countries were involved in the carving up of China into spheres of influence?

<p>Britain, France, Russia, Germany, and Japan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation described China at the end of the 19th century?

<p>China was economically partitioned but remained politically independent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the African colonies under European powers?

<p>They operated mainly as colonies of exploitation with limited European presence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of the colonial economic policy in Africa?

<p>A shift from mixed farming to large-scale monoculture production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the British attempt to 'westernize' India?

<p>Through direct rule and social reforms after the uprising of 1858. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the later phase of colonial expansion during the Age of Imperialism?

<p>Military and political control requiring direct intervention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which European power established a colony in Eritrea and conquered Libya?

<p>Italy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor was a major economic cause of imperialism during the late 19th century?

<p>Access to new markets and cheap natural resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of powerful commercial companies on African trade?

<p>They monopolized trade, impacting exports and imports. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Queen Victoria's proclamation in 1876?

<p>It symbolized the formal establishment of British rule over India. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prominent political factor pushed European states to engage in imperialism?

<p>Need to increase international standing and influence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event significantly marked the beginning of the Age of Imperialism?

<p>The partitioning of Africa among European powers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for replacing mixed small-scale farming in Africa?

<p>To focus on cash crops for export. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much of the world's land surface was annexed by European colonial powers between 1870 and 1914?

<p>Around one fifth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries were involved in the colonial division of East Asia during the 19th century?

<p>Japan and the United States, among others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main challenges faced by Britain leading up to the Age of Imperialism?

<p>The threat to its leadership position and dominance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did protectionist policies play during the Age of Imperialism?

<p>They encouraged colonial powers to secure vast territories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement highlights a difference between traditional colonialism and imperialism during the Age of Imperialism?

<p>Imperialism sought to control entire regions, while traditional colonialism aimed for economic gain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did colonial conquests play for the European powers during the late 19th century?

<p>They served as a distraction from domestic problems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did nationalism during the late 19th century differ from that inspired by the French Revolution?

<p>It emphasized cultural and racial superiority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant outcome of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?

<p>It established rules for colonial claims in Africa. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries were primarily involved in the colonial powers' competition for Africa by 1914?

<p>Portugal, France, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Belgium, and Germany. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ideology supported the expansionist policies of European powers during the late 19th century?

<p>Nationalism intertwined with racist ideologies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the approximate percentage of African territory controlled by European powers by the early 20th century?

<p>90% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initially drove European interest in Africa before the late 19th century?

<p>Slave trading and commerce. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country convened the Berlin Conference that regulated the partitioning of Africa?

<p>Germany (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Age of Imperialism

The period between 1870 and 1914, marked by European powers aggressively seeking to control territories worldwide.

Economic Causes of Imperialism

Gaining access to new markets, cheap resources, and investment opportunities drove European powers to colonize.

Political Causes of Imperialism

European powers sought to increase their global influence and standing, often through competition.

Colonial Control

European powers directly governed acquired territories in the Age of Imperialism.

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Protectionist Policies

Nationalist trade regulations that favored domestic businesses and hindered international trade.

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Economic Exploitation

Using colonies primarily for natural resources and markets to benefit the colonizer's economy.

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Territorial Ambition

The desire of a nation-state to add land to its borders, through war, diplomacy, or colonization.

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Great Powers

The dominant European nations competing for global influence during the Age of Imperialism.

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European Imperialism in Africa

The period in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when European powers rapidly colonized and annexed African territories.

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Berlin Conference

A meeting in 1884-1885 where European powers formalized their claims to African territories.

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Colonial race

The competitive drive by European powers to acquire colonies in Africa and Asia.

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Nationalism (late 1800s)

Aggressive and authoritative form of nationalism based on cultural and racial superiority.

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Social Cohesion

The way a society comes together, often through shared beliefs or common goals.

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Expansionism

Policy of extending a nation's territory.

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Colonial Claim

Formal declaration by a European power of owning certain lands in Africa.

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19th Century Imperialism

The process of one nation exerting power or influence on other nations.

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India's fragmented control

British India, Portuguese possessions, and French and Indian states existed simultaneously in India.

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China's semi-colony

Foreign powers carved up China into spheres of influence, controlling its economy without formal annexation.

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American Pacific Expansion

The US gained territories in the Pacific (like the Philippines) and influenced Cuba in the late 1800s.

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Panama Canal Strategy

The US built a canal across Panama to improve trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

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Foreign Pressure on China

European and Japanese powers sought to exploit China's resources and markets.

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Colonial Exploitation

Colonies in Africa were used by European powers for the extraction of resources and trade, with minimal investment in local development.

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Spheres of Influence

European powers divided Africa into areas of control and influence.

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Monoculture Production

Large-scale farming focused on a single crop, leading to a decline in food self-sufficiency, and economic dependency.

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British Empire India

UK's political dominance over most of the Indian subcontinent by the late 19th century.

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African Colonies

Settlements where limited European colonists managed natural resource extraction and trade.

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Sepoy Rebellion

A significant revolt of Indian soldiers against the British East India Company.

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Queen Victoria as Empress

Queen Victoria's official title over India in 1876.

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Western Imperialism

Expansion and colonization by Western powers into East Asia and parts of Africa during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Study Notes

The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914)

  • Imperialism refers to a struggle for global control by powerful European nations, prominent between 1870 and 1914.
  • Imperialism's roots lie in earlier conquests, beginning in the 16th century and continuing into the first decades of the 19th century.
  • A second, more recent phase of colonization, the Age of Imperialism, occurred over several decades, resulting in European power dominating most of the world by 1914.
  • During this period, roughly one-fifth of the world's landmass was annexed by European colonial powers.
  • The later phase of colonialism involved direct military and political control by European states.
  • Earlier forms aimed for economic control through penetration of targeted regions.
  • The later colonial struggle focused on controlling entire regions, not just areas for economic exploitation.

Economic Causes of Imperialism

  • Colonial territories provided access to new markets and cheap resources.
  • Colonial regions were ideal for significant investment.
  • Growing protectionist policies in Europe made controlling large territories vital for trade and investment within them.
  • The difficult economic period of the Great Depression, beginning in 1873, further incentivized imperialism.

Political and Social Causes of Imperialism

  • European powers competed for international standing and influence.
  • Britain's dominance faced threats from other powers.
  • France, Germany, Japan, and other colonial powers aimed to consolidate their emerging industrial economies.
  • Imperial expansion benefited powerful industrial groups, ruling classes, and the military elite.
  • Social cohesion in Europe was promoted through colonial conquests focused on shifting the attention away from domestic conflicts.

Ideological and Cultural Features

  • Imperialism was intertwined with nationalist and racist ideas of the 19th century.
  • Feelings of cultural and racial superiority fueled expansionist policies.
  • Powerful societies had a perceived right to conquer and control weaker ones.

European Presence in Africa

  • By the late 19th century, European powers were rapidly establishing colonies across Africa and Asia.
  • European control in Africa was initially limited, with only about 10% of the continent under European territory.
  • By the early 20th century, nearly 90% of Africa was controlled by European powers.
  • The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 formalized European claims to African territories.
  • Africa was divided into spheres of influence by European powers.

Colonial Rule in Africa

  • Unlike settlement colonies(e.g., the Americas or Australia) which were settled, African colonies focused on resource exploitation.
  • A limited number of European colonists administered the majority of the region.
  • Control was exerted over natural resources to benefit the home country.

India and East Asia

  • India was a major area of British imperial expansion in the 18-19th centuries.
  • This region was carved up between existing and emerging colonial powers, including the United States, Japan, and others.
  • Similar patterns of resource exploitation were also observed in the East Asian regions.

British India (Map)

  • India's population was a key factor driving British interest in the region.
  • The British East India company played a crucial role in establishing the British presence, taking over direct control after the Sepoy Rebellion of 1858.
  • Queen Victoria was declared Empress of India in 1876.

China Under Foreign Pressure

  • China was a target for expansion during the 19th century, with various European nations trying to carve up economic spheres of influence.
  • China was not fully colonized but rather transformed into a "semi-colony" due to economic concessions to multiple foreign powers.

American Expansionism

  • The United States expanded in the Pacific and Central Americas beginning in the end of the 19th century.
  • The U.S. gained territories like Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Hawaii.
  • The U.S. was actively involved in building a global naval and military presence.
  • The U.S. built the Panama Canal to facilitate trade between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.

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Explore the pivotal period of the Age of Imperialism from 1870 to 1914, when powerful European nations dominated much of the world. Understand the economic motivations behind colonization and the transition from earlier conquests to direct military control. This quiz will test your knowledge of the key features and consequences of this influential era.

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