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Questions and Answers
How many bones make up the adult human skeleton?
How many bones make up the adult human skeleton?
Which bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?
Which bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?
What type of bones are characterized by being longer than they are wide and having a curved structure?
What type of bones are characterized by being longer than they are wide and having a curved structure?
Which type of bone is primarily composed of spongy bone tissue surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone?
Which type of bone is primarily composed of spongy bone tissue surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone?
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What do the depressions and openings in bones primarily provide?
What do the depressions and openings in bones primarily provide?
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What is the primary function of the skull?
What is the primary function of the skull?
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Which cranial bone is known as the 'keystone' of the cranial floor?
Which cranial bone is known as the 'keystone' of the cranial floor?
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The malleus, incus, and stapes are part of which structure in the skull?
The malleus, incus, and stapes are part of which structure in the skull?
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Which of the following bones does NOT form a part of the hard palate?
Which of the following bones does NOT form a part of the hard palate?
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The nasal bones are primarily responsible for forming which part of the face?
The nasal bones are primarily responsible for forming which part of the face?
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What is the role of the fontanels in an infant's skull?
What is the role of the fontanels in an infant's skull?
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Which cranial bone is associated with the crista galli?
Which cranial bone is associated with the crista galli?
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Where do the occipital condyles articulate?
Where do the occipital condyles articulate?
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The zygomatic arch is primarily formed by the articulation of which two bones?
The zygomatic arch is primarily formed by the articulation of which two bones?
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Which facial bone forms the inferior part of the nasal septum?
Which facial bone forms the inferior part of the nasal septum?
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The external auditory meatus is responsible for connecting the outer ear with which part of the auditory system?
The external auditory meatus is responsible for connecting the outer ear with which part of the auditory system?
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The orbital cavities are formed by how many bones?
The orbital cavities are formed by how many bones?
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What is the primary purpose of the paranasal sinuses?
What is the primary purpose of the paranasal sinuses?
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Which bone is floating and does not articulate with any other bone?
Which bone is floating and does not articulate with any other bone?
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What is the primary function of intervertebral discs in the vertebral column?
What is the primary function of intervertebral discs in the vertebral column?
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Which vertebra is known as the atlas?
Which vertebra is known as the atlas?
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What is the characteristic feature of thoracic vertebrae?
What is the characteristic feature of thoracic vertebrae?
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What is the role of the coccyx in the human body?
What is the role of the coccyx in the human body?
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Which part of the sternum is the most inferior?
Which part of the sternum is the most inferior?
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What distinguishes true ribs from false ribs?
What distinguishes true ribs from false ribs?
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How does the curvature of lumbar vertebrae develop?
How does the curvature of lumbar vertebrae develop?
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What is the main feature of a bifid spinous process?
What is the main feature of a bifid spinous process?
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Which term describes the lateral bending of the vertebral column?
Which term describes the lateral bending of the vertebral column?
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What type of cartilage makes up the costal cartilages of ribs?
What type of cartilage makes up the costal cartilages of ribs?
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What is the vertebral foramen primarily responsible for?
What is the vertebral foramen primarily responsible for?
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What is a main characteristic of the cervical vertebrae?
What is a main characteristic of the cervical vertebrae?
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What happens to intervertebral discs during the day?
What happens to intervertebral discs during the day?
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What condition is associated with the incomplete closing of the vertebral column during fetal development?
What condition is associated with the incomplete closing of the vertebral column during fetal development?
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Study Notes
The Adult Human Skeleton
- Consists of 206 bones
- Divided into two main groups: axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
Axial Skeleton
- Consists of 80 bones
- Includes bones of the head, neck, and trunk
- Provides support and protection for the body's vital organs
Appendicular Skeleton
- Consists of 126 bones
- Includes bones of the limbs and the girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton
- Allows for movement and locomotion
Types of Bones
- Long Bones: Longer than wide, curved to absorb shock, found in limbs
- Short Bones: Nearly as long as wide, composed mostly of spongy bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone, found in wrists and ankles
- Flat Bones: Thin plates of compact bone, contain spongy bone interiors, found in skull and rib cage
- Sesamoid Bones: Thin, small bones that develop in areas of high mechanical stress, protect tendons, found in hands and feet
- Irregular Bones: Irregularly shaped or distributed, found in vertebrae and facial bones
Bone Surface Markings
- Depressions and Openings: Provide passage for blood vessels and nerves
- Processes, Projections, or Outgrowths: Attachment points for ligaments and tendons
The Human Skull
- Functions: Protects the brain, serves as an attachment point for facial muscles, forms portions of the orbits, nasal, and oral cavities, includes auditory ossicles
Cranial Bones
- 22 bones in the skull, some paired
- Includes frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone, temporal bones, auditory ossicles, occipital bone, parietal bones
Facial Bones
- 14 bones form the anterior portion of the skull
- Includes mandible, maxillae, palatine bones, zygomatic bones, vomer, inferior nasal conchae, nasal bones, and lacrimal bones
Special Features of the Skull
- Orbits: Contain the eyes, made up of seven bones: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxilla, zygomatic, and palatine
- Sutures: Connect bones of the skull, allow for growth and flexibility during development
- Fontanels: Soft spots on an infant skull that allow for brain growth and ease of birth
- Zygomatic Arch: Prominent bony portion that runs laterally and posteriorly from the zygomatic bone
- Paranasal Sinuses: Cavities lined with mucous membranes that make the skull lighter and increase the chance of trapping invaders
The Hyoid Bone
- Unique bone that does not articulate with any other bone
- Floats on tendons and ligaments
- Muscles of the tongue attach to the hyoid bone
- It is not the Adam's apple, that is made of thyroid cartilage
The Vertebral Column
- Functions: Supports and moves the skull, protects the spinal cord, provides points of attachment for muscles, contains intervertebral discs to cushion vertebrae
Properties of the Vertebral Column
- Divided into subregions: Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
- Curved to improve shock absorption
Intervertebral Discs
- Fibrocartilage discs found between vertebrae
- Compress throughout the day
Vertebral Anatomy
- Body: Bears weight, contains nutrient foramina
- Vertebral Foramen: Provides passage for the spinal cord
- Superior Articular Processes: Articulate with the inferior articular processes of the vertebrae above
- Facets: Surfaces on which bones connect at joints
Cervical Vertebrae
- Form the neck
- Numbered C1-C7
- C1 (Atlas): Has no body or spinous process, has a large vertebral foramen for the dens of the axis
- C2 (Axis): Has a dens projection that passes through the vertebral foramen of the atlas, forming the atlanto-axial joint
Properties of Cervical Vertebrae
- Bifid spinous processes
- Transverse foramina: Provide passage for the vertebral artery
Thoracic Vertebrae
- Numbered T1-T12
- Have large transverse processes for articulations with ribs
- Demifacets: Surfaces where the head of one rib connects with two vertebrae
Rib Anatomy
- Head: Articulates with demifacets on two vertebral bodies
- Neck: Narrowed region adjacent to the head
- Tubercle: Posterior and lateral projection that articulates with facets on the transverse processes of vertebrae
Lumbar Vertebrae
- Numbered L1-L5
- Short and thick spinous processes
- Sacrum: Five fused vertebrae that articulates with the pelvic girdle
- Coccyx: Four fused coccygeal vertebrae, tailbone
The Thoracic Cage
- Forms the ribcage and breastbone
- Sternum: Breastbone, consists of manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
- Ribs: True (first 7), false (8-10), floating (11-12)
Disorders of the Axial Skeleton
- Scoliosis: Lateral bending of the vertebral column
- Spina Bifida: Incomplete closing of the vertebral column during fetal development
- Neural Tube Defects: Can be decreased by folic acid supplementation during pregnancy
Summary
- The axial skeleton includes the bones of the cranium, face, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
- These bones protect vital organs such as the brain, spinal cord, and viscera of the thoracic cavity.
- They are also a source of red bone marrow.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the adult human skeleton, including its structure and function. This quiz covers the axial and appendicular skeletons, types of bones, and their characteristics. Perfect for students of human anatomy and biology enthusiasts.
