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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of thallophytes?
All thallophytes are unicellular.
False
What is the main body of a thallophyte plant?
Thallus
Lichens are formed by a symbiotic relationship between fungi and __________.
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Match the following types of thallophytes with their characteristics:
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What is a common method of reproduction in thallophytes?
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What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms?
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What is the main difference between monocots and dicots in terms of their seedling structures?
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What is the common feature among all gymnosperms?
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What is the primary difference between conifers and cycads in terms of their leaf structures?
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What is the approximate percentage of plant species that belong to the angiosperm group?
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What is the common feature among all angiosperms in terms of their vascular tissues?
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What is the characteristic feature of ginkgoes among the gymnosperm group?
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Study Notes
Thallophyte
Characteristics:
- Non-motile, non-flagellated, and non-ciliated
- Lack true roots, stems, and leaves
- Body is not differentiated into organs
- Thallus is the main body of the plant
- Often found in aquatic environments
Types of Thallophytes:
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Algae:
- Aquatic, simple, and multicellular
- Can be unicellular or multicellular
- Examples: Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, and Ulva
-
Fungi:
- Heterotrophic, decomposers, and parasites
- Obtain nutrients by decomposing organic matter or forming symbiotic relationships
- Examples: Yeast, Molds, and Mushrooms
-
Lichens:
- Symbiotic relationships between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria
- Fungus provides protection, while algae or cyanobacteria photosynthesize
- Examples: Crustose, Foliose, and Fruticose lichens
Reproduction:
- Vegetative reproduction: fragmentation, budding, or vegetative propagation
- Spore formation: produce spores that can germinate into new individuals
- Sexual reproduction: some thallophytes exhibit sexual reproduction, but it's not as common as vegetative reproduction
Thallophyte Characteristics
- Thallophytes are non-motile, non-flagellated, and non-ciliated organisms.
- They lack true roots, stems, and leaves, and their body is not differentiated into organs.
- The main body of the plant is called the thallus.
- Thallophytes are often found in aquatic environments.
Types of Thallophytes
Algae
- Algae are aquatic, simple, and multicellular organisms.
- They can be unicellular or multicellular.
- Examples of algae include Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, and Ulva.
Fungi
- Fungi are heterotrophic, decomposers, and parasites.
- They obtain nutrients by decomposing organic matter or forming symbiotic relationships.
- Examples of fungi include yeast, molds, and mushrooms.
Lichens
- Lichens are symbiotic relationships between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria.
- The fungus provides protection, while algae or cyanobacteria photosynthesize.
- Examples of lichens include crustose, foliose, and fruticose lichens.
Reproduction
- Thallophytes can reproduce through vegetative reproduction, which involves fragmentation, budding, or vegetative propagation.
- They can also reproduce through spore formation, where they produce spores that can germinate into new individuals.
- Some thallophytes exhibit sexual reproduction, but it's not as common as vegetative reproduction.
Plant Kingdom
Angiosperms
- Largest group of plants, comprising around 90% of all plant species
- Produce flowers and fruits
- Seeds are enclosed in an ovary
- Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) present
- Examples: roses, daisies, grasses, and trees like apple and cherry
Characteristics of Angiosperms
- Floral reproductive organs
- Fruits develop from ovaries
- Embryo has two cotyledons in most species
Types of Angiosperms
Monocots
- One cotyledon in the seedling
- Leaves usually have parallel veins
- Stem vascular tissues are scattered
- Examples: grasses, lilies, and orchids
Dicots
- Two cotyledons in the seedling
- Leaves usually have net-like veins
- Stem vascular tissues are arranged in a ring
- Examples: roses, apples, and beans
Gymnosperms
- Seeds are not enclosed in an ovary
- Produce cones instead of flowers
- Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) present
- Examples: pines, spruces, and cycads
Characteristics of Gymnosperms
- Seeds are exposed on the surface of scales
- Cones are reproductive structures
- Embryo has two cotyledons
Types of Gymnosperms
Conifers
- Produce cones and have needle-like leaves
- Examples: pines, spruces, and firs
Cycads
- Produce cones and have palm-like leaves
- Examples: cycad palms and sagos
Ginkgoes
- Produce cones and have fan-shaped leaves
- Examples: ginkgo biloba
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Description
Learn about the characteristics of Thallophytes, including their lack of true roots, stems, and leaves, and explore the different types, including Algae and Fungi.
