Textile Fibers
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Questions and Answers

Which textile fiber is known for being buoyant and having excellent thermal insulation properties?

  • Ramie
  • Flax
  • Kapok (correct)
  • Egyptian cotton

    • Which fiber is obtained through the retting process?

  • Hemp
  • Jute
  • Kapok
  • Flax (correct)

    • What is a major disadvantage of linen?

  • It is not strong when wet
  • It lacks thermal insulation properties
  • It is prone to mildew
  • It wrinkles easily (correct)

    • Which fiber is too short to be spun into yarn?

    <p>Kapok</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fiber is known for its superior sheen and resistance to pilling?

    <p>Egyptian cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fiber was considered a status symbol in ancient Egypt due to its resistance to heat and sunlight?

    <p>Linen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is textile primarily made of?

    <p>Interlacing fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fiber is least expensive among the natural fibers listed?

    <p>Jute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified under durability evaluation for fabrics?

    <p>Hydrophobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fiber has good crease resistance and is known to possess anti-bacterial properties?

    <p>Ramie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the tensile strength of a fabric?

    <p>Tenacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the first synthetic fiber made?

    <p>1920s and 1930s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fabric property indicates it has a special affinity for water?

    <p>Hydrophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where were linen fabrics dating from 5000 BC discovered?

    <p>Egypt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does elongation measure in fabric evaluation?

    <p>Stretching ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term can be used to describe a finished piece of fabric?

    <p>Cloth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fabric absorbs moisture without feeling wet?

    <p>Hygroscopic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which city started weaving raw silk imported from China in the 4th century AD?

    <p>Constantinople</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic element of the textile?

    <p>Fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fiber is produced by extruding chemical solutions through a spinneret?

    <p>Filament fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of yarn is composed of staple fibers twisted together?

    <p>Spun yarns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of most synthetic fibers?

    <p>They are thermoplastic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which natural fiber is known for its low elasticity and low resiliency?

    <p>Cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fiber can disintegrate upon continuous exposure to sunlight?

    <p>Cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true for filament fibers?

    <p>They are long and continuous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of cellulosic fiber?

    <p>Plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which natural fiber is known to wick away moisture along the fiber and through the fabric?

    <p>Cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of staple fibers?

    <p>They result in softer yarns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of wool that requires it to be dry cleaned?

    <p>Almost no resistance to alkalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of wool is known to be hypoallergenic and resists dust mites?

    <p>Lambswool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of wool comes from sheep primarily found in Australia and New Zealand?

    <p>Merino Wool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main disadvantage of wool in terms of insect damage?

    <p>Wool is susceptible to damage by insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which variety of wool is known for its limited availability and natural colors?

    <p>Shetland Wool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of wool is described as having the 'warmth of wool' as one of its characteristics?

    <p>Shetland Wool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Virgin Wool?

    <p>Unprocessed wool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT true for Merino Wool?

    <p>It is very abrasive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is known for its exceptional strength and natural luster?

    <p>Ramie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinctive characteristic of natural rubber?

    <p>Highly elastic and impermeable to water and air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant fiber is sometimes called China grass?

    <p>Ramie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fabric is commonly used in the creation of the Barong Tagalog?

    <p>Piña</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of wool?

    <p>Sheep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fiber is blended with other fibers due to its stiffness?

    <p>Ramie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material is widely considered the finest rope made?

    <p>Ramie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fabric is known for being stronger than Piña, often used in formal settings?

    <p>Jusi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material is known for its unusual resistance to bacteria and molds?

    <p>Ramie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fiber is derived from the leaves of the Pineapple plant?

    <p>Piña</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cotton is processed to look like satin and is hydrophobic?

    <p>Shiny Cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cotton must be grown without synthetic or chemical pesticides and fertilizers?

    <p>Organic Cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cotton fabric is washed with mild soap and not bleached?

    <p>Green Cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of carding in cotton processing?

    <p>To disentangle, clean, and intermix fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional refinement process is done after carding to create a stronger and smoother product?

    <p>Combing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cotton is most widely planted in the USA and is known as Mexican Cotton?

    <p>Upland Cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cotton is known for having fine and long fibers that are less prone to linting and shedding?

    <p>Long Staple Cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cotton originated in Peru and is considered the second-best quality cotton in the world?

    <p>Pima Cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe cotton that is only washed with mild soap and must not be bleached?

    <p>Green Cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cotton is often compared to Egyptian cotton and is used in high-quality bed sheets?

    <p>Pima Cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mohair also known as?

    <p>Diamond Fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is sericulture labor intensive?

    <p>Cocoons have to be unwrapped and treated manually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property is NOT associated with mohair?

    <p>Flammability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition does silk exhibit when it swells when damp and shrinks when dry?

    <p>Hiking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which silk is the finest cultured silk yarn?

    <p>Organzine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Tussah silk?

    <p>It is naturally tan and has a rough texture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which use is NOT mentioned for mohair?

    <p>Ceramic crafting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fiber property does mohair NOT possess?

    <p>Sensitivity to dye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metal is NOT mentioned as being used to manufacture metal fibers?

    <p>Titanium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which application is NOT listed as a common use for metal fibers?

    <p>Tablecloths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is complex and time-consuming and makes worsted wool generally more expensive?

    <p>Combing and laying fibers side by side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using metallic fibers in fabrics?

    <p>To enhance aesthetic appeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of worsted wool fabric?

    <p>It is not as warm as other grades of wool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of metal fibers mentioned in the content?

    <p>Used in insulating materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fabric is mentioned as becoming more commonly used with metallic yarns for added variety?

    <p>Cotton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals does NOT provide hair for worsted wool?

    <p>Sheep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which synthetic fiber was first produced by Celanese Corp. in 1924?

    <p>Acetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cashmere more expensive than other types of wool?

    <p>It has a very fine texture and low global production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fiber is derived from natural plant sources, such as wood pulp and cotton?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which animal is pashmina obtained?

    <p>Himalayan Mountain goat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fiber was developed in 1948 and manufactured from polyacrylonitrile (PAN)?

    <p>Acrylic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes pashmina distinct from generic cashmere?

    <p>It has a finer and thinner fiber diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term Shahtoosh mean?

    <p>King of wools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fiber is known for its exceptional elasticity and is made from polyurethane?

    <p>Spandex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fibers is derived from synthetic polymers and commonly used in carpets and upholstery?

    <p>Olefin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Shahtoosh?

    <p>It is heavier than other wool types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these fibers is made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET)?

    <p>Polyester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who invented the first truly synthetic fibers known as Nylon?

    <p>Wallace Carothers for E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fiber is made both from natural and synthetic sources and involves treatment with acetone and acetic acid?

    <p>Acetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Textiles and Leather

    Definition of Textiles

    • A textile is a flexible artificial material made up of a network of artificial fibers (thread or yarn) formed by weaving, knitting, or pressing into felt.
    • It refers to yarns, threads, and wools that can be spun, woven, tufted, tied, and otherwise used to manufacture clothes.

    Terminology

    • Textile: any material made of interlacing fibers.
    • Fabric: any material made through various processes such as weaving, knitting, crocheting, or bonding.
    • Cloth: refers to a finished piece of fabric that can be used for varying purposes.

    Brief History of Textiles

    • Yarn, fabrics, and tools for spinning and weaving have been found among the earliest relics of human habitations.
    • Linen fabrics dating from 5000 BC have been discovered in Egypt.
    • Woolen textiles from the early Bronze Age in Scandinavia and Switzerland have also been found.
    • Cotton has been spun and woven in India since 3000 BC, and silk has been woven in China since at least 1000 BC.

    Evaluation of Textiles

    • Durability: related to flexibility, and evaluates how well a fabric withstands wear, pressure, and/or damage due to friction.
    • Tenacity: refers to tensile strength, and evaluates how well a fabric can carry its own weight without breaking.
    • Elongation: a fabric's stretching ability, and evaluates how well a fabric can stretch without breaking.
    • Absorbency: how well a fabric absorbs and/or retains moisture.
    • Hydrophilic: water-loving, and refers to a fabric's ability to absorb moisture readily.
    • Hydrophobic: water-fearing, and refers to a fabric's ability to repel water.
    • Hygroscopic: a fabric that absorbs moisture without feeling wet.

    Fibers and Yarns

    • Fibers: the basic element of a textile, and are found in nature or manufactured (synthetic).
    • Staple Fibers: short fibers, somewhat randomly arranged and loosely twisted, resulting in softer yarns.
    • Filament Fibers: long and continuous fibers, usually measured in meters or yards, laid parallel to one another and tightly twisted to produce smooth, strong yarns.
    • Spun Yarns: composed of staple fibers twisted together.
    • Filament Yarns: composed of continuous strands made from either a spinneret-generated synthetic fiber or from silk.

    Classification of Fibers

    • Natural Fibers: from animal, plant, or mineral sources.
    • Synthetic Fibers: man-made and thoroughly modern, most having been developed in the 20th century.

    Characteristics of Natural Fibers

    • Cotton:
      • Most widely used plant fiber.
      • A vegetable or cellulosic fiber that comes from the balls of the cotton plant.
      • Grading of cotton is dependent on the natural color, length of staple fibers, softness, and crimpness (waviness of the fiber).
      • Fibers are fairly uniform in width, more so than other natural fibers.
      • Staple fiber lengths vary from 6 mm to 60 mm (1/4 in to 2 1/4 in).
    • Shiny Cotton: a process that makes cotton look like satin, with a hydrophobic nature, making it unfit for towels.
    • Organic Cotton: how the plant is grown, with no synthetic or chemical pesticides and fertilizers.
    • Green Cotton: a process that involves washing with mild soap, not bleached, and can be dyed.

    Processes of Cotton

    • Carded Cotton: a mechanical process that disentangles, cleans, and intermixes fibers, producing a continuous sliver for processing.
    • Combed Cotton: a process that separates long and desirable fibers from short ones, done after the carding process.

    Kinds of Cotton

    • Upland Cotton: also known as Mexican Cotton, and is the main type of cotton grown in the USA.
    • Long Staple Cotton: a kind of cotton product, known for its fine and long fibers, spun to create softer, silkier, and more durable cotton fabrics.
    • Pima Cotton: also known as Supima, originated in Peru, and is known for its extra-long fibers, resulting in smoother, stronger, and better characteristics.

    Other Natural Fibers

    • Kapok: a fiber obtained from the seed pods of the Kapok tree, used as a stuffing for upholstery and cushions.
    • Flax (Linen):
      • Probably the oldest fiber known.
      • Absorbs up to 20% of its weight in moisture.
      • Resists fraying and seam slippage.
      • Made from flax, is less soft and absorbent than cotton but more resistant to mildew.
    • Jute: a fiber extracted from the bark of certain tropical plants, one of the least expensive natural fibers.
    • Hemp: a fiber similar to flax and cotton in its qualities and uses.
    • Ramie: a fiber stronger than cotton, obtained from the stalks of a perennial herb.
    • Jusi: a fabric made from abaca, and even banana fibers, often blended with other fibers such as silk, and is generally used for formal settings or occasions.
    • Piña: a fabric made from the leaves of the Pineapple plant, commonly used in the Philippines.

    Animal Fibers

    • Wool (Sheep):
      • Sheared from domesticated animals, primarily sheep.
      • The greatest quantity of textile wool comes from Australia.
      • Fibers vary in length from 1” to 18” depending on where it is obtained.
      • Known for its exceptional resiliency and elasticity.
      • Burns slowly and is self-extinguishing.
      • Susceptible to damage by insects.
      • Treatments are available to make the wool fabric unpalatable to moths.
    • Merino Wool: finer, or thinner than the average wool, making it softer, less itchy, and more flexible.
    • Shetland Wool: comes from Shetland sheep, originally found in the Shetland Islands in Scotland, and is said to have the gloss and softness of silk.
    • Lambswool: the finest and softest fleece, comes from a lamb's first shearing, usually when it is six or seven months old.

    Grades of Wool

    • Virgin Wool: unprocessed wool.
    • Ordinary Wool: regular wool, may include reclaimed scraps from knits, broken threads, and other sources.
    • Recycled Wool: new wool or felted scraps shredded and then reused.
    • Worsted Wool: a high-quality type of wool yarn, named after the small English village of Worstead, and is generally more expensive than other grades of wool.### Pashmina
    • Derived from the undercoat of Himalayan Mountain Goats, a fine type of Cashmere.
    • Fiber diameter is finer and thinner, ideal for lightweight apparel like scarves.
    • Pure Pashmina fabric is often gauzy or open weave, blended with silk or wool due to its thinness.
    • Exceptionally light and soft, yet warm.

    Shahtoosh

    • Also known as "King of Wools" in Persian.
    • Woven from the hair of the Tibetan Antelope, known as Chiru.
    • Hair is finer than human hair, warm enough to hatch a pigeon's egg.

    Mohair

    • Also known as "Diamond Fiber".
    • Derived from the hair of the Angora Goat.
    • Durable, resilient, and notable for its high luster and sheen.
    • Takes dyes exceptionally well, warm in winter, and cool in summer.
    • Luxurious, expensive, and used in various applications like scarves, hats, and carpets.

    Silk

    • Considered the most beautiful fiber due to its natural luster.
    • Derived from the cocoons of silkworms through sericulture.
    • Labor-intensive process makes it expensive.
    • Liquid silk is excreted from the head of the silkworm to form a cocoon.
    • Cocoons are dried, killing the pupae, and then unwrapped and treated for use.
    • Average length of each filament is about 600 yards.
    • Strongest natural fiber, surpassed only by nylon in strength.

    Grades of Silk

    • Organzine: Finest cultured silk yarn, made from the longest filaments.
    • Tram, Spunsilk, or Bourette: Uses shorter strands, less luster, and sheen.
    • Tussah: Silk fabric woven from silk made by wild, uncultivated silkworms, naturally tan, rougher texture.

    Metal Fibers

    • Threads of gold, silver, or copper, often interwoven into garments or hangings.
    • Do not tarnish, used for upholstery fabric, and add novelty to end products.

    Synthetic Fibers

    • Acetate: Both natural and synthetic, treated with acetone and acetic acid, and spun into fibers.
    • Cellulose: Derived from natural plant sources, composed of glucose units, and have a high degree of polymerization.
    • Acrylic: Developed in 1948, manufactured from polyacrylonitrile (PAN).
    • Modacrylic: Modified form of PAN with a comonomer, such as vinyl chloride or vinyl acetate.
    • Nylon: Invented in 1935, made from polyamide, and the first truly synthetic fiber.
    • Olefin (Polypropylene and Polyethylene): Derived from petroleum, used in carpets, upholstery, and sportswear.
    • Polyester: Made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), also used in plastic bottles and containers.
    • Rubber: Natural rubber from the sap of the rubber tree, synthetic rubbers from petroleum-based materials.
    • Spandex: Made from polyurethane, known for its exceptional elasticity, and used in swimwear, sportswear, and medical devices.

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    Test your knowledge of textile fibers, their properties, and production processes. Identify fibers by their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages.

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