IAH 203 Exam 3 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What was the main reason for the rebellion in Texas in 1835?

  • To establish an independent government
  • To petition for more land from Mexico
  • To fight against the US army
  • To protest against the banning of slavery (correct)

    • What event led to the acquisition of the northern half of Mexico by the United States in 1848?

  • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (correct)
  • Mexican-American War
  • Gadsden Purchase
  • Texas Independence

    • Who was responsible for securing the Rio Grande and ending about as well as expected?

  • Mexican President
  • General Santa Ana
  • Empresarios
  • US President James K. Polk (correct)

    • What was one consequence of the Mexican-American War for Mexico?

    <p>Acquisition of new territories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who ruled Paraguay as the Perpetual Supreme Dictator from 1814-1840?

    <p>Dr. Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to refer to military strongmen who ruled Latin American countries through dictatorships?

    <p>Caudillos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who demanded that the church turn over any land not directly under a church building?

    <p>Benito Juarez</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leader declared that Mexico would stop payment on its debts to France?

    <p>Benito Juarez</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who became Emperor of Mexico in 1865 after being convinced by a fake election?

    <p>Maximilian I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leader offered Juarez the Presidency of Mexico but was refused?

    <p>Maximilian I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who initiated a series of liberal reforms during his reign as Emperor of Mexico?

    <p>Maximilian I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leader's reign crumbled when the countryside rose up against him, leading to his execution in 1867?

    <p>Maximilian I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the ruler known for protecting Indigenous people and encouraging marriage between Spanish and indigenous people?

    <p>Pedro II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law allowed children of enslaved women to be born free in Brazil?

    <p>Free Birth Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name of the Mexican system of plantations inherited from Spain?

    <p>Hacienda system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event led to the split of Gran Colombia into Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador?

    <p>The division of Gran Colombia in 1830</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the quintessential Caudillo who ruled Argentina from 1829 to 1852?

    <p>Juan Manuel de Rosas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What law ended enslavement at 60 years of age in Brazil?

    <p>Sexagenarian Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who successfully ran against Diaz for President in 1910?

    <p>Francisco Madero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who escaped from jail and wrote the 'Plan de San Louis Potosi'?

    <p>Francisco Madero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who became President after Diaz fled the capital in 1911?

    <p>Francisco Madero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was assassinated in 1919 after helping defeat a string of anti-revolutionary politicians?

    <p>Emiliano Zapata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led a raid on Colombus, New Mexico in 1916?

    <p>Pancho Villa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was put in power by a group of politicians and generals backed by the United States after Madero was ousted from power?

    <p>Victoriano Huerta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the creator of Dollar Diplomacy?

    <p>President William Howard Taft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event led to the US intervention in Cuba in 1898?

    <p>The USS MAINE explosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the phrase 'Manifest Destiny' first appear?

    <p>1845</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these countries was not a target of US military intervention from 1898 to 1934?

    <p>Venezuela</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the US intervention in Cuba in 1898?

    <p>Cuba gained independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba?

    <p>US forces failed to invade Cuba</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason for the US embargo on Cuba in 1958?

    <p>To put pressure on the Cuban government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962?

    <p>The Soviet Union backed down and removed the missiles from Turkey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the US-backed coup in Chile in 1973?

    <p>Salvador Allende was assassinated and Augusto Pinochet took power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the cause of the US intervention in El Salvador in the 1980s?

    <p>To protect US investments in the coffee economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

    <p>The Soviet Union placed missiles in Cuba</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the US-backed coup in El Salvador in the 1980s?

    <p>The US supported the right-wing government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first woman elected to the Presidency of Argentina?

    <p>Raul Alfonsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the conflict between the Argentine government and the British over the Malvinas (Falkland) Islands known as?

    <p>Falkland War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main catalyst that led to the Spanish-American War in 1898?

    <p>The mysterious explosion of the USS Maine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the bloody dictator of Chile responsible for torture camps and political assassinations?

    <p>Augusto Pinochet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who issued the Reconcentration Policy that forced rural peasants in Cuba into concentration camps?

    <p>Valeriano Weyler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which American Secretary of State pushed the US to undermine more Latin American countries?

    <p>Henry Kissinger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What belief is associated with Manifest Destiny in the context of US history?

    <p>God granted the United States the right to expand and govern all of America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who declared Mexico would stop payment on its debts to France?

    <p>Emperor Maximilian I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group demanded the government reveal who they 'disappeared' during a period of political turmoil?

    <p>Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the Bourbon King that implemented the Bourbon Reforms and took direct control over the colonies?

    <p>Carlos III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, who did he place on the throne of Spain as a puppet ruler?

    <p>Jose I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which city saw liberal reformers pushing for reforms that were later undone by Fernando VII after Napoleon's defeat?

    <p>Cadiz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 1816, which countries became independent as they were not worth fighting for by the Spanish?

    <p>Uruguay, Argentina, Chile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of people led the efforts for independence in Latin America during Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula?

    <p>Creoles and Mestizos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who sent troops to suppress the growing Independence movement in Mexico, Peru, and Colombia?

    <p>Fernando VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was a left wing Chilean organizer assassinated by the Pinochet regime in 1974?

    <p>Miguel Enriquez</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of election led to Pinochet being removed from power in 1988?

    <p>Plebiscite Election</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was one of the youngest world leaders at 38 years old, currently serving as President of Chile?

    <p>Gabriel Boric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was an extreme right wing President of Brazil from 2019-2023 and called for a coup when he lost the Presidency?

    <p>Jair Bolsonaro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of government ruled Brazil from 1964-1985?

    <p>Military Dictatorship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was a leftist President of Brazil who served from 2003-2011 and is currently serving again as President?

    <p>Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main concern of the slave owners on other islands in the Caribbean about Haitian independence?

    <p>They were concerned about the economic impact of Haiti's independence on their own colonies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary political belief of Liberals in the 19th Century, according to the text?

    <p>They believed in laissez faire economics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Conservatives believe about the powerful?

    <p>They believed the powerful were chosen by god.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main idea behind the Monroe Doctrine, as stated in the text?

    <p>The US would oversee the peaceful interaction of countries in Latin America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main cause of instability in the country, according to the text?

    <p>There were frequent shifts in power between Liberals and Conservatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main concern of the US, as stated in the Monroe Doctrine, according to the text?

    <p>The US wanted to prevent European countries from colonizing Latin America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Francisco Madero do after winning the election against Diaz in 1910?

    <p>Escaped from jail and wrote the 'Plan de San Louis Potosi'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to Victoriano Huerta being put in power in 1913?

    <p>Backed by a group of politicians and generals supported by the United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Emiliano Zapata, and what did he do during the revolution?

    <p>A revolutionary general who helped defeat anti-revolutionary politicians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Pancho Villa's raid on Colombus, New Mexico in 1916?

    <p>Increased tension between Mexico and the United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant demand of the revolutionary generals after Madero's removal from power?

    <p>Immediate land reform and political change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the Cientificos play during Diaz's rule in Mexico?

    <p>Economic and political advisors to Diaz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Pancho Villa's army fare against the government in 1915?

    <p>Suffered heavy losses and was nearly wiped out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to Francisco Madero's ousting from power in 1913?

    <p>'Plan de San Louis Potosi'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the Mexican General in the War for Independence and President of Mexico several times?

    <p>Antonio López de Santa Anna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the Hapsburg prince who became Emperor of Mexico in 1865?

    <p>Maximiliano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the Mexican revolutionary general who helped defeat a string of anti-revolutionary politicians?

    <p>Emiliano Zapata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the Belgian wife of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico?

    <p>Carolyn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who issued the Black Decree making it a crime punishable by death to aid Juarez and his men?

    <p>Maximiliano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who helped force Porfirio Diaz out of power in 1910 during the Mexican Revolution?

    <p>Emiliano Zapata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the Hapsburg prince who became the Emperor of Mexico in 1865?

    <p>Maximiliano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the Mexican revolutionary general who was assassinated in 1919?

    <p>Emiliano Zapata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Mexican leader was a general in the Mexican Army during the Texas War for Independence?

    <p>Antonio López de Santa Anna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who issued the Black Decree in Mexico, making it a crime punishable by death to aid Juarez and his men?

    <p>Maximiliano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Mexican leader was caught and executed in 1867 after his reign crumbled?

    <p>Maximiliano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was a Mexican revolutionary general who helped force Porfirio Diaz out of power in 1910 during the Mexican Revolution?

    <p>Emiliano Zapata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led a raid on Columbus, New Mexico in 1916?

    <p>Pancho Villa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Mexican revolutionary general instituted wide-spread land and economic reforms aimed at reducing the control of the wealthy elite?

    <p>Lázaro Cárdenas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was a brutal dictator of the Dominican Republic from 1930 to 1961?

    <p>Rafael Trujillo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Mexican revolutionary general was assassinated in 1923?

    <p>Pancho Villa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Mexican revolutionary general helped defeat a string of anti-revolutionary politicians and was beloved by the poor?

    <p>Emiliano Zapata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was a left wing Chilean organizer assassinated by the Pinochet regime in 1974?

    <p>Victor Jara</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was known for instituting wide-spread land and economic reforms aimed at reducing the control of the wealthy elite in Mexico?

    <p>Lázaro Cárdenas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led a raid on Columbus, New Mexico hoping to spur the United States into invading Mexico in 1916?

    <p>Pancho Villa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was a brutal dictator of the Dominican Republic from 1930 to 1961, serving as President some of those times, and as a straight up dictator during others?

    <p>Rafael Trujillo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was a Mexican revolutionary general who demanded wide-spread land reform and democratic reform?

    <p>Pancho Villa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was a Mexican revolutionary general who became President in 1934 and ruled the country until 1940?

    <p>Lázaro Cárdenas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was a Dominican Republic dictator from 1930 to 1961 whose secret police jailed and executed thousands of activists?

    <p>Rafael Trujillo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Napoleon and the Fall of the Bourbons

    • Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (1808-1814)
      • Captures Fernando VII and places his own brother, Jose I, on the throne
      • Spanish and Portuguese people resist French occupation, leading to a bloody war

    Independence Movements in Latin America

    • Latin American independence leaders, led by Creoles and Mestizos, declare independence during Napoleon's invasion
      • Examples: Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile (1816)
      • Fernando VII sends troops to put down independence movements in Mexico, Peru, and Colombia

    The Haitian Revolution

    • Napoleon tries to break Haitian independence, which was one of France's most lucrative colonies
    • Slave owners on other Caribbean islands use Haiti as an example of why they shouldn't seek independence

    Liberals and Conservatives in the 19th Century

    • Liberals:
      • Believed in laissez-faire economics, voting rights for some, and democrat-republicanism
      • Respectful of the church and believed in the survival of the fittest
    • Conservatives:
      • Mostly royalists who wanted a strong, central ruler
      • Pro-Spanish culture, believed Spaniards lacked capacity for democratic rule
      • Pro-church, believed the powerful should be charitable towards the poor

    The Monroe Doctrine

    • James Monroe, 5th President of the United States, proclaims the Monroe Doctrine in 1823
      • The US will oversee the "peaceful interaction" of countries in Latin America
      • The US claims the right to intervene in Latin America to maintain stability

    The Mexican Revolution

    • Porfirio Diaz rules Mexico as a dictator, allowing wealthy foreigners to buy up natural resources
    • Francisco Madero runs against Diaz and wins, but is immediately thrown in jail
    • Madero escapes and writes the "Plan de San Luis Potosi," urging Mexicans to rise up against Diaz's regime
    • Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa lead revolutions, demanding land reform and democratic reform

    Other Key Figures

    • Antonio López de Santa Anna: Mexican General and President, known for his military victories and defeats
    • Maximiliano and Carlota: Emperor and Empress of Mexico, who are executed after trying to impose liberal reforms
    • Lázaro Cárdenas: Mexican revolutionary general and nationalist who becomes President in 1934
    • Rafael Trujillo: Brutal Dominican Republic dictator from 1930 to 1961

    The Modern Era

    • Dollar Diplomacy: US policy of using wealth to influence Latin American politics
    • The Revolutionary Fervor of the 1910s: Marxist revolutionaries gain power in Russia, influencing people like Generals Zapata and Villa
    • US military interventions in Latin America from 1898 to 1934
    • The Spanish American War: US intervenes in Cuba, leading to the country's independence from Spain### Mexican Revolution and Dictatorship
    • Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico as a dictator, allowing wealthy foreigners to buy up natural resources and hacienda owners to become wealthy, while the poor suffered losses of land and resources.
    • In 1910, Francisco Madero ran against Diaz and won, but was immediately thrown in jail. Madero wrote the "Plan de San Louis Potosi" and was later made President.
    • Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary generals, helped defeat anti-revolutionary politicians, but were eventually killed in 1919 and 1923, respectively.
    • Madero was ousted from power and assassinated in 1913, and a group of politicians and generals backed by the United States put Victoriano Huerta in power.

    Liberals and Conservatives

    • In the 19th century, Liberals believed in laissez-faire economics, voting rights for some, democrat-republicanism, and survival of the fittest.
    • Conservatives were mostly royalists who wanted a strong central ruler, believed in Spanish culture, and thought Spaniards lacked the capacity for democratic rule.
    • Liberals and Conservatives traded power violently for 50 years, with nearly 100 different presidents holding power.

    US Intervention in Latin America

    • James Monroe, the 5th President of the United States, proclaimed the "Monroe Doctrine" in 1823, stating that the US would oversee the "peaceful interaction" of countries in Latin America.
    • The US intervened in various Latin American countries, including Guatemala, Cuba, Chile, and El Salvador, often supporting right-wing dictators and suppressing left-wing movements.
    • The US also supported military dictatorships in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile, and was involved in the Falkland War between Argentina and the UK.

    Notable Figures and Events

    • Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 1808 and captured Fernando VII, leading to a bloody war against the French.
    • Charles III, Carlos IV, and Fernando VII were successive Bourbon kings of Spain.
    • José Martí, a Cuban nationalist intellectual, was killed while protesting US intervention.
    • Salvador Allende, a leftist President of Chile, was democratically elected and nationalized banks, industry, and natural resources, but was forced out of power and killed in 1973.
    • Augusto Pinochet, a right-wing dictator, ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990, and was responsible for torture camps and political assassinations.

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