95 Questions
What was the main reason for the rebellion in Texas in 1835?
To protest against the banning of slavery
What event led to the acquisition of the northern half of Mexico by the United States in 1848?
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Who was responsible for securing the Rio Grande and ending about as well as expected?
US President James K. Polk
What was one consequence of the Mexican-American War for Mexico?
Acquisition of new territories
Who ruled Paraguay as the Perpetual Supreme Dictator from 1814-1840?
Dr. Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia
What term is used to refer to military strongmen who ruled Latin American countries through dictatorships?
Caudillos
Who demanded that the church turn over any land not directly under a church building?
Benito Juarez
Which leader declared that Mexico would stop payment on its debts to France?
Benito Juarez
Who became Emperor of Mexico in 1865 after being convinced by a fake election?
Maximilian I
Which leader offered Juarez the Presidency of Mexico but was refused?
Maximilian I
Who initiated a series of liberal reforms during his reign as Emperor of Mexico?
Maximilian I
Which leader's reign crumbled when the countryside rose up against him, leading to his execution in 1867?
Maximilian I
Who was the ruler known for protecting Indigenous people and encouraging marriage between Spanish and indigenous people?
Pedro II
Which law allowed children of enslaved women to be born free in Brazil?
Free Birth Law
What was the name of the Mexican system of plantations inherited from Spain?
Hacienda system
Which event led to the split of Gran Colombia into Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador?
The division of Gran Colombia in 1830
Who was the quintessential Caudillo who ruled Argentina from 1829 to 1852?
Juan Manuel de Rosas
What law ended enslavement at 60 years of age in Brazil?
Sexagenarian Law
Who successfully ran against Diaz for President in 1910?
Francisco Madero
Who escaped from jail and wrote the 'Plan de San Louis Potosi'?
Francisco Madero
Who became President after Diaz fled the capital in 1911?
Francisco Madero
Who was assassinated in 1919 after helping defeat a string of anti-revolutionary politicians?
Emiliano Zapata
Who led a raid on Colombus, New Mexico in 1916?
Pancho Villa
Who was put in power by a group of politicians and generals backed by the United States after Madero was ousted from power?
Victoriano Huerta
Who was the creator of Dollar Diplomacy?
President William Howard Taft
Which event led to the US intervention in Cuba in 1898?
The USS MAINE explosion
When did the phrase 'Manifest Destiny' first appear?
1845
Which of these countries was not a target of US military intervention from 1898 to 1934?
Venezuela
What was the result of the US intervention in Cuba in 1898?
Cuba gained independence
What was the outcome of the Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba?
US forces failed to invade Cuba
What was the reason for the US embargo on Cuba in 1958?
To put pressure on the Cuban government
What was the outcome of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962?
The Soviet Union backed down and removed the missiles from Turkey
What was the outcome of the US-backed coup in Chile in 1973?
Salvador Allende was assassinated and Augusto Pinochet took power
What was the cause of the US intervention in El Salvador in the 1980s?
To protect US investments in the coffee economy
What was the cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
The Soviet Union placed missiles in Cuba
What was the outcome of the US-backed coup in El Salvador in the 1980s?
The US supported the right-wing government
Who was the first woman elected to the Presidency of Argentina?
Raul Alfonsin
What was the conflict between the Argentine government and the British over the Malvinas (Falkland) Islands known as?
Falkland War
What was the main catalyst that led to the Spanish-American War in 1898?
The mysterious explosion of the USS Maine
Who was the bloody dictator of Chile responsible for torture camps and political assassinations?
Augusto Pinochet
Who issued the Reconcentration Policy that forced rural peasants in Cuba into concentration camps?
Valeriano Weyler
Which American Secretary of State pushed the US to undermine more Latin American countries?
Henry Kissinger
What belief is associated with Manifest Destiny in the context of US history?
God granted the United States the right to expand and govern all of America.
Who declared Mexico would stop payment on its debts to France?
Emperor Maximilian I
Which group demanded the government reveal who they 'disappeared' during a period of political turmoil?
Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo
Who was the Bourbon King that implemented the Bourbon Reforms and took direct control over the colonies?
Carlos III
During Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, who did he place on the throne of Spain as a puppet ruler?
Jose I
Which city saw liberal reformers pushing for reforms that were later undone by Fernando VII after Napoleon's defeat?
Cadiz
In 1816, which countries became independent as they were not worth fighting for by the Spanish?
Uruguay, Argentina, Chile
Which group of people led the efforts for independence in Latin America during Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula?
Creoles and Mestizos
Who sent troops to suppress the growing Independence movement in Mexico, Peru, and Colombia?
Fernando VII
Who was a left wing Chilean organizer assassinated by the Pinochet regime in 1974?
Miguel Enriquez
What type of election led to Pinochet being removed from power in 1988?
Plebiscite Election
Who was one of the youngest world leaders at 38 years old, currently serving as President of Chile?
Gabriel Boric
Who was an extreme right wing President of Brazil from 2019-2023 and called for a coup when he lost the Presidency?
Jair Bolsonaro
What type of government ruled Brazil from 1964-1985?
Military Dictatorship
Who was a leftist President of Brazil who served from 2003-2011 and is currently serving again as President?
Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva
What was the main concern of the slave owners on other islands in the Caribbean about Haitian independence?
They were concerned about the economic impact of Haiti's independence on their own colonies.
What was the primary political belief of Liberals in the 19th Century, according to the text?
They believed in laissez faire economics.
What did Conservatives believe about the powerful?
They believed the powerful were chosen by god.
What was the main idea behind the Monroe Doctrine, as stated in the text?
The US would oversee the peaceful interaction of countries in Latin America.
What was the main cause of instability in the country, according to the text?
There were frequent shifts in power between Liberals and Conservatives.
What was the main concern of the US, as stated in the Monroe Doctrine, according to the text?
The US wanted to prevent European countries from colonizing Latin America.
What did Francisco Madero do after winning the election against Diaz in 1910?
Escaped from jail and wrote the 'Plan de San Louis Potosi'
What led to Victoriano Huerta being put in power in 1913?
Backed by a group of politicians and generals supported by the United States
Who was Emiliano Zapata, and what did he do during the revolution?
A revolutionary general who helped defeat anti-revolutionary politicians
What was the outcome of Pancho Villa's raid on Colombus, New Mexico in 1916?
Increased tension between Mexico and the United States
What was a significant demand of the revolutionary generals after Madero's removal from power?
Immediate land reform and political change
What role did the Cientificos play during Diaz's rule in Mexico?
Economic and political advisors to Diaz
How did Pancho Villa's army fare against the government in 1915?
Suffered heavy losses and was nearly wiped out
What led to Francisco Madero's ousting from power in 1913?
'Plan de San Louis Potosi'
Who was the Mexican General in the War for Independence and President of Mexico several times?
Antonio López de Santa Anna
Who was the Hapsburg prince who became Emperor of Mexico in 1865?
Maximiliano
Who was the Mexican revolutionary general who helped defeat a string of anti-revolutionary politicians?
Emiliano Zapata
Who was the Belgian wife of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico?
Carolyn
Who issued the Black Decree making it a crime punishable by death to aid Juarez and his men?
Maximiliano
Who helped force Porfirio Diaz out of power in 1910 during the Mexican Revolution?
Emiliano Zapata
Who was the Hapsburg prince who became the Emperor of Mexico in 1865?
Maximiliano
Who was the Mexican revolutionary general who was assassinated in 1919?
Emiliano Zapata
Which Mexican leader was a general in the Mexican Army during the Texas War for Independence?
Antonio López de Santa Anna
Who issued the Black Decree in Mexico, making it a crime punishable by death to aid Juarez and his men?
Maximiliano
Which Mexican leader was caught and executed in 1867 after his reign crumbled?
Maximiliano
Who was a Mexican revolutionary general who helped force Porfirio Diaz out of power in 1910 during the Mexican Revolution?
Emiliano Zapata
Who led a raid on Columbus, New Mexico in 1916?
Pancho Villa
Which Mexican revolutionary general instituted wide-spread land and economic reforms aimed at reducing the control of the wealthy elite?
Lázaro Cárdenas
Who was a brutal dictator of the Dominican Republic from 1930 to 1961?
Rafael Trujillo
Which Mexican revolutionary general was assassinated in 1923?
Pancho Villa
Which Mexican revolutionary general helped defeat a string of anti-revolutionary politicians and was beloved by the poor?
Emiliano Zapata
Who was a left wing Chilean organizer assassinated by the Pinochet regime in 1974?
Victor Jara
Who was known for instituting wide-spread land and economic reforms aimed at reducing the control of the wealthy elite in Mexico?
Lázaro Cárdenas
Who led a raid on Columbus, New Mexico hoping to spur the United States into invading Mexico in 1916?
Pancho Villa
Who was a brutal dictator of the Dominican Republic from 1930 to 1961, serving as President some of those times, and as a straight up dictator during others?
Rafael Trujillo
Who was a Mexican revolutionary general who demanded wide-spread land reform and democratic reform?
Pancho Villa
Who was a Mexican revolutionary general who became President in 1934 and ruled the country until 1940?
Lázaro Cárdenas
Who was a Dominican Republic dictator from 1930 to 1961 whose secret police jailed and executed thousands of activists?
Rafael Trujillo
Study Notes
Napoleon and the Fall of the Bourbons
- Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (1808-1814)
- Captures Fernando VII and places his own brother, Jose I, on the throne
- Spanish and Portuguese people resist French occupation, leading to a bloody war
Independence Movements in Latin America
- Latin American independence leaders, led by Creoles and Mestizos, declare independence during Napoleon's invasion
- Examples: Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile (1816)
- Fernando VII sends troops to put down independence movements in Mexico, Peru, and Colombia
The Haitian Revolution
- Napoleon tries to break Haitian independence, which was one of France's most lucrative colonies
- Slave owners on other Caribbean islands use Haiti as an example of why they shouldn't seek independence
Liberals and Conservatives in the 19th Century
- Liberals:
- Believed in laissez-faire economics, voting rights for some, and democrat-republicanism
- Respectful of the church and believed in the survival of the fittest
- Conservatives:
- Mostly royalists who wanted a strong, central ruler
- Pro-Spanish culture, believed Spaniards lacked capacity for democratic rule
- Pro-church, believed the powerful should be charitable towards the poor
The Monroe Doctrine
- James Monroe, 5th President of the United States, proclaims the Monroe Doctrine in 1823
- The US will oversee the "peaceful interaction" of countries in Latin America
- The US claims the right to intervene in Latin America to maintain stability
The Mexican Revolution
- Porfirio Diaz rules Mexico as a dictator, allowing wealthy foreigners to buy up natural resources
- Francisco Madero runs against Diaz and wins, but is immediately thrown in jail
- Madero escapes and writes the "Plan de San Luis Potosi," urging Mexicans to rise up against Diaz's regime
- Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa lead revolutions, demanding land reform and democratic reform
Other Key Figures
- Antonio López de Santa Anna: Mexican General and President, known for his military victories and defeats
- Maximiliano and Carlota: Emperor and Empress of Mexico, who are executed after trying to impose liberal reforms
- Lázaro Cárdenas: Mexican revolutionary general and nationalist who becomes President in 1934
- Rafael Trujillo: Brutal Dominican Republic dictator from 1930 to 1961
The Modern Era
- Dollar Diplomacy: US policy of using wealth to influence Latin American politics
- The Revolutionary Fervor of the 1910s: Marxist revolutionaries gain power in Russia, influencing people like Generals Zapata and Villa
- US military interventions in Latin America from 1898 to 1934
- The Spanish American War: US intervenes in Cuba, leading to the country's independence from Spain### Mexican Revolution and Dictatorship
- Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico as a dictator, allowing wealthy foreigners to buy up natural resources and hacienda owners to become wealthy, while the poor suffered losses of land and resources.
- In 1910, Francisco Madero ran against Diaz and won, but was immediately thrown in jail. Madero wrote the "Plan de San Louis Potosi" and was later made President.
- Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary generals, helped defeat anti-revolutionary politicians, but were eventually killed in 1919 and 1923, respectively.
- Madero was ousted from power and assassinated in 1913, and a group of politicians and generals backed by the United States put Victoriano Huerta in power.
Liberals and Conservatives
- In the 19th century, Liberals believed in laissez-faire economics, voting rights for some, democrat-republicanism, and survival of the fittest.
- Conservatives were mostly royalists who wanted a strong central ruler, believed in Spanish culture, and thought Spaniards lacked the capacity for democratic rule.
- Liberals and Conservatives traded power violently for 50 years, with nearly 100 different presidents holding power.
US Intervention in Latin America
- James Monroe, the 5th President of the United States, proclaimed the "Monroe Doctrine" in 1823, stating that the US would oversee the "peaceful interaction" of countries in Latin America.
- The US intervened in various Latin American countries, including Guatemala, Cuba, Chile, and El Salvador, often supporting right-wing dictators and suppressing left-wing movements.
- The US also supported military dictatorships in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile, and was involved in the Falkland War between Argentina and the UK.
Notable Figures and Events
- Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 1808 and captured Fernando VII, leading to a bloody war against the French.
- Charles III, Carlos IV, and Fernando VII were successive Bourbon kings of Spain.
- José Martí, a Cuban nationalist intellectual, was killed while protesting US intervention.
- Salvador Allende, a leftist President of Chile, was democratically elected and nationalized banks, industry, and natural resources, but was forced out of power and killed in 1973.
- Augusto Pinochet, a right-wing dictator, ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990, and was responsible for torture camps and political assassinations.
Explore the key events surrounding the Texas independence from Mexico in the 1820s and 1830s, including the role of American 'Empresarios' and the conflict over slavery. Learn about the battles, leaders, and eventual annexation of Texas into the United States in 1845.
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