Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the main reason for the rebellion in Texas in 1835?
What was the main reason for the rebellion in Texas in 1835?
- To establish an independent government
- To petition for more land from Mexico
- To fight against the US army
- To protest against the banning of slavery (correct)
What event led to the acquisition of the northern half of Mexico by the United States in 1848?
What event led to the acquisition of the northern half of Mexico by the United States in 1848?
- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (correct)
- Mexican-American War
- Gadsden Purchase
- Texas Independence
Who was responsible for securing the Rio Grande and ending about as well as expected?
Who was responsible for securing the Rio Grande and ending about as well as expected?
- Mexican President
- General Santa Ana
- Empresarios
- US President James K. Polk (correct)
What was one consequence of the Mexican-American War for Mexico?
What was one consequence of the Mexican-American War for Mexico?
Who ruled Paraguay as the Perpetual Supreme Dictator from 1814-1840?
Who ruled Paraguay as the Perpetual Supreme Dictator from 1814-1840?
What term is used to refer to military strongmen who ruled Latin American countries through dictatorships?
What term is used to refer to military strongmen who ruled Latin American countries through dictatorships?
Who demanded that the church turn over any land not directly under a church building?
Who demanded that the church turn over any land not directly under a church building?
Which leader declared that Mexico would stop payment on its debts to France?
Which leader declared that Mexico would stop payment on its debts to France?
Who became Emperor of Mexico in 1865 after being convinced by a fake election?
Who became Emperor of Mexico in 1865 after being convinced by a fake election?
Which leader offered Juarez the Presidency of Mexico but was refused?
Which leader offered Juarez the Presidency of Mexico but was refused?
Who initiated a series of liberal reforms during his reign as Emperor of Mexico?
Who initiated a series of liberal reforms during his reign as Emperor of Mexico?
Which leader's reign crumbled when the countryside rose up against him, leading to his execution in 1867?
Which leader's reign crumbled when the countryside rose up against him, leading to his execution in 1867?
Who was the ruler known for protecting Indigenous people and encouraging marriage between Spanish and indigenous people?
Who was the ruler known for protecting Indigenous people and encouraging marriage between Spanish and indigenous people?
Which law allowed children of enslaved women to be born free in Brazil?
Which law allowed children of enslaved women to be born free in Brazil?
What was the name of the Mexican system of plantations inherited from Spain?
What was the name of the Mexican system of plantations inherited from Spain?
Which event led to the split of Gran Colombia into Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador?
Which event led to the split of Gran Colombia into Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador?
Who was the quintessential Caudillo who ruled Argentina from 1829 to 1852?
Who was the quintessential Caudillo who ruled Argentina from 1829 to 1852?
What law ended enslavement at 60 years of age in Brazil?
What law ended enslavement at 60 years of age in Brazil?
Who successfully ran against Diaz for President in 1910?
Who successfully ran against Diaz for President in 1910?
Who escaped from jail and wrote the 'Plan de San Louis Potosi'?
Who escaped from jail and wrote the 'Plan de San Louis Potosi'?
Who became President after Diaz fled the capital in 1911?
Who became President after Diaz fled the capital in 1911?
Who was assassinated in 1919 after helping defeat a string of anti-revolutionary politicians?
Who was assassinated in 1919 after helping defeat a string of anti-revolutionary politicians?
Who led a raid on Colombus, New Mexico in 1916?
Who led a raid on Colombus, New Mexico in 1916?
Who was put in power by a group of politicians and generals backed by the United States after Madero was ousted from power?
Who was put in power by a group of politicians and generals backed by the United States after Madero was ousted from power?
Who was the creator of Dollar Diplomacy?
Who was the creator of Dollar Diplomacy?
Which event led to the US intervention in Cuba in 1898?
Which event led to the US intervention in Cuba in 1898?
When did the phrase 'Manifest Destiny' first appear?
When did the phrase 'Manifest Destiny' first appear?
Which of these countries was not a target of US military intervention from 1898 to 1934?
Which of these countries was not a target of US military intervention from 1898 to 1934?
What was the result of the US intervention in Cuba in 1898?
What was the result of the US intervention in Cuba in 1898?
What was the outcome of the Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba?
What was the outcome of the Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba?
What was the reason for the US embargo on Cuba in 1958?
What was the reason for the US embargo on Cuba in 1958?
What was the outcome of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962?
What was the outcome of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962?
What was the outcome of the US-backed coup in Chile in 1973?
What was the outcome of the US-backed coup in Chile in 1973?
What was the cause of the US intervention in El Salvador in the 1980s?
What was the cause of the US intervention in El Salvador in the 1980s?
What was the cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
What was the cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
What was the outcome of the US-backed coup in El Salvador in the 1980s?
What was the outcome of the US-backed coup in El Salvador in the 1980s?
Who was the first woman elected to the Presidency of Argentina?
Who was the first woman elected to the Presidency of Argentina?
What was the conflict between the Argentine government and the British over the Malvinas (Falkland) Islands known as?
What was the conflict between the Argentine government and the British over the Malvinas (Falkland) Islands known as?
What was the main catalyst that led to the Spanish-American War in 1898?
What was the main catalyst that led to the Spanish-American War in 1898?
Who was the bloody dictator of Chile responsible for torture camps and political assassinations?
Who was the bloody dictator of Chile responsible for torture camps and political assassinations?
Who issued the Reconcentration Policy that forced rural peasants in Cuba into concentration camps?
Who issued the Reconcentration Policy that forced rural peasants in Cuba into concentration camps?
Which American Secretary of State pushed the US to undermine more Latin American countries?
Which American Secretary of State pushed the US to undermine more Latin American countries?
What belief is associated with Manifest Destiny in the context of US history?
What belief is associated with Manifest Destiny in the context of US history?
Who declared Mexico would stop payment on its debts to France?
Who declared Mexico would stop payment on its debts to France?
Which group demanded the government reveal who they 'disappeared' during a period of political turmoil?
Which group demanded the government reveal who they 'disappeared' during a period of political turmoil?
Who was the Bourbon King that implemented the Bourbon Reforms and took direct control over the colonies?
Who was the Bourbon King that implemented the Bourbon Reforms and took direct control over the colonies?
During Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, who did he place on the throne of Spain as a puppet ruler?
During Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, who did he place on the throne of Spain as a puppet ruler?
Which city saw liberal reformers pushing for reforms that were later undone by Fernando VII after Napoleon's defeat?
Which city saw liberal reformers pushing for reforms that were later undone by Fernando VII after Napoleon's defeat?
In 1816, which countries became independent as they were not worth fighting for by the Spanish?
In 1816, which countries became independent as they were not worth fighting for by the Spanish?
Which group of people led the efforts for independence in Latin America during Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula?
Which group of people led the efforts for independence in Latin America during Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula?
Who sent troops to suppress the growing Independence movement in Mexico, Peru, and Colombia?
Who sent troops to suppress the growing Independence movement in Mexico, Peru, and Colombia?
Who was a left wing Chilean organizer assassinated by the Pinochet regime in 1974?
Who was a left wing Chilean organizer assassinated by the Pinochet regime in 1974?
What type of election led to Pinochet being removed from power in 1988?
What type of election led to Pinochet being removed from power in 1988?
Who was one of the youngest world leaders at 38 years old, currently serving as President of Chile?
Who was one of the youngest world leaders at 38 years old, currently serving as President of Chile?
Who was an extreme right wing President of Brazil from 2019-2023 and called for a coup when he lost the Presidency?
Who was an extreme right wing President of Brazil from 2019-2023 and called for a coup when he lost the Presidency?
What type of government ruled Brazil from 1964-1985?
What type of government ruled Brazil from 1964-1985?
Who was a leftist President of Brazil who served from 2003-2011 and is currently serving again as President?
Who was a leftist President of Brazil who served from 2003-2011 and is currently serving again as President?
What was the main concern of the slave owners on other islands in the Caribbean about Haitian independence?
What was the main concern of the slave owners on other islands in the Caribbean about Haitian independence?
What was the primary political belief of Liberals in the 19th Century, according to the text?
What was the primary political belief of Liberals in the 19th Century, according to the text?
What did Conservatives believe about the powerful?
What did Conservatives believe about the powerful?
What was the main idea behind the Monroe Doctrine, as stated in the text?
What was the main idea behind the Monroe Doctrine, as stated in the text?
What was the main cause of instability in the country, according to the text?
What was the main cause of instability in the country, according to the text?
What was the main concern of the US, as stated in the Monroe Doctrine, according to the text?
What was the main concern of the US, as stated in the Monroe Doctrine, according to the text?
What did Francisco Madero do after winning the election against Diaz in 1910?
What did Francisco Madero do after winning the election against Diaz in 1910?
What led to Victoriano Huerta being put in power in 1913?
What led to Victoriano Huerta being put in power in 1913?
Who was Emiliano Zapata, and what did he do during the revolution?
Who was Emiliano Zapata, and what did he do during the revolution?
What was the outcome of Pancho Villa's raid on Colombus, New Mexico in 1916?
What was the outcome of Pancho Villa's raid on Colombus, New Mexico in 1916?
What was a significant demand of the revolutionary generals after Madero's removal from power?
What was a significant demand of the revolutionary generals after Madero's removal from power?
What role did the Cientificos play during Diaz's rule in Mexico?
What role did the Cientificos play during Diaz's rule in Mexico?
How did Pancho Villa's army fare against the government in 1915?
How did Pancho Villa's army fare against the government in 1915?
What led to Francisco Madero's ousting from power in 1913?
What led to Francisco Madero's ousting from power in 1913?
Who was the Mexican General in the War for Independence and President of Mexico several times?
Who was the Mexican General in the War for Independence and President of Mexico several times?
Who was the Hapsburg prince who became Emperor of Mexico in 1865?
Who was the Hapsburg prince who became Emperor of Mexico in 1865?
Who was the Mexican revolutionary general who helped defeat a string of anti-revolutionary politicians?
Who was the Mexican revolutionary general who helped defeat a string of anti-revolutionary politicians?
Who was the Belgian wife of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico?
Who was the Belgian wife of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico?
Who issued the Black Decree making it a crime punishable by death to aid Juarez and his men?
Who issued the Black Decree making it a crime punishable by death to aid Juarez and his men?
Who helped force Porfirio Diaz out of power in 1910 during the Mexican Revolution?
Who helped force Porfirio Diaz out of power in 1910 during the Mexican Revolution?
Who was the Hapsburg prince who became the Emperor of Mexico in 1865?
Who was the Hapsburg prince who became the Emperor of Mexico in 1865?
Who was the Mexican revolutionary general who was assassinated in 1919?
Who was the Mexican revolutionary general who was assassinated in 1919?
Which Mexican leader was a general in the Mexican Army during the Texas War for Independence?
Which Mexican leader was a general in the Mexican Army during the Texas War for Independence?
Who issued the Black Decree in Mexico, making it a crime punishable by death to aid Juarez and his men?
Who issued the Black Decree in Mexico, making it a crime punishable by death to aid Juarez and his men?
Which Mexican leader was caught and executed in 1867 after his reign crumbled?
Which Mexican leader was caught and executed in 1867 after his reign crumbled?
Who was a Mexican revolutionary general who helped force Porfirio Diaz out of power in 1910 during the Mexican Revolution?
Who was a Mexican revolutionary general who helped force Porfirio Diaz out of power in 1910 during the Mexican Revolution?
Who led a raid on Columbus, New Mexico in 1916?
Who led a raid on Columbus, New Mexico in 1916?
Which Mexican revolutionary general instituted wide-spread land and economic reforms aimed at reducing the control of the wealthy elite?
Which Mexican revolutionary general instituted wide-spread land and economic reforms aimed at reducing the control of the wealthy elite?
Who was a brutal dictator of the Dominican Republic from 1930 to 1961?
Who was a brutal dictator of the Dominican Republic from 1930 to 1961?
Which Mexican revolutionary general was assassinated in 1923?
Which Mexican revolutionary general was assassinated in 1923?
Which Mexican revolutionary general helped defeat a string of anti-revolutionary politicians and was beloved by the poor?
Which Mexican revolutionary general helped defeat a string of anti-revolutionary politicians and was beloved by the poor?
Who was a left wing Chilean organizer assassinated by the Pinochet regime in 1974?
Who was a left wing Chilean organizer assassinated by the Pinochet regime in 1974?
Who was known for instituting wide-spread land and economic reforms aimed at reducing the control of the wealthy elite in Mexico?
Who was known for instituting wide-spread land and economic reforms aimed at reducing the control of the wealthy elite in Mexico?
Who led a raid on Columbus, New Mexico hoping to spur the United States into invading Mexico in 1916?
Who led a raid on Columbus, New Mexico hoping to spur the United States into invading Mexico in 1916?
Who was a brutal dictator of the Dominican Republic from 1930 to 1961, serving as President some of those times, and as a straight up dictator during others?
Who was a brutal dictator of the Dominican Republic from 1930 to 1961, serving as President some of those times, and as a straight up dictator during others?
Who was a Mexican revolutionary general who demanded wide-spread land reform and democratic reform?
Who was a Mexican revolutionary general who demanded wide-spread land reform and democratic reform?
Who was a Mexican revolutionary general who became President in 1934 and ruled the country until 1940?
Who was a Mexican revolutionary general who became President in 1934 and ruled the country until 1940?
Who was a Dominican Republic dictator from 1930 to 1961 whose secret police jailed and executed thousands of activists?
Who was a Dominican Republic dictator from 1930 to 1961 whose secret police jailed and executed thousands of activists?
Study Notes
Napoleon and the Fall of the Bourbons
- Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (1808-1814)
- Captures Fernando VII and places his own brother, Jose I, on the throne
- Spanish and Portuguese people resist French occupation, leading to a bloody war
Independence Movements in Latin America
- Latin American independence leaders, led by Creoles and Mestizos, declare independence during Napoleon's invasion
- Examples: Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile (1816)
- Fernando VII sends troops to put down independence movements in Mexico, Peru, and Colombia
The Haitian Revolution
- Napoleon tries to break Haitian independence, which was one of France's most lucrative colonies
- Slave owners on other Caribbean islands use Haiti as an example of why they shouldn't seek independence
Liberals and Conservatives in the 19th Century
- Liberals:
- Believed in laissez-faire economics, voting rights for some, and democrat-republicanism
- Respectful of the church and believed in the survival of the fittest
- Conservatives:
- Mostly royalists who wanted a strong, central ruler
- Pro-Spanish culture, believed Spaniards lacked capacity for democratic rule
- Pro-church, believed the powerful should be charitable towards the poor
The Monroe Doctrine
- James Monroe, 5th President of the United States, proclaims the Monroe Doctrine in 1823
- The US will oversee the "peaceful interaction" of countries in Latin America
- The US claims the right to intervene in Latin America to maintain stability
The Mexican Revolution
- Porfirio Diaz rules Mexico as a dictator, allowing wealthy foreigners to buy up natural resources
- Francisco Madero runs against Diaz and wins, but is immediately thrown in jail
- Madero escapes and writes the "Plan de San Luis Potosi," urging Mexicans to rise up against Diaz's regime
- Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa lead revolutions, demanding land reform and democratic reform
Other Key Figures
- Antonio López de Santa Anna: Mexican General and President, known for his military victories and defeats
- Maximiliano and Carlota: Emperor and Empress of Mexico, who are executed after trying to impose liberal reforms
- Lázaro Cárdenas: Mexican revolutionary general and nationalist who becomes President in 1934
- Rafael Trujillo: Brutal Dominican Republic dictator from 1930 to 1961
The Modern Era
- Dollar Diplomacy: US policy of using wealth to influence Latin American politics
- The Revolutionary Fervor of the 1910s: Marxist revolutionaries gain power in Russia, influencing people like Generals Zapata and Villa
- US military interventions in Latin America from 1898 to 1934
- The Spanish American War: US intervenes in Cuba, leading to the country's independence from Spain### Mexican Revolution and Dictatorship
- Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico as a dictator, allowing wealthy foreigners to buy up natural resources and hacienda owners to become wealthy, while the poor suffered losses of land and resources.
- In 1910, Francisco Madero ran against Diaz and won, but was immediately thrown in jail. Madero wrote the "Plan de San Louis Potosi" and was later made President.
- Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary generals, helped defeat anti-revolutionary politicians, but were eventually killed in 1919 and 1923, respectively.
- Madero was ousted from power and assassinated in 1913, and a group of politicians and generals backed by the United States put Victoriano Huerta in power.
Liberals and Conservatives
- In the 19th century, Liberals believed in laissez-faire economics, voting rights for some, democrat-republicanism, and survival of the fittest.
- Conservatives were mostly royalists who wanted a strong central ruler, believed in Spanish culture, and thought Spaniards lacked the capacity for democratic rule.
- Liberals and Conservatives traded power violently for 50 years, with nearly 100 different presidents holding power.
US Intervention in Latin America
- James Monroe, the 5th President of the United States, proclaimed the "Monroe Doctrine" in 1823, stating that the US would oversee the "peaceful interaction" of countries in Latin America.
- The US intervened in various Latin American countries, including Guatemala, Cuba, Chile, and El Salvador, often supporting right-wing dictators and suppressing left-wing movements.
- The US also supported military dictatorships in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile, and was involved in the Falkland War between Argentina and the UK.
Notable Figures and Events
- Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 1808 and captured Fernando VII, leading to a bloody war against the French.
- Charles III, Carlos IV, and Fernando VII were successive Bourbon kings of Spain.
- José Martí, a Cuban nationalist intellectual, was killed while protesting US intervention.
- Salvador Allende, a leftist President of Chile, was democratically elected and nationalized banks, industry, and natural resources, but was forced out of power and killed in 1973.
- Augusto Pinochet, a right-wing dictator, ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990, and was responsible for torture camps and political assassinations.
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Description
Explore the key events surrounding the Texas independence from Mexico in the 1820s and 1830s, including the role of American 'Empresarios' and the conflict over slavery. Learn about the battles, leaders, and eventual annexation of Texas into the United States in 1845.
