JC Pharmacology Wk 9 Chapter 20 Drugs only

Tetracycline Hydrochloride

• Treats mycoplasma, chlamydia, and rickettsia
• Treatment for H. pylori, chronic bronchitis, gonorrhea, and syphilis
• Treats small animal bites and lyme disease, and acne.
• Penetrates microbial cells through passive diffusion
• Can use active transport
• Suppresses the growth of Propionibacterium acnes
• Reduces free fatty acid content in sebum for acne treatment

Types of Tetracycline

• Demeclocycline is often used for SIADH.
• Demeclocycline is most likely to cause photosensitivity.
• Doxycycline should only be used in children 8 years and older; it can cause teeth discoloration.
• Doxycycline can also be used to treat anthrax.
• Minocycline hydrochloride is incompatible with allopurinol, barbiturates, erythromycin, heparin, mercopenem, nafcillin, penicillin, piperacillin, sulfonamides, and riboflavin.
• Check blood counts for anemia; watch for signs of superinfection.
• Herbs like garlic, ginseng, ginger, and St. John's Wort can affect its effects.
• If mixed with oral anticoagulants, it enhances the effects of vitamin K.
• Digoxin can lead to increased digoxin absorption and toxicity.
• Penicillin interferes with the bactericidal effects of penicillin.
• Dairy products, antacids, and iron supplements decrease absorption; separate doses by 2 hours.
• Eravacycline is an IV agent for intra-abdominal infections such as staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterococcus and faecalis and faecium.
• Omadacycline can be used to treat community-acquired pneumonia, bacterial infections, and MRSA.
• Sarecycline is used for acne and should be taken with lots of water.
• Sarecycline should not be given with iron.
• Tigecycline is an IV broad spectrum antibiotic.
• Tigecycline carries a boxed warning for increased mortality compared with other drugs.
• Do not use after the expiration date.

General Patient Variables

• Contraindicated in pregnancy.
• Requires extra birth control.
• Use caution with hepatic issues.
• Contraindicated with abnormal kidney function.
• Thrombocytopenia should be avoided.
• Pregnancy should be avoided.
• Be aware of GI issues.
• Be aware of CNS: Intracranial hypertension.
• Photosensitivity can occur.

Nitrofurantoin

• Treatment and prophylaxis of UTIs caused by E. coli, S. aureus, Enterobacter, Enterococcus and Klebsiella.
• Take with food to aid absorption and decrease adverse effects.
• Contraindicated for older adults due to kidney, pulmonary, and hepatotoxicity issues, abnormal kidneys, and pregnancy.
• Adverse effects include ST/T wave changes, bundle branch block, and CNS changes.
• Urine may turn brown.
• Do not take with magnesium-containing antacids, may reduce absorption

Phenazopyridine

• Is a urinary analgesic that provides pain relief to the lower urinary tract mucosa.
• Administer with food.
• Adverse effects include urine turning reddish orange.
• Has a boxed warning that if the skin turns yellow, the provider should be notified as this is a sign of medication accumulating in the patient's system.
• Report sore throat, fever, bruising, and bleeding.
• Do not take with impaired kidney function and hepatitis

Trimethoprim

• Is a folate antagonist and UTI anti-infective.
• Inhibits folic acid reduction to tetrahydrofolate, thus interfering with bacterial cell growth.
• Administered in combination with sulfamethoxazole or with sulfonamides, but it can also be given singly.
• Can use unlabeled for P. jirovecii pneumonia.
• Side effects include rash and pruritus.
• Considerations: Report sore throat, fever, and bruising or rash.
• Increase fluid intake to 2,000-3,000 ml per 24 hours.

Sulfonamides

• Includes Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ).
• Treats UTIs, Enterobacteriaceae, Pneumocystis jirovecii infections, and Shigella enteritis.
• Take with or without food and with a full glass of water.
• Halts the multiplication of new bacteria rather than killing mature, fully formed bacteria.
• Inhibits bacterial synthesis of essential nucleic acids and proteins.
• Side effects include GI issues like abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and pancreatitis.
• Blood dyscrasias like aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, agranulocytosis, and eosinophilia may also occur.
• Pruritis, urticaria, Steven-Johnson Syndrome, and skin photosensitivity are side effects may occur.
• BUN and creatinine levels may increase.
• Contraindicated if allergic to sulfa drugs or trimethoprim, salicylates, or megaloblastic anemia related to folate deficiency.
• Should not be used in infants less than 2 months.
• Inhibits warfarin metabolism, increasing the risk of GI bleeding.
• Also affects sulfonylureas, anticonvulsants, and methotrexate.
• It maintains potassium levels; hyperkalemia may result.
• Discontinue at the first sign of rash.
• Blood sugar: Hypoglycemia can occur.
• Considerations: Report sore throat, fever, bruising, or rash.
• Fluid intake should be 2,000-3,000ml/24hrs.
• Mafenide acetate is a topical anti-infective associated with 2nd/3rd degree burns.
• Sulfadiazine combined with pyrimethamine decreases the development of crystalluria.
• Drink lots of water - output 1500ml daily.
• Silver sulfadiazine is used for 2nd/3rd-degree burns.
• Sulfasalazine is used for ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
• Urine may be yellow-orange.

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 General Overview

• Statistics covers the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.
• It is a mathematical discipline for collecting and summarizing data.

1. Why Study Statistics?

• Data is pervasive.
• Statistical techniques support professional and personal decisions.
• Statistical literacy is attainable without becoming a specialist.

2. Applications of Statistics

• Marketing identifies products to sell and target audiences.
• Accounting firms audit using statistical methods.
• Quality control ensures product quality.
• Consumers make informed purchasing choices.
• Educators assess teaching effectiveness via statistics.
• Politicians gauge public opinion.
• Medical professionals assess treatment effectiveness.

1.2 Data

• Data is collected, analyzed, and summarized facts and figures for presentation and interpretation.
• All data collected in a study forms a dataset.

Elements, Variables, and Observations

• Elements are the entities on which data is gathered.
• A variable is a characteristic of interest for the elements.
• Observations represent the set of measurements collected for a particular element.

Example:

• Consider a University MBA program.
• Elements - each student enrolled.
• Variables - age, GPA, and gender.
• Observations - the set of measurements collected for a student.

Types of Data

• Categorical data is grouped into categories (e.g., gender, eye color).
  • Also known as qualitative data.
• Quantitative data uses numerical values to express quantity.
  • Also known as numerical data.

Categorical data:

• Discrete data results from counting.
• Continuous data results from measuring.

Scales of Measurement

• Nominal Scale data are labels or categories to define element attributes.
  • Can be counted and classified and may or may not be numerical.
• Ordinal Scale data have nominal properties, but the order/ranking is meaningful.
  • Can be counted and classified and may or may not be numerical.
• Interval Scale data have ordinal properties, but the interval between values is a fixed unit of measure.
  • Interval data are always numerical.
• Ratio Scale data have interval properties, and the ratio between two values is meaningful.
  • Ratio data are always numerical.

Summary Table

• Nominal Scale - attributes are labeled and categorized.
  • Statistical Operation: Count and classify.
• Ordinal Scale - data can be ordered/ranked.
  • Statistical Operation: Count and classify.
• Interval Scale - data can be subtracted.
  • Statistical Operation: Count and classify, add and subtract.
• Ratio Scale - data can be multiplied and divided.
  • Statistical Operation: Count and classify, add and subtract, multiply and divide.

1.3 Data Sources

• Data is from existing sources or through surveys and experimental studies.

Existing Sources

• Company internal databases.
• Data collection agencies.
• Internet.

Statistical Studies

• Experimental studies control variables to understand their impact on a variable of interest.
• Observational studies do not attempt to control or influence variables.

1.4 Descriptive Statistics

• Descriptive statistics use tabular, graphical, and numerical methods to summarize data.

Statistical Inference

• Statistical inference uses sample data to estimate and test population characteristics.
• Population: the entire set of elements of interest in a study.
• Sample: a subset of the population.

Algorithmic Complexity

What is it?

• Measures the time (time complexity) and memory (space complexity) resources an algorithm needs.
• Describes the growth of time and space requirements as input size increases.

Why is it important?

• Compares the efficiency of algorithms.
• Helps choose the best algorithm for a task.
• Assesses an algorithm's scalability.

How is it expressed?

• Big O notation expresses complexity and describes the upper bound growth rate of an algorithm's time or space usage as the input size grows.

Big O Values

• O(1) - Constant time.
  • Execution time is independent of input size.
• O(log n) - Logarithmic time.
  • Execution time increases logarithmically with input size.
• O(n) - Linear time.
  • Execution time increases linearly with input size.
• O(n log n) - "Linearithmic" time.
• O(n2) - Quadratic time
  • Execution time increases quadratically with input size.
• O(2n) - Exponential time
  • Execution time doubles with each input addition.
• O(n!) - Factorial time
  • Execution time increases quickly.

Common Complexities

• O(1) - Constant.
  • Example: Accessing an array element by index.
• O(log n) - Logarithmic.
  • Example: Binary search in a sorted array.
• O(n) - Linear.
  • Example: Searching for an element in an unsorted array.
• O(n log n) - "Linearithmic".
  • Example: Merge sort or quicksort.
• O(n2) - Quadratic.
  • Example: Bubble sort or insertion sort.
• O(2n) - Exponential.
  • Example: Finding all subsets of a set.
• O(n!) - Factorial.
  • Example: Finding all string permutations.

Example: Linear Search

• Task - Check each array element to find the target.
• Complexity - O(n); the worst-case scenario is checking every element.

Tips for Calculating Complexities

• Focus on the dominant term: 𝑂(𝑛^2 +𝑛)=𝑂(𝑛^2).
• Ignore constant factors: 𝑂(2𝑛)=𝑂(𝑛).
• Understand the algorithm and trace with examples.

Linear Algebra

Definition 1: Vector Space

• Vector space E has two operations: addition (+ : E x E -> E) and scalar multiplication (. : K x E -> E).
• Associativity: ∀ u, v, w ∈ E, (u + v) + w = u + (v + w).
• Commutativity: ∀ u, v ∈ E, u + v = v + u.
• Identity Element: ∃ 0 ∈ E, ∀ u ∈ E, u + 0 = u.
• Inverse Element: ∀ u ∈ E, ∃ -u ∈ E, u + (-u) = 0.
• Distributivity over Scalar Addition: ∀ λ, μ ∈ K, ∀ u ∈ E, (λ + μ) . u = λ . u + μ . u.
• Distributivity over Vector Addition: ∀ λ ∈ K, ∀ u, v ∈ E, λ . (u + v) = λ . u + λ . v.
• Associativity of Scalar Multiplication: ∀ λ, μ ∈ K, ∀ u ∈ E, (λμ) . u = λ . (μ . u).
• Multiplicative Identity: ∀ u ∈ E, 1 . u = u.

Definition 2: Vector Subspace

• Vector subspace: a subset of vector space
  • The subset $F$ cannot be empty
  • ∀ u, v ∈ F, u + v ∈ F
  • ∀ λ ∈ K, ∀ u ∈ F, λ . u ∈ F

Definition 3: Linear Combination

• A linear combination of vectors u1, u2,..., un is a vector of the form.
  • λ1u1 + λ2u2 + ... + λnun.
  • where λ1, λ2,..., λn ∈ K.

Definition 4: Spanning Set

• Spanning set: a family of vectors where any vector in E can be written as a linear combination of these vectors.

Definition 5: Linearly Independent Set

• Linearly independent set: a family of vectors where λ1u1 + λ2u2 + ... + λnun = 0 implies λ1 = λ2 = ... = λn = 0
• This means that all of the coefficients must be 0.

Definition 6: Basis

• Basis: a set of vectors that is both linearly independent and generates the vector space.

Definition 7: Dimension

• Dimension is defined as the number of vectors in the Basis.

Properties

Property 1

• If F and G are subspaces of E, F ∩ G is also a subspace of E.

Property 2

• Given two subspaces F and G of E, the subspace F + G = {u + v | u ∈ F, v ∈ G} of E is the sum of the two subspaces.

Property 3: Grassmann's Formula

• The formula for dimension in subspace is dim(F + G) = dim(F) + dim(G) - dim(F ∩ G).

Linear Transformations

Definition 8: Linear Transformation

• Define a linear transformation as f : E -> F, where for all u, v ∈ E, f(u + v) = f(u) + f(v), and for all λ ∈ K, and u ∈ E, f(λ . u) = λ . f(u).

Definition 9: Kernel (Null Space)

• The kernel of linear transformation f : E -> F is the set Ker(f) = {u ∈ E | f(u) = 0}.

Definition 10: Image (Range)

• Image of f has linear transformation of f : E -> F, is the set Im(f) = {f(u) | u ∈ E}.

Property 4: Rank-Nullity Theorem

• Dimension of the vector space is the dimension of the Ker(f) plus the dimension of the Im(f)
• dim(E) = dim(Ker(f)) + dim(Im(f)).

Matrices

Definition 11: Matrix

• Matrix can be defined as a table of numbers.
• When a matrix has m Rows and n Columns, it is called matrix m x n.

Definition 12: Transpose

• Transpose of matrix A is denoted by AT, and is then obtained by the rows and columns of A.

Definition 13: Inverse Matrix

• Given that A is a matrix, then if there is a matrix B such that AB = BA = 1, where I is the unit matrix, then Matrix A will be invertible.

Property 5

• (AB)T = BT AT

Property 6

• (A-1)T = (AT)-1