66 Questions
Which of the following diseases is NOT listed as having the possibility to be eradicated by a vaccine?
HIV
Who developed the first orally-givable vaccine against poliomyelitis?
Albert Sabin
What is herd immunity?
When a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, thereby providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not immune
Which of the following is an advantage of mRNA vaccines compared to traditional methods?
mRNA vaccines can be developed faster
What is the difference between the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines?
The storage temperature requirement
What is the potential future benefit of mRNA vaccine technology?
One vaccine can target multiple diseases
What is the difference between passive and active immunization?
Passive immunization is achieved through transfer of antibodies, while active immunization is achieved through natural infection or vaccination.
What is the ideal characteristic of a good vaccine?
Once-a-day administration
What are the constituents of a vaccine?
Active ingredient, preserving liquid, stabilizers, and adjuvants
Which type of vaccine elicits little or completely absent cell-mediated immunity?
Vaccines based on whole inactivated organisms
Which disease is caused by an exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani?
Tetanus
What is the estimated minimum human lethal dose of tetanospasmin?
175 nanograms for a 70-kg human
What is the basic cycle of the tetanus vaccination?
Three doses of vaccine
What is the function of tetanolysin?
It is not known with certainty
Which type of vaccine is produced by isolating a microorganism of low virulence from a case of mild disease?
Vaccines based on attenuated living organisms
What is an adjuvant in vaccine production?
A pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents
Which type of vaccine is usually administered with an adjuvant and is innocuous and easy to keep at room temperature?
Vaccines based on toxoids
What is a disadvantage of vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?
Possibility of reactivation of the virulent microorganism
What is the composition of the vaccine against Hepatitis B?
Purified HBsAg attained from transformed cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Which genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) are covered by the tetravalent vaccine Gardasil?
Genotypes 16, 18, 6 & 11
What is the mechanism of action of mRNA vaccines?
mRNA provides instructions to make a piece of the spike protein unique to SARS-CoV-2
What is the benefit of using vectored vaccines?
They are easy and relatively cheap to make
Which vaccine was the first to be developed against poliomyelitis?
Inactivated vaccine
Which of the following diseases has an animal reservoir?
Malaria
What is the function of herd immunity?
To reduce the circulation of a pathogen in unvaccinated people
Which type of vaccine typically moves most rapidly into the clinic for initial testing?
DNA vaccine
What is the difference in storage requirement between the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines?
Pfizer requires a -70 degrees Celsius storage, while Moderna requires a -20 degrees Celsius storage
What is a potential future benefit of mRNA vaccine technology?
It may allow for one vaccine to target multiple diseases
Which virus genotypes are covered by the nonavalent HPV vaccine, Gardasil 9?
Genotypes 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58
What is the composition of the Hepatitis B vaccine?
Purified HBsAg attained from transformed cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
What is the mechanism of action of mRNA vaccines?
mRNA strands provide instructions for cells to make a piece of the spike protein unique to a virus, which triggers an immune response
What is the upside of using vectored vaccines?
They are easy and relatively cheap to make
Which of the following diseases is NOT listed as a vaccine based on attenuated living organisms?
Cholera
What is an adjuvant in vaccine production?
A pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents
What is the disadvantage of vaccines based on toxoids?
The detoxification process is not reversible
What is the advantage of vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?
They elicit a strong cell-mediated response
What is the main difference between passive and active immunization?
Passive immunization provides immediate protection, but does not develop memory, while active immunization is relatively permanent and develops memory
What is the route of administration for vaccines?
Oral, parental, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular
What are the ideal characteristics of a good vaccine?
Efficacy, once-a-day administration, no side effects, stability, easy administration, wide availability, low prices
What are the limitations of passive immunization?
Protection time, administration time, only effective at the beginning of the acute infection, potential risk for hypersensitivity reactions and serum sickness
What is the basic cycle of the tetanus vaccination?
Three doses of vaccine administered in the first year of life
What is the estimated minimum human lethal dose of tetanospasmin?
2.5 nanograms per kilogram of body weight
What is the function of tetanolysin?
It is not known with certainty
What is the composition of the hexavalent vaccine used for the immunization of infants?
Tetanus, diphtheria, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B, pertussis, and Haemophilus influenzae type infections B
Which of the following diseases is listed as having an animal reservoir and therefore cannot be eradicated by a vaccine?
Hepatitis B
What is herd immunity?
Indirect protection from a vaccine
Which of the following vaccinations is NOT currently mandatory in Italy?
Anti Malaria
Which type of vaccine can be developed in a laboratory using a DNA template and readily available materials?
mRNA vaccine
What is the difference between the storage requirements for the Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines?
Pfizer requires a frigid -70 degrees Celsius storage while Moderna requires a -20 degrees Celsius storage
What is a potential future benefit of mRNA vaccine technology?
mRNA vaccines can allow for one vaccine to target multiple diseases
Which of the following diseases is NOT listed as a vaccine based on attenuated living organisms?
Cholera
What is the primary disadvantage of vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?
They cannot be used in immunocompromised individuals
What is an adjuvant in vaccine production?
A pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents
Which of the following diseases is NOT listed as having a vaccine based on toxoids?
Hepatitis A
Which vaccine is composed of purified HBsAg attained from transformed cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae?
Hepatitis B vaccine
Which of the following vaccines is type-specific and only considers epidemiologic relevant genotypes?
Bivalent (Cervarix)
What is the mechanism of action of mRNA vaccines?
They trigger an immune response and build immunity by providing instructions for the cell on how to make a piece of the spike protein unique to SARS-CoV-2
What is the benefit of using vectored vaccines?
They are easy and relatively cheap to make
Which of the following is NOT a disease prevented by the hexavalent vaccine?
Measles
What is the estimated minimum lethal dose of tetanospasmin for a 70-kg (154lb) human?
175 nanograms
What is the basic cycle of the tetanus vaccination?
Three doses of vaccine administered within the first year of life
What is the difference between subunit vaccines and vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?
Subunit vaccines consist of purified bacterial or viral components, while vaccines based on attenuated living organisms contain weakened or dead microorganisms
What is the main difference between vaccines based on whole inactivated organisms and vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?
Vaccines based on whole inactivated organisms elicit little or no cell-mediated immunity, while vaccines based on attenuated living organisms elicit strong cell-mediated immunity.
What is the potential risk associated with passive immunization with immune sera?
Hypersensitivity reactions and serum sickness, especially from gamma globulin of non-human origin.
What are the ideal characteristics of a good vaccine?
Efficacy, once-a-day administration, no side effects, stability, easy administration, wide availability, low prices.
What is the route of administration for vaccines?
Oral, parental, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular.
Test your knowledge on Tetanus, an acute and potentially fatal disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. Learn about its symptoms, treatment, and prevention through vaccines based on anatoxins II.
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