Tetanus Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following diseases is NOT listed as having the possibility to be eradicated by a vaccine?

  • HIV (correct)
  • Rubella
  • Polio
  • Measles
  • Who developed the first orally-givable vaccine against poliomyelitis?

  • Louis Pasteur
  • Jonas Salk
  • Albert Sabin (correct)
  • Edward Jenner
  • What is herd immunity?

  • When a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, thereby providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not immune (correct)
  • When a small percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, thereby providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not immune
  • When a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, thereby providing no measure of protection for individuals who are not immune
  • When a small percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, thereby providing no measure of protection for individuals who are not immune
  • Which of the following is an advantage of mRNA vaccines compared to traditional methods?

    <p>mRNA vaccines can be developed faster (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines?

    <p>The storage temperature requirement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential future benefit of mRNA vaccine technology?

    <p>One vaccine can target multiple diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between passive and active immunization?

    <p>Passive immunization is achieved through transfer of antibodies, while active immunization is achieved through natural infection or vaccination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal characteristic of a good vaccine?

    <p>Once-a-day administration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the constituents of a vaccine?

    <p>Active ingredient, preserving liquid, stabilizers, and adjuvants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine elicits little or completely absent cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>Vaccines based on whole inactivated organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is caused by an exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani?

    <p>Tetanus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated minimum human lethal dose of tetanospasmin?

    <p>175 nanograms for a 70-kg human (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic cycle of the tetanus vaccination?

    <p>Three doses of vaccine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tetanolysin?

    <p>It is not known with certainty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine is produced by isolating a microorganism of low virulence from a case of mild disease?

    <p>Vaccines based on attenuated living organisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an adjuvant in vaccine production?

    <p>A pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine is usually administered with an adjuvant and is innocuous and easy to keep at room temperature?

    <p>Vaccines based on toxoids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?

    <p>Possibility of reactivation of the virulent microorganism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the vaccine against Hepatitis B?

    <p>Purified HBsAg attained from transformed cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) are covered by the tetravalent vaccine Gardasil?

    <p>Genotypes 16, 18, 6 &amp; 11 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of mRNA vaccines?

    <p>mRNA provides instructions to make a piece of the spike protein unique to SARS-CoV-2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using vectored vaccines?

    <p>They are easy and relatively cheap to make (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine was the first to be developed against poliomyelitis?

    <p>Inactivated vaccine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases has an animal reservoir?

    <p>Malaria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of herd immunity?

    <p>To reduce the circulation of a pathogen in unvaccinated people (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine typically moves most rapidly into the clinic for initial testing?

    <p>DNA vaccine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in storage requirement between the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines?

    <p>Pfizer requires a -70 degrees Celsius storage, while Moderna requires a -20 degrees Celsius storage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential future benefit of mRNA vaccine technology?

    <p>It may allow for one vaccine to target multiple diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus genotypes are covered by the nonavalent HPV vaccine, Gardasil 9?

    <p>Genotypes 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the Hepatitis B vaccine?

    <p>Purified HBsAg attained from transformed cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of mRNA vaccines?

    <p>mRNA strands provide instructions for cells to make a piece of the spike protein unique to a virus, which triggers an immune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the upside of using vectored vaccines?

    <p>They are easy and relatively cheap to make (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is NOT listed as a vaccine based on attenuated living organisms?

    <p>Cholera (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an adjuvant in vaccine production?

    <p>A pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disadvantage of vaccines based on toxoids?

    <p>The detoxification process is not reversible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?

    <p>They elicit a strong cell-mediated response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between passive and active immunization?

    <p>Passive immunization provides immediate protection, but does not develop memory, while active immunization is relatively permanent and develops memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of administration for vaccines?

    <p>Oral, parental, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ideal characteristics of a good vaccine?

    <p>Efficacy, once-a-day administration, no side effects, stability, easy administration, wide availability, low prices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the limitations of passive immunization?

    <p>Protection time, administration time, only effective at the beginning of the acute infection, potential risk for hypersensitivity reactions and serum sickness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic cycle of the tetanus vaccination?

    <p>Three doses of vaccine administered in the first year of life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated minimum human lethal dose of tetanospasmin?

    <p>2.5 nanograms per kilogram of body weight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tetanolysin?

    <p>It is not known with certainty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the hexavalent vaccine used for the immunization of infants?

    <p>Tetanus, diphtheria, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B, pertussis, and Haemophilus influenzae type infections B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is listed as having an animal reservoir and therefore cannot be eradicated by a vaccine?

    <p>Hepatitis B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is herd immunity?

    <p>Indirect protection from a vaccine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vaccinations is NOT currently mandatory in Italy?

    <p>Anti Malaria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine can be developed in a laboratory using a DNA template and readily available materials?

    <p>mRNA vaccine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the storage requirements for the Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines?

    <p>Pfizer requires a frigid -70 degrees Celsius storage while Moderna requires a -20 degrees Celsius storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential future benefit of mRNA vaccine technology?

    <p>mRNA vaccines can allow for one vaccine to target multiple diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is NOT listed as a vaccine based on attenuated living organisms?

    <p>Cholera (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disadvantage of vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?

    <p>They cannot be used in immunocompromised individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an adjuvant in vaccine production?

    <p>A pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is NOT listed as having a vaccine based on toxoids?

    <p>Hepatitis A (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine is composed of purified HBsAg attained from transformed cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae?

    <p>Hepatitis B vaccine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vaccines is type-specific and only considers epidemiologic relevant genotypes?

    <p>Bivalent (Cervarix) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of mRNA vaccines?

    <p>They trigger an immune response and build immunity by providing instructions for the cell on how to make a piece of the spike protein unique to SARS-CoV-2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using vectored vaccines?

    <p>They are easy and relatively cheap to make (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a disease prevented by the hexavalent vaccine?

    <p>Measles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated minimum lethal dose of tetanospasmin for a 70-kg (154lb) human?

    <p>175 nanograms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic cycle of the tetanus vaccination?

    <p>Three doses of vaccine administered within the first year of life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between subunit vaccines and vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?

    <p>Subunit vaccines consist of purified bacterial or viral components, while vaccines based on attenuated living organisms contain weakened or dead microorganisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between vaccines based on whole inactivated organisms and vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?

    <p>Vaccines based on whole inactivated organisms elicit little or no cell-mediated immunity, while vaccines based on attenuated living organisms elicit strong cell-mediated immunity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential risk associated with passive immunization with immune sera?

    <p>Hypersensitivity reactions and serum sickness, especially from gamma globulin of non-human origin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ideal characteristics of a good vaccine?

    <p>Efficacy, once-a-day administration, no side effects, stability, easy administration, wide availability, low prices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of administration for vaccines?

    <p>Oral, parental, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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