Test Your Knowledge on T Cell Maturation and Activation! 18.3

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary site of T cell maturation?

  • Thymus (correct)
  • Spleen
  • Bone marrow
  • Lymph nodes

What are the three critical steps involved in thymic selection?

  • Positive selection of thymocytes, negative selection, and peripheral tolerance mechanisms
  • Development of a functional T-cell receptor, positive selection of thymocytes, and negative selection (correct)
  • Positive selection of thymocytes, negative selection, and activation of T cells by superantigens
  • Development of a functional T-cell receptor, negative selection, and peripheral tolerance mechanisms

What are the three classes of T cells?

  • Regulatory T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and memory T cells
  • Helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and memory T cells
  • Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and memory T cells
  • Helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and cytotoxic T cells (correct)

What is the role of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the activation process?

<p>Epitope recognition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens?

<p>All of the above (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between superantigens and traditional antigens?

<p>Superantigens activate T cells without specific recognition of foreign epitopes, traditional antigens do not (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of a cytokine storm caused by superantigens?

<p>All of the above (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which superantigens activate T cells?

<p>Binding to MHC II molecules and the variable region of the TCR β chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

<p>Protection against autoimmune disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of T cell maturation?

<p>Thymus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three critical steps involved in thymic selection?

<p>Development of a functional T-cell receptor, positive selection of thymocytes, and negative selection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three classes of T cells?

<p>Helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and cytotoxic T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the activation process?

<p>Epitope recognition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens?

<p>All of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between superantigens and traditional antigens?

<p>Superantigens activate T cells without specific recognition of foreign epitopes, traditional antigens do not (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of a cytokine storm caused by superantigens?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which superantigens activate T cells?

<p>Binding to MHC II molecules and the variable region of the TCR β chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

<p>Protection against autoimmune disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are T cells formed?

<p>In the bone marrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of thymic selection?

<p>To remove self-reactive thymocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three classes of T cells?

<p>Helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and cytotoxic T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T-cell receptors (TCRs)?

<p>To recognize pathogen epitopes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are helper T cells activated?

<p>By APCs presenting processed foreign epitopes in association with MHC II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of T cell activation by superantigens?

<p>A cytokine storm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cytokine storm?

<p>An excessive inflammatory response in the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause cytokine storms?

<p>Superantigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between superantigens and traditional antigens?

<p>Superantigens do not require processing by APCs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of T cells in the immune system?

<p>Cellular immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do immature T cells differentiate into small lymphocytes?

<p>Bone marrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three critical steps involved in thymic selection?

<p>Development of a functional T-cell receptor, positive selection of thymocytes that interact appropriately with MHC molecules, negative selection to remove self-reactive thymocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

<p>Mechanisms that protect against autoimmune disease caused by self-reactive T cells that escape the thymus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three classes of T cells?

<p>Helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and cytotoxic T cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the activation process?

<p>They recognize foreign epitopes presented by APCs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What provides the genetic diversity required to produce millions of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions?

<p>Genetic rearrangement during thymic selection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells can only be activated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) presenting processed foreign epitopes in association with MHC II?

<p>Helper T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are activated by APCs presenting antigens with MHC I?

<p>Cytotoxic T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are superantigens?

<p>Antigens that activate T cells without specific recognition of foreign epitopes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a cytokine storm caused by superantigens?

<p>Decreased blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be caused by superantigens?

<p>Diseases such as toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal food poisoning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of T cells?

<p>Cellular immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do immature T cells differentiate into small lymphocytes?

<p>Bone marrow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

<p>To protect against autoimmune disease caused by self-reactive T cells that escape the thymus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three critical steps involved in thymic selection?

<p>Development of a functional T-cell receptor, positive selection of thymocytes that interact appropriately with MHC molecules, and negative selection to remove self-reactive thymocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three classes of T cells?

<p>Helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and cytotoxic T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the activation process?

<p>They recognize and bind to foreign antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

<p>Protection against autoimmune disease caused by self-reactive T cells that escape the thymus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens?

<p>A cytokine storm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which superantigens activate T cells?

<p>By binding to MHC II molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a cytokine storm caused by superantigens?

<p>Shock, multi-organ failure, and potentially death (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of T cell maturation?

<p>Bone marrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of T cells can only be activated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) presenting processed foreign epitopes in association with MHC II?

<p>Helper T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens compared to traditional antigens?

<p>A more severe immune response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of T cells?

<p>Cellular immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do immature T cells differentiate into small lymphocytes?

<p>Bone marrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three critical steps involved in thymic selection?

<p>Development of a functional T-cell receptor, positive selection of thymocytes that interact appropriately with MHC molecules, negative selection to remove self-reactive thymocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism protects against autoimmune disease caused by self-reactive T cells that escape the thymus?

<p>Anergy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three classes of T cells based on their surface molecules, mode of activation, and functional roles?

<p>Helper T cells, Regulatory T cells, and Cytotoxic T cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the activation process?

<p>They recognize antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What provides the genetic diversity required to produce millions of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions?

<p>Genetic rearrangement during thymic selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for the activation of helper T cells?

<p>Antigens presented by MHC II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do activated helper T cells differentiate into?

<p>TH1 cells, TH2 cells, TH17 cells, and Memory helper T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of antigens do cytotoxic T cells recognize?

<p>Antigens presented by MHC I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens?

<p>An excessive and uncontrolled release of cytokines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between superantigens and traditional antigens?

<p>Superantigens do not require processing by APCs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of T cells in the immune system?

<p>Cellular immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of thymic selection in T cell maturation?

<p>To remove self-reactive thymocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

<p>Mechanisms that protect against autoimmune disease caused by self-reactive T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the activation process?

<p>To recognize foreign epitopes during the activation process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells?

<p>Helper T cells can only be activated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) presenting processed foreign epitopes in association with MHC II, while cytotoxic T cells are activated by APCs presenting antigens with MHC I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens?

<p>An excessive and uncontrolled release of cytokines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cytokine storm?

<p>The excessive release of cytokines caused by T cell activation by superantigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of superantigens?

<p>All of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between superantigens and traditional antigens?

<p>Superantigens activate T cells by binding simultaneously to MHC II molecules of APCs and the variable region of the TCR β chain, while traditional antigens do not (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of a cytokine storm caused by T cell activation by superantigens?

<p>All of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which superantigens activate T cells?

<p>By binding simultaneously to MHC II molecules of APCs and the variable region of the TCR β chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of genetic rearrangement during thymic selection?

<p>To produce millions of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of T cells in the immune system?

<p>To directly attack and kill pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of peripheral tolerance mechanisms in relation to T cells?

<p>To remove self-reactive thymocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of unregulated T cell activation by superantigens?

<p>A decrease in blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytokines in a cytokine storm?

<p>To stimulate an excessive inflammatory response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between TH1 and TH2 helper T cells?

<p>TH1 cells secrete IFN-γ, while TH2 cells secrete IL-4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of negative selection during thymic selection?

<p>Removal of self-reactive thymocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are T cells activated by traditional antigens?

<p>By binding to MHC I molecules of APCs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of genetic rearrangement during thymic selection?

<p>Production of millions of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens?

<p>Excessive and uncontrolled release of cytokines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of regulatory T cells?

<p>To inhibit the immune response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do TH17 cells differ from other helper T cells?

<p>They secrete IL-17 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of positive selection during thymic selection?

<p>Selection of thymocytes that interact appropriately with MHC molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do immature T cells differentiate into small lymphocytes?

<p>Bone marrow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

<p>To protect against autoimmune disease caused by self-reactive T cells that escape the thymus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the activation process?

<p>They recognize foreign epitopes during the activation process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic rearrangement during thymic selection responsible for?

<p>Producing millions of T cells with unique epitope-specific variable regions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of activation for helper T cells?

<p>APCs presenting processed foreign epitopes in association with MHC II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of helper T cells?

<p>TH1, TH2, TH17, TH20 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of activation for cytotoxic T cells?

<p>APCs presenting antigens with MHC I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can trigger unregulated activation of T cells, potentially leading to a life-threatening condition?

<p>Superantigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of T cell activation by superantigens?

<p>Excessive and uncontrolled release of cytokines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cytokine storm?

<p>An excessive inflammatory response in the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diseases can be caused by superantigens?

<p>Toxic shock syndrome, staphylococcal food poisoning, and streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between superantigens and traditional antigens?

<p>Superantigens do not require specific recognition of foreign epitopes, while traditional antigens do (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of T cells?

<p>Cellular immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do immature T cells differentiate into small lymphocytes?

<p>Thymus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of thymic selection?

<p>To develop a functional T-cell receptor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

<p>Mechanisms that protect against autoimmune disease caused by self-reactive T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three classes of T cells based on their surface molecules, mode of activation, and functional roles?

<p>Helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and cytotoxic T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the activation process?

<p>They are involved in the first step of pathogen epitope recognition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What provides the genetic diversity required to produce millions of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions?

<p>Genetic recombination during thymic selection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required to activate helper T cells?

<p>Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) presenting processed foreign epitopes in association with MHC II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can activated helper T cells differentiate into depending on the cytokines secreted by APCs?

<p>TH1 cells, TH2 cells, TH17 cells, or memory helper T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activates cytotoxic T cells?

<p>APCs presenting antigens with MHC I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can trigger unregulated activation of T cells, which can be life-threatening?

<p>Superantigens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a cytokine storm caused by superantigens?

<p>Decrease in blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between humoral and cellular immunity?

<p>Humoral immunity fights pathogens in extracellular spaces while cellular immunity targets intracellular pathogens through T cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do T cells mature?

<p>In the thymus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thymic selection?

<p>The process of eliminating defective TCRs and self-reactive T cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

<p>To prevent self-reactive T cells from causing autoimmune disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are helper and regulatory T cells activated?

<p>By APCs presenting antigens associated with MHC II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of helper T cells in adaptive immunity?

<p>To serve as the central orchestrators for both humoral and cellular immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens?

<p>Through antigen presentation of pathogen-specific epitopes associated with MHC I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens?

<p>Release of cytokines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which superantigens activate T cells?

<p>By binding to both MHC II molecules and TCR β chains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a cytokine storm caused by superantigens?

<p>Stimulation of an excessive inflammatory response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effector cell for cellular immunity?

<p>Cytotoxic T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of genetic rearrangement in the thymus?

<p>Production of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between humoral immunity and cellular immunity?

<p>Humoral immunity fights pathogens in extracellular spaces while cellular immunity targets intracellular pathogens through T cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are T cells formed and where do they mature?

<p>T cells are formed in the thymus and mature in the bone marrow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thymic selection and what is its purpose?

<p>It is the process of selecting T cells instead of B cells. It eliminates defective TCRs and self-reactive T cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

<p>To prevent self-reactive T cells from causing autoimmune disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are T cells categorized and what determines their functional roles?

<p>T cells are categorized based on their functional roles and their surface molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activates helper and regulatory T cells?

<p>Antigens associated with MHC II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activates cytotoxic T cells?

<p>Antigens associated with MHC I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of helper T cells in adaptive immunity?

<p>They serve as the central orchestrators for both humoral and cellular immunity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of regulatory T cells in adaptive immunity?

<p>They prevent undesirable immune responses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytotoxic T cells in adaptive immunity?

<p>They are the primary effector cells for cellular immunity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of T-cell receptor (TCR) recognition during the activation process?

<p>It activates T cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of genetic rearrangement in the thymus?

<p>To produce millions of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of superantigen binding to MHC II molecules and TCR β chains?

<p>It results in the production of cytokines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about T cells?

<p>They can target both extracellular and intracellular pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of regulatory T cells?

<p>To prevent undesirable immune responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is required for the production of millions of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions?

<p>Genetic rearrangement in the thymus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about helper T cells?

<p>They serve as the central orchestrators for both humoral and cellular immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of superantigen binding to MHC II molecules and TCR β chains?

<p>Activation of a cytokine storm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about cytotoxic T cells?

<p>They recognize and kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of TH1 cells?

<p>To kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of superantigens?

<p>Decrease in blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of memory helper T cells?

<p>To provide long-term immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

<p>They prevent self-reactive T cells from causing autoimmune disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of an unregulated and excessive T cell response triggered by superantigens?

<p>Activation of a cytokine storm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about regulatory T cells?

<p>They prevent undesirable immune responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between humoral and cellular immunity?

<p>Humoral immunity fights pathogens in extracellular spaces while cellular immunity targets intracellular pathogens through T cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of helper T cells in adaptive immunity?

<p>They serve as the central orchestrators for both humoral and cellular immunity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of regulatory T cells in adaptive immunity?

<p>They prevent undesirable immune responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

<p>They prevent self-reactive T cells from causing autoimmune disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cytotoxic T cells in adaptive immunity?

<p>They serve as the primary effector cells for cellular immunity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens?

<p>An excessive, uncontrolled release of cytokines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of MHC II molecules in T cell activation?

<p>They recognize specific foreign epitopes presented within the MHC II antigen-binding cleft during the activation process. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of T cell activation by traditional antigens?

<p>A decrease in inflammation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of TH1 cells?

<p>They serve as the primary effector cells for cellular immunity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of TH2 cells?

<p>They serve as the central orchestrators for both humoral and cellular immunity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a decrease in blood pressure caused by superantigens?

<p>Multi-organ failure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of cytotoxic T cell recognition of cells infected with intracellular pathogens?

<p>The infected cells are destroyed through antigen presentation of pathogen-specific epitopes associated with MHC I. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of T cells in adaptive immunity?

<p>To target intracellular pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of regulatory T cells in adaptive immunity?

<p>To prevent autoimmune disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells?

<p>Helper T cells recognize specific foreign epitopes presented within the MHC, while cytotoxic T cells are activated by recognition of an antigen presented with MHC I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of peripheral tolerance mechanisms in adaptive immunity?

<p>To prevent autoimmune disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of genetic rearrangement in T cells?

<p>Production of millions of T cell receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of superantigen binding to MHC II molecules and TCR β chains?

<p>Excessive, uncontrolled release of cytokines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cytokine storm?

<p>An excessive inflammatory response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of superantigens in bioterrorism?

<p>A decrease in blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of TH1, TH2, or TH17 cells in adaptive immunity?

<p>To differentiate into helper T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effector cell for cellular immunity?

<p>Cytotoxic T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of thymic selection in T cell maturation?

<p>Elimination of self-reacting thymocytes to prevent autoimmune disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of perforin and granzymes in cellular immunity?

<p>To destroy infected cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about T cells?

<p>They recognize specific foreign epitopes presented within the MHC II antigen-binding cleft during the activation process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of regulatory T cells?

<p>To prevent autoimmune diseases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the activation of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells?

<p>Helper T cells are activated by APCs presenting antigens associated with MHC II while cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens presented in association with MHC I. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of TH2 cells?

<p>To produce cytokines that stimulate B cells to produce antibodies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of superantigen binding to MHC II molecules and TCR β chains?

<p>The result is an excessive, uncontrolled release of cytokines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of a cytokine storm caused by superantigens?

<p>It can lead to a dangerous decrease in blood pressure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

<p>To prevent self-reactive T cells from causing autoimmune disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of memory helper T cells?

<p>To prevent undesirable immune responses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of effector cytotoxic T cells?

<p>To recognize and kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens through antigen presentation of pathogen-specific epitopes associated with MHC I. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of genetic rearrangement in the thymus?

<p>It provides the genetic diversity required to produce millions of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of an unregulated and excessive T cell response triggered by superantigens?

<p>It can be life-threatening. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between humoral immunity and cellular immunity?

<p>Humoral immunity fights pathogens in extracellular spaces while cellular immunity targets intracellular pathogens through T cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between humoral immunity and cellular immunity?

<p>Humoral immunity fights pathogens in extracellular spaces while cellular immunity targets intracellular pathogens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

<p>To prevent self-reactive T cells from causing autoimmune disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three categories of T cells?

<p>Helper, regulatory, and cytotoxic T cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in antigen presentation between helper/regulatory T cells and cytotoxic T cells?

<p>Helper/regulatory T cells recognize antigens associated with MHC II, while cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens presented in association with MHC I. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of helper T cells in adaptive immunity?

<p>They serve as the central orchestrators for both humoral and cellular immunity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of regulatory T cells?

<p>To prevent undesirable immune responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytotoxic T cells in cellular immunity?

<p>To recognize and kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which TCRs recognize specific foreign epitopes?

<p>By recognizing the MHC II antigen-binding cleft during the activation process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of genetic diversity required to produce millions of TCRs?

<p>Genetic rearrangement in the thymus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different subtypes of activated helper T cells?

<p>TH1 cells, TH2 cells, and memory helper T cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of superantigen binding to MHC II molecules and TCR β chains?

<p>All of the above. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of superantigens?

<p>They can lead to unregulated and excessive T cell response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about humoral immunity?

<p>It fights pathogens in extracellular spaces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

<p>To prevent self-reactive T cells from causing autoimmune disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of T cells serves as the central orchestrators for both humoral and cellular immunity?

<p>Helper T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of superantigen binding to MHC II molecules and TCR β chains?

<p>Release of cytokines leading to excessive inflammatory response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of T cell maturation?

<p>Thymus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three critical steps involved in thymic selection?

<p>Positive selection, negative selection, and peripheral tolerance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of T cells prevents undesirable immune responses?

<p>Regulatory T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a cytokine storm caused by superantigens?

<p>Release of cytokines leading to excessive inflammatory response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of T cells recognizes antigens presented in association with MHC I?

<p>Cytotoxic T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens?

<p>Release of cytokines leading to excessive inflammatory response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which T-cell receptors (TCRs) recognize specific foreign epitopes during the activation process?

<p>Genetic rearrangement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of T cells is the primary effector cells for cellular immunity?

<p>Cytotoxic T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity targets intracellular pathogens through T cells?

<p>Cellular immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are T cells formed and matured?

<p>In the thymus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of positive and negative selection steps in thymic selection?

<p>Both of the above (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

<p>To prevent autoimmune disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are helper and regulatory T cells activated?

<p>By APCs presenting antigens associated with MHC II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of helper T cells in adaptive immunity?

<p>Central orchestrators for both humoral and cellular immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do T-cell receptors (TCRs) recognize during the activation process?

<p>Specific foreign epitopes presented within the MHC II antigen-binding cleft (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does genetic rearrangement occur to produce millions of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions?

<p>In the thymus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the subtypes that activated helper T cells differentiate into?

<p>TH1 cells, TH2 cells, and memory helper T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do cytotoxic T cells recognize and kill?

<p>Cells infected with intracellular pathogens through antigen presentation of pathogen-specific epitopes associated with MHC I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of superantigen binding to MHC II molecules and TCR β chains?

<p>Activation of T cells outside of the antigen-binding cleft of MHC II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of superantigen-induced cytokine storm?

<p>Decrease in blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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