Test Your Knowledge on T Cell Maturation and Activation! 18.3
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary site of T cell maturation?

  • Thymus (correct)
  • Spleen
  • Bone marrow
  • Lymph nodes

    • What are the three critical steps involved in thymic selection?

  • Positive selection of thymocytes, negative selection, and peripheral tolerance mechanisms
  • Development of a functional T-cell receptor, positive selection of thymocytes, and negative selection (correct)
  • Positive selection of thymocytes, negative selection, and activation of T cells by superantigens
  • Development of a functional T-cell receptor, negative selection, and peripheral tolerance mechanisms

    • What are the three classes of T cells?

  • Regulatory T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and memory T cells
  • Helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and memory T cells
  • Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and memory T cells
  • Helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and cytotoxic T cells (correct)

    • What is the role of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the activation process?

    <p>Epitope recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between superantigens and traditional antigens?

    <p>Superantigens activate T cells without specific recognition of foreign epitopes, traditional antigens do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of a cytokine storm caused by superantigens?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which superantigens activate T cells?

    <p>Binding to MHC II molecules and the variable region of the TCR β chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

    <p>Protection against autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of T cell maturation?

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three critical steps involved in thymic selection?

    <p>Development of a functional T-cell receptor, positive selection of thymocytes, and negative selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three classes of T cells?

    <p>Helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the activation process?

    <p>Epitope recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between superantigens and traditional antigens?

    <p>Superantigens activate T cells without specific recognition of foreign epitopes, traditional antigens do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of a cytokine storm caused by superantigens?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which superantigens activate T cells?

    <p>Binding to MHC II molecules and the variable region of the TCR β chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

    <p>Protection against autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are T cells formed?

    <p>In the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of thymic selection?

    <p>To remove self-reactive thymocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three classes of T cells?

    <p>Helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of T-cell receptors (TCRs)?

    <p>To recognize pathogen epitopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are helper T cells activated?

    <p>By APCs presenting processed foreign epitopes in association with MHC II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of T cell activation by superantigens?

    <p>A cytokine storm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cytokine storm?

    <p>An excessive inflammatory response in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause cytokine storms?

    <p>Superantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between superantigens and traditional antigens?

    <p>Superantigens do not require processing by APCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of T cells in the immune system?

    <p>Cellular immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do immature T cells differentiate into small lymphocytes?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three critical steps involved in thymic selection?

    <p>Development of a functional T-cell receptor, positive selection of thymocytes that interact appropriately with MHC molecules, negative selection to remove self-reactive thymocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

    <p>Mechanisms that protect against autoimmune disease caused by self-reactive T cells that escape the thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three classes of T cells?

    <p>Helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the activation process?

    <p>They recognize foreign epitopes presented by APCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides the genetic diversity required to produce millions of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions?

    <p>Genetic rearrangement during thymic selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells can only be activated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) presenting processed foreign epitopes in association with MHC II?

    <p>Helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are activated by APCs presenting antigens with MHC I?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are superantigens?

    <p>Antigens that activate T cells without specific recognition of foreign epitopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a cytokine storm caused by superantigens?

    <p>Decreased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be caused by superantigens?

    <p>Diseases such as toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal food poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of T cells?

    <p>Cellular immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do immature T cells differentiate into small lymphocytes?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

    <p>To protect against autoimmune disease caused by self-reactive T cells that escape the thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three critical steps involved in thymic selection?

    <p>Development of a functional T-cell receptor, positive selection of thymocytes that interact appropriately with MHC molecules, and negative selection to remove self-reactive thymocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three classes of T cells?

    <p>Helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the activation process?

    <p>They recognize and bind to foreign antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

    <p>Protection against autoimmune disease caused by self-reactive T cells that escape the thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens?

    <p>A cytokine storm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which superantigens activate T cells?

    <p>By binding to MHC II molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a cytokine storm caused by superantigens?

    <p>Shock, multi-organ failure, and potentially death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of T cell maturation?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of T cells can only be activated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) presenting processed foreign epitopes in association with MHC II?

    <p>Helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens compared to traditional antigens?

    <p>A more severe immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of T cells?

    <p>Cellular immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do immature T cells differentiate into small lymphocytes?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three critical steps involved in thymic selection?

    <p>Development of a functional T-cell receptor, positive selection of thymocytes that interact appropriately with MHC molecules, negative selection to remove self-reactive thymocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism protects against autoimmune disease caused by self-reactive T cells that escape the thymus?

    <p>Anergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three classes of T cells based on their surface molecules, mode of activation, and functional roles?

    <p>Helper T cells, Regulatory T cells, and Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the activation process?

    <p>They recognize antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides the genetic diversity required to produce millions of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions?

    <p>Genetic rearrangement during thymic selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for the activation of helper T cells?

    <p>Antigens presented by MHC II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do activated helper T cells differentiate into?

    <p>TH1 cells, TH2 cells, TH17 cells, and Memory helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antigens do cytotoxic T cells recognize?

    <p>Antigens presented by MHC I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens?

    <p>An excessive and uncontrolled release of cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between superantigens and traditional antigens?

    <p>Superantigens do not require processing by APCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of T cells in the immune system?

    <p>Cellular immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of thymic selection in T cell maturation?

    <p>To remove self-reactive thymocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

    <p>Mechanisms that protect against autoimmune disease caused by self-reactive T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the activation process?

    <p>To recognize foreign epitopes during the activation process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>Helper T cells can only be activated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) presenting processed foreign epitopes in association with MHC II, while cytotoxic T cells are activated by APCs presenting antigens with MHC I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens?

    <p>An excessive and uncontrolled release of cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cytokine storm?

    <p>The excessive release of cytokines caused by T cell activation by superantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of superantigens?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between superantigens and traditional antigens?

    <p>Superantigens activate T cells by binding simultaneously to MHC II molecules of APCs and the variable region of the TCR β chain, while traditional antigens do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of a cytokine storm caused by T cell activation by superantigens?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which superantigens activate T cells?

    <p>By binding simultaneously to MHC II molecules of APCs and the variable region of the TCR β chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of genetic rearrangement during thymic selection?

    <p>To produce millions of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of T cells in the immune system?

    <p>To directly attack and kill pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of peripheral tolerance mechanisms in relation to T cells?

    <p>To remove self-reactive thymocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of unregulated T cell activation by superantigens?

    <p>A decrease in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cytokines in a cytokine storm?

    <p>To stimulate an excessive inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between TH1 and TH2 helper T cells?

    <p>TH1 cells secrete IFN-γ, while TH2 cells secrete IL-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of negative selection during thymic selection?

    <p>Removal of self-reactive thymocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are T cells activated by traditional antigens?

    <p>By binding to MHC I molecules of APCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of genetic rearrangement during thymic selection?

    <p>Production of millions of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens?

    <p>Excessive and uncontrolled release of cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of regulatory T cells?

    <p>To inhibit the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do TH17 cells differ from other helper T cells?

    <p>They secrete IL-17</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of positive selection during thymic selection?

    <p>Selection of thymocytes that interact appropriately with MHC molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do immature T cells differentiate into small lymphocytes?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

    <p>To protect against autoimmune disease caused by self-reactive T cells that escape the thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the activation process?

    <p>They recognize foreign epitopes during the activation process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic rearrangement during thymic selection responsible for?

    <p>Producing millions of T cells with unique epitope-specific variable regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of activation for helper T cells?

    <p>APCs presenting processed foreign epitopes in association with MHC II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different types of helper T cells?

    <p>TH1, TH2, TH17, TH20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of activation for cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>APCs presenting antigens with MHC I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can trigger unregulated activation of T cells, potentially leading to a life-threatening condition?

    <p>Superantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of T cell activation by superantigens?

    <p>Excessive and uncontrolled release of cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cytokine storm?

    <p>An excessive inflammatory response in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diseases can be caused by superantigens?

    <p>Toxic shock syndrome, staphylococcal food poisoning, and streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between superantigens and traditional antigens?

    <p>Superantigens do not require specific recognition of foreign epitopes, while traditional antigens do</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of T cells?

    <p>Cellular immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do immature T cells differentiate into small lymphocytes?

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of thymic selection?

    <p>To develop a functional T-cell receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

    <p>Mechanisms that protect against autoimmune disease caused by self-reactive T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three classes of T cells based on their surface molecules, mode of activation, and functional roles?

    <p>Helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the activation process?

    <p>They are involved in the first step of pathogen epitope recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides the genetic diversity required to produce millions of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions?

    <p>Genetic recombination during thymic selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to activate helper T cells?

    <p>Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) presenting processed foreign epitopes in association with MHC II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can activated helper T cells differentiate into depending on the cytokines secreted by APCs?

    <p>TH1 cells, TH2 cells, TH17 cells, or memory helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>APCs presenting antigens with MHC I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can trigger unregulated activation of T cells, which can be life-threatening?

    <p>Superantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a cytokine storm caused by superantigens?

    <p>Decrease in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between humoral and cellular immunity?

    <p>Humoral immunity fights pathogens in extracellular spaces while cellular immunity targets intracellular pathogens through T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do T cells mature?

    <p>In the thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thymic selection?

    <p>The process of eliminating defective TCRs and self-reactive T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

    <p>To prevent self-reactive T cells from causing autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are helper and regulatory T cells activated?

    <p>By APCs presenting antigens associated with MHC II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helper T cells in adaptive immunity?

    <p>To serve as the central orchestrators for both humoral and cellular immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens?

    <p>Through antigen presentation of pathogen-specific epitopes associated with MHC I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens?

    <p>Release of cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which superantigens activate T cells?

    <p>By binding to both MHC II molecules and TCR β chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a cytokine storm caused by superantigens?

    <p>Stimulation of an excessive inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effector cell for cellular immunity?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of genetic rearrangement in the thymus?

    <p>Production of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between humoral immunity and cellular immunity?

    <p>Humoral immunity fights pathogens in extracellular spaces while cellular immunity targets intracellular pathogens through T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are T cells formed and where do they mature?

    <p>T cells are formed in the thymus and mature in the bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thymic selection and what is its purpose?

    <p>It is the process of selecting T cells instead of B cells. It eliminates defective TCRs and self-reactive T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

    <p>To prevent self-reactive T cells from causing autoimmune disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are T cells categorized and what determines their functional roles?

    <p>T cells are categorized based on their functional roles and their surface molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates helper and regulatory T cells?

    <p>Antigens associated with MHC II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>Antigens associated with MHC I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helper T cells in adaptive immunity?

    <p>They serve as the central orchestrators for both humoral and cellular immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of regulatory T cells in adaptive immunity?

    <p>They prevent undesirable immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cytotoxic T cells in adaptive immunity?

    <p>They are the primary effector cells for cellular immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of T-cell receptor (TCR) recognition during the activation process?

    <p>It activates T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of genetic rearrangement in the thymus?

    <p>To produce millions of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of superantigen binding to MHC II molecules and TCR β chains?

    <p>It results in the production of cytokines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about T cells?

    <p>They can target both extracellular and intracellular pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of regulatory T cells?

    <p>To prevent undesirable immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is required for the production of millions of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions?

    <p>Genetic rearrangement in the thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about helper T cells?

    <p>They serve as the central orchestrators for both humoral and cellular immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of superantigen binding to MHC II molecules and TCR β chains?

    <p>Activation of a cytokine storm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>They recognize and kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of TH1 cells?

    <p>To kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of superantigens?

    <p>Decrease in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of memory helper T cells?

    <p>To provide long-term immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

    <p>They prevent self-reactive T cells from causing autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of an unregulated and excessive T cell response triggered by superantigens?

    <p>Activation of a cytokine storm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about regulatory T cells?

    <p>They prevent undesirable immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between humoral and cellular immunity?

    <p>Humoral immunity fights pathogens in extracellular spaces while cellular immunity targets intracellular pathogens through T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helper T cells in adaptive immunity?

    <p>They serve as the central orchestrators for both humoral and cellular immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of regulatory T cells in adaptive immunity?

    <p>They prevent undesirable immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

    <p>They prevent self-reactive T cells from causing autoimmune disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytotoxic T cells in adaptive immunity?

    <p>They serve as the primary effector cells for cellular immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens?

    <p>An excessive, uncontrolled release of cytokines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of MHC II molecules in T cell activation?

    <p>They recognize specific foreign epitopes presented within the MHC II antigen-binding cleft during the activation process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of T cell activation by traditional antigens?

    <p>A decrease in inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of TH1 cells?

    <p>They serve as the primary effector cells for cellular immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of TH2 cells?

    <p>They serve as the central orchestrators for both humoral and cellular immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a decrease in blood pressure caused by superantigens?

    <p>Multi-organ failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of cytotoxic T cell recognition of cells infected with intracellular pathogens?

    <p>The infected cells are destroyed through antigen presentation of pathogen-specific epitopes associated with MHC I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of T cells in adaptive immunity?

    <p>To target intracellular pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of regulatory T cells in adaptive immunity?

    <p>To prevent autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>Helper T cells recognize specific foreign epitopes presented within the MHC, while cytotoxic T cells are activated by recognition of an antigen presented with MHC I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of peripheral tolerance mechanisms in adaptive immunity?

    <p>To prevent autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of genetic rearrangement in T cells?

    <p>Production of millions of T cell receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of superantigen binding to MHC II molecules and TCR β chains?

    <p>Excessive, uncontrolled release of cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cytokine storm?

    <p>An excessive inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of superantigens in bioterrorism?

    <p>A decrease in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of TH1, TH2, or TH17 cells in adaptive immunity?

    <p>To differentiate into helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effector cell for cellular immunity?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of thymic selection in T cell maturation?

    <p>Elimination of self-reacting thymocytes to prevent autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of perforin and granzymes in cellular immunity?

    <p>To destroy infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about T cells?

    <p>They recognize specific foreign epitopes presented within the MHC II antigen-binding cleft during the activation process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of regulatory T cells?

    <p>To prevent autoimmune diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the activation of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>Helper T cells are activated by APCs presenting antigens associated with MHC II while cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens presented in association with MHC I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of TH2 cells?

    <p>To produce cytokines that stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of superantigen binding to MHC II molecules and TCR β chains?

    <p>The result is an excessive, uncontrolled release of cytokines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of a cytokine storm caused by superantigens?

    <p>It can lead to a dangerous decrease in blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

    <p>To prevent self-reactive T cells from causing autoimmune disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of memory helper T cells?

    <p>To prevent undesirable immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of effector cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>To recognize and kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens through antigen presentation of pathogen-specific epitopes associated with MHC I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of genetic rearrangement in the thymus?

    <p>It provides the genetic diversity required to produce millions of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of an unregulated and excessive T cell response triggered by superantigens?

    <p>It can be life-threatening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between humoral immunity and cellular immunity?

    <p>Humoral immunity fights pathogens in extracellular spaces while cellular immunity targets intracellular pathogens through T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between humoral immunity and cellular immunity?

    <p>Humoral immunity fights pathogens in extracellular spaces while cellular immunity targets intracellular pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

    <p>To prevent self-reactive T cells from causing autoimmune disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three categories of T cells?

    <p>Helper, regulatory, and cytotoxic T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in antigen presentation between helper/regulatory T cells and cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>Helper/regulatory T cells recognize antigens associated with MHC II, while cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens presented in association with MHC I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helper T cells in adaptive immunity?

    <p>They serve as the central orchestrators for both humoral and cellular immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of regulatory T cells?

    <p>To prevent undesirable immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cytotoxic T cells in cellular immunity?

    <p>To recognize and kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which TCRs recognize specific foreign epitopes?

    <p>By recognizing the MHC II antigen-binding cleft during the activation process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of genetic diversity required to produce millions of TCRs?

    <p>Genetic rearrangement in the thymus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different subtypes of activated helper T cells?

    <p>TH1 cells, TH2 cells, and memory helper T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of superantigen binding to MHC II molecules and TCR β chains?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of superantigens?

    <p>They can lead to unregulated and excessive T cell response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about humoral immunity?

    <p>It fights pathogens in extracellular spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

    <p>To prevent self-reactive T cells from causing autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of T cells serves as the central orchestrators for both humoral and cellular immunity?

    <p>Helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of superantigen binding to MHC II molecules and TCR β chains?

    <p>Release of cytokines leading to excessive inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of T cell maturation?

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three critical steps involved in thymic selection?

    <p>Positive selection, negative selection, and peripheral tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of T cells prevents undesirable immune responses?

    <p>Regulatory T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a cytokine storm caused by superantigens?

    <p>Release of cytokines leading to excessive inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of T cells recognizes antigens presented in association with MHC I?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of T cell activation by superantigens?

    <p>Release of cytokines leading to excessive inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which T-cell receptors (TCRs) recognize specific foreign epitopes during the activation process?

    <p>Genetic rearrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of T cells is the primary effector cells for cellular immunity?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity targets intracellular pathogens through T cells?

    <p>Cellular immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are T cells formed and matured?

    <p>In the thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of positive and negative selection steps in thymic selection?

    <p>Both of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?

    <p>To prevent autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are helper and regulatory T cells activated?

    <p>By APCs presenting antigens associated with MHC II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helper T cells in adaptive immunity?

    <p>Central orchestrators for both humoral and cellular immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do T-cell receptors (TCRs) recognize during the activation process?

    <p>Specific foreign epitopes presented within the MHC II antigen-binding cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does genetic rearrangement occur to produce millions of TCRs with unique epitope-specific variable regions?

    <p>In the thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the subtypes that activated helper T cells differentiate into?

    <p>TH1 cells, TH2 cells, and memory helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cytotoxic T cells recognize and kill?

    <p>Cells infected with intracellular pathogens through antigen presentation of pathogen-specific epitopes associated with MHC I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of superantigen binding to MHC II molecules and TCR β chains?

    <p>Activation of T cells outside of the antigen-binding cleft of MHC II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of superantigen-induced cytokine storm?

    <p>Decrease in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

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