HEMATOLOGY II FINALS

Overview of Hemostasis Disorders

• Hemostasis disorders can present with various symptoms such as petechiae, purpura, ecchymosis, epistaxis, hemarthrosis, hematoma, hematemesis, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, hemoptysis, melena, and menorrhagia.
• Hereditary hemostasis disorders include Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, and congenital hemangiomata (Kasabach-Merritt syndrome).
• Acquired hemostasis disorders include scurvy, senile purpura, diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, and autoimmune vascular purpura.
• Platelet disorders can be quantitative or qualitative, with thrombocytopenia being a common quantitative disorder.
• Thrombocytopenia can be caused by decreased production, dilutional loss, non-immune destruction, immune destruction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, TTP, or increased platelet sequestration by the spleen.
• Thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled proliferation of platelets and can be primary or secondary.
• Adhesion defects include Bernard-Soulier syndrome and von Willebrand's disease, while aggregation defects include Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and afibrinogenemia.
• Storage pool defects include gray platelet syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, and Chediak-Higashi syndrome.
• Hemorrhagic disorders due to intrinsic pathway disorders include factor XI deficiency, factor VIII:C deficiency (hemophilia A), factor IX deficiency (hemophilia B), and von Willebrand's disease.
• Hemorrhagic disorders due to extrinsic and common pathway disorders include factor VII deficiency, factor X deficiency, factor V deficiency, factor II (prothrombin) deficiency, factor I deficiency, and factor XIII deficiency.
• Acquired disorders of coagulation and fibrinolysis include hepatic disease, vitamin K deficiency, disseminated intravascular coagulation, primary fibrinogenolysis, and secondary fibrinogenolysis.
• Lab evaluation of fibrinolysis can be done through whole blood clot lysis time, euglobulin lysis time, protamine sulfate gelation test, ethanol gelation test, and latex D-dimer assay.

Overview of Hemostasis Disorders

• Hemostasis disorders can present with various symptoms such as petechiae, purpura, ecchymosis, epistaxis, hemarthrosis, hematoma, hematemesis, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, hemoptysis, melena, and menorrhagia.
• Hereditary hemostasis disorders include Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, and congenital hemangiomata (Kasabach-Merritt syndrome).
• Acquired hemostasis disorders include scurvy, senile purpura, diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, and autoimmune vascular purpura.
• Platelet disorders can be quantitative or qualitative, with thrombocytopenia being a common quantitative disorder.
• Thrombocytopenia can be caused by decreased production, dilutional loss, non-immune destruction, immune destruction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, TTP, or increased platelet sequestration by the spleen.
• Thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled proliferation of platelets and can be primary or secondary.
• Adhesion defects include Bernard-Soulier syndrome and von Willebrand's disease, while aggregation defects include Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and afibrinogenemia.
• Storage pool defects include gray platelet syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, and Chediak-Higashi syndrome.
• Hemorrhagic disorders due to intrinsic pathway disorders include factor XI deficiency, factor VIII:C deficiency (hemophilia A), factor IX deficiency (hemophilia B), and von Willebrand's disease.
• Hemorrhagic disorders due to extrinsic and common pathway disorders include factor VII deficiency, factor X deficiency, factor V deficiency, factor II (prothrombin) deficiency, factor I deficiency, and factor XIII deficiency.
• Acquired disorders of coagulation and fibrinolysis include hepatic disease, vitamin K deficiency, disseminated intravascular coagulation, primary fibrinogenolysis, and secondary fibrinogenolysis.
• Lab evaluation of fibrinolysis can be done through whole blood clot lysis time, euglobulin lysis time, protamine sulfate gelation test, ethanol gelation test, and latex D-dimer assay.

Overview of Hemostasis Disorders

• Hemostasis disorders can present with various symptoms such as petechiae, purpura, ecchymosis, epistaxis, hemarthrosis, hematoma, hematemesis, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, hemoptysis, melena, and menorrhagia.
• Hereditary hemostasis disorders include Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, and congenital hemangiomata (Kasabach-Merritt syndrome).
• Acquired hemostasis disorders include scurvy, senile purpura, diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, and autoimmune vascular purpura.
• Platelet disorders can be quantitative or qualitative, with thrombocytopenia being a common quantitative disorder.
• Thrombocytopenia can be caused by decreased production, dilutional loss, non-immune destruction, immune destruction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, TTP, or increased platelet sequestration by the spleen.
• Thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled proliferation of platelets and can be primary or secondary.
• Adhesion defects include Bernard-Soulier syndrome and von Willebrand's disease, while aggregation defects include Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and afibrinogenemia.
• Storage pool defects include gray platelet syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, and Chediak-Higashi syndrome.
• Hemorrhagic disorders due to intrinsic pathway disorders include factor XI deficiency, factor VIII:C deficiency (hemophilia A), factor IX deficiency (hemophilia B), and von Willebrand's disease.
• Hemorrhagic disorders due to extrinsic and common pathway disorders include factor VII deficiency, factor X deficiency, factor V deficiency, factor II (prothrombin) deficiency, factor I deficiency, and factor XIII deficiency.
• Acquired disorders of coagulation and fibrinolysis include hepatic disease, vitamin K deficiency, disseminated intravascular coagulation, primary fibrinogenolysis, and secondary fibrinogenolysis.
• Lab evaluation of fibrinolysis can be done through whole blood clot lysis time, euglobulin lysis time, protamine sulfate gelation test, ethanol gelation test, and latex D-dimer assay.

Overview of Hemostasis Disorders

• Hemostasis disorders can present with various symptoms such as petechiae, purpura, ecchymosis, epistaxis, hemarthrosis, hematoma, hematemesis, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, hemoptysis, melena, and menorrhagia.
• Hereditary hemostasis disorders include Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, and congenital hemangiomata (Kasabach-Merritt syndrome).
• Acquired hemostasis disorders include scurvy, senile purpura, diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, and autoimmune vascular purpura.
• Platelet disorders can be quantitative or qualitative, with thrombocytopenia being a common quantitative disorder.
• Thrombocytopenia can be caused by decreased production, dilutional loss, non-immune destruction, immune destruction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, TTP, or increased platelet sequestration by the spleen.
• Thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled proliferation of platelets and can be primary or secondary.
• Adhesion defects include Bernard-Soulier syndrome and von Willebrand's disease, while aggregation defects include Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and afibrinogenemia.
• Storage pool defects include gray platelet syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, and Chediak-Higashi syndrome.
• Hemorrhagic disorders due to intrinsic pathway disorders include factor XI deficiency, factor VIII:C deficiency (hemophilia A), factor IX deficiency (hemophilia B), and von Willebrand's disease.
• Hemorrhagic disorders due to extrinsic and common pathway disorders include factor VII deficiency, factor X deficiency, factor V deficiency, factor II (prothrombin) deficiency, factor I deficiency, and factor XIII deficiency.
• Acquired disorders of coagulation and fibrinolysis include hepatic disease, vitamin K deficiency, disseminated intravascular coagulation, primary fibrinogenolysis, and secondary fibrinogenolysis.
• Lab evaluation of fibrinolysis can be done through whole blood clot lysis time, euglobulin lysis time, protamine sulfate gelation test, ethanol gelation test, and latex D-dimer assay.

Overview of Hemostasis Disorders

• Hemostasis disorders can present with various symptoms such as petechiae, purpura, ecchymosis, epistaxis, hemarthrosis, hematoma, hematemesis, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, hemoptysis, melena, and menorrhagia.
• Hereditary hemostasis disorders include Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, and congenital hemangiomata (Kasabach-Merritt syndrome).
• Acquired hemostasis disorders include scurvy, senile purpura, diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, and autoimmune vascular purpura.
• Platelet disorders can be quantitative or qualitative, with thrombocytopenia being a common quantitative disorder.
• Thrombocytopenia can be caused by decreased production, dilutional loss, non-immune destruction, immune destruction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, TTP, or increased platelet sequestration by the spleen.
• Thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled proliferation of platelets and can be primary or secondary.
• Adhesion defects include Bernard-Soulier syndrome and von Willebrand's disease, while aggregation defects include Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and afibrinogenemia.
• Storage pool defects include gray platelet syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, and Chediak-Higashi syndrome.
• Hemorrhagic disorders due to intrinsic pathway disorders include factor XI deficiency, factor VIII:C deficiency (hemophilia A), factor IX deficiency (hemophilia B), and von Willebrand's disease.
• Hemorrhagic disorders due to extrinsic and common pathway disorders include factor VII deficiency, factor X deficiency, factor V deficiency, factor II (prothrombin) deficiency, factor I deficiency, and factor XIII deficiency.
• Acquired disorders of coagulation and fibrinolysis include hepatic disease, vitamin K deficiency, disseminated intravascular coagulation, primary fibrinogenolysis, and secondary fibrinogenolysis.
• Lab evaluation of fibrinolysis can be done through whole blood clot lysis time, euglobulin lysis time, protamine sulfate gelation test, ethanol gelation test, and latex D-dimer assay.

Overview of Hemostasis Disorders

• Hemostasis disorders can present with various symptoms such as petechiae, purpura, ecchymosis, epistaxis, hemarthrosis, hematoma, hematemesis, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, hemoptysis, melena, and menorrhagia.
• Hereditary hemostasis disorders include Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, and congenital hemangiomata (Kasabach-Merritt syndrome).
• Acquired hemostasis disorders include scurvy, senile purpura, diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, and autoimmune vascular purpura.
• Platelet disorders can be quantitative or qualitative, with thrombocytopenia being a common quantitative disorder.
• Thrombocytopenia can be caused by decreased production, dilutional loss, non-immune destruction, immune destruction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, TTP, or increased platelet sequestration by the spleen.
• Thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled proliferation of platelets and can be primary or secondary.
• Adhesion defects include Bernard-Soulier syndrome and von Willebrand's disease, while aggregation defects include Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and afibrinogenemia.
• Storage pool defects include gray platelet syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, and Chediak-Higashi syndrome.
• Hemorrhagic disorders due to intrinsic pathway disorders include factor XI deficiency, factor VIII:C deficiency (hemophilia A), factor IX deficiency (hemophilia B), and von Willebrand's disease.
• Hemorrhagic disorders due to extrinsic and common pathway disorders include factor VII deficiency, factor X deficiency, factor V deficiency, factor II (prothrombin) deficiency, factor I deficiency, and factor XIII deficiency.
• Acquired disorders of coagulation and fibrinolysis include hepatic disease, vitamin K deficiency, disseminated intravascular coagulation, primary fibrinogenolysis, and secondary fibrinogenolysis.
• Lab evaluation of fibrinolysis can be done through whole blood clot lysis time, euglobulin lysis time, protamine sulfate gelation test, ethanol gelation test, and latex D-dimer assay.

Overview of Hemostasis Disorders

• Hemostasis disorders can present with various symptoms such as petechiae, purpura, ecchymosis, epistaxis, hemarthrosis, hematoma, hematemesis, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, hemoptysis, melena, and menorrhagia.
• Hereditary hemostasis disorders include Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, and congenital hemangiomata (Kasabach-Merritt syndrome).
• Acquired hemostasis disorders include scurvy, senile purpura, diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, and autoimmune vascular purpura.
• Platelet disorders can be quantitative or qualitative, with thrombocytopenia being a common quantitative disorder.
• Thrombocytopenia can be caused by decreased production, dilutional loss, non-immune destruction, immune destruction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, TTP, or increased platelet sequestration by the spleen.
• Thrombocytosis is an uncontrolled proliferation of platelets and can be primary or secondary.
• Adhesion defects include Bernard-Soulier syndrome and von Willebrand's disease, while aggregation defects include Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and afibrinogenemia.
• Storage pool defects include gray platelet syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, and Chediak-Higashi syndrome.
• Hemorrhagic disorders due to intrinsic pathway disorders include factor XI deficiency, factor VIII:C deficiency (hemophilia A), factor IX deficiency (hemophilia B), and von Willebrand's disease.
• Hemorrhagic disorders due to extrinsic and common pathway disorders include factor VII deficiency, factor X deficiency, factor V deficiency, factor II (prothrombin) deficiency, factor I deficiency, and factor XIII deficiency.
• Acquired disorders of coagulation and fibrinolysis include hepatic disease, vitamin K deficiency, disseminated intravascular coagulation, primary fibrinogenolysis, and secondary fibrinogenolysis.
• Lab evaluation of fibrinolysis can be done through whole blood clot lysis time, euglobulin lysis time, protamine sulfate gelation test, ethanol gelation test, and latex D-dimer assay.

Overview of Hemostasis Disorders

• Hemostasis disorders can cause various symptoms such as petechiae, purpura, ecchymosis, epistaxis, hemarthrosis, hematemesis, hematoma, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, hemoptysis, melena, and menorrhagia.
• Hereditary vascular defects include Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, and congenital hemangiomata.
• Acquired alterations of vessel wall structure can be caused by diseases such as diabetes mellitus and amyloidosis.
• Endothelial damage caused by autoimmune or infectious agents can lead to hypercoagulation or hypocoagulation.
• Autoimmune vascular purpura can be caused by drugs, allergies, or infections.
• Quantitative platelet disorders include thrombocytopenia caused by decreased production, dilutional loss, nonimmune or immune destruction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and increased platelet sequestration.
• Thrombocytosis can be primary or secondary.
• Qualitative platelet disorders include adhesion defects such as Bernard-Soulier syndrome and von Willebrand's disease, aggregation defects such as Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and afibrinogenemia, and storage pool defects such as gray platelet syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, and Chediak-Higashi syndrome.
• Disorders of thrombosis can be primary or secondary, and include antithrombin-III deficiency, protein C and S deficiency, fibrinolytic system disorders, dysfibrinogenemia, and homocystinuria.
• Hemorrhagic disorders in intrinsic pathway disorders include factor XI deficiency, factor VIII:C deficiency, factor IX deficiency, and von Willebrand's disease.
• Hemorrhagic disorders in extrinsic and common pathway disorders include factor VII deficiency, factor X deficiency, factor V deficiency, factor II deficiency, factor I deficiency, and factor XIII deficiency.
• Acquired disorders of coagulation and fibrinolysis include hepatic disease, vitamin K deficiency, disseminated intravascular coagulation, primary and secondary fibrinogenolysis, and lab evaluation of fibrinolysis.
• Anticoagulant therapy with heparin or warfarin requires monitoring of the patient's antithrombin III assay, platelet count, and D-dimer levels. Treatment for these disorders may include replacement therapy, anticoagulant therapy, or supportive care.