Test Validity and Validation
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Questions and Answers

What does validity in psychological assessment primarily indicate?

  • The consistency of test results over time.
  • The degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure. (correct)
  • The correlation of test scores with other unrelated variables.
  • The standardization of test administration procedures.

What is the purpose of local validation studies?

  • To simplify test administration for individuals with disabilities.
  • To evaluate the validity of a test when used with a population different from the one it was standardized on. (correct)
  • To confirm the reliability of test scores across multiple administrations.
  • To establish the global norms for a standardized test.

Which type of validity is concerned with how well a test appears to measure its intended construct?

  • Construct Validity
  • Content Validity
  • Face Validity (correct)
  • Criterion-related Validity

A panel of experts is asked to review a test to ensure that it covers all relevant aspects of a construct. What type of validity is being assessed?

<p>Content Validity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does criterion-related validity assess?

<p>The correlation between test scores and other variables or criteria that reflect the same construct. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key indicator of predictive validity?

<p>Base Rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the hit rate in the context of predictive validity?

<p>The proportion of people a test correctly identifies as possessing a particular attribute. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the miss rate in predictive validity?

<p>The proportion of individuals the test fails to identify as having a specific trait. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Concurrent validity is most appropriately assessed when:

<p>Test scores are correlated with a criterion measure obtained at the same time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of construct validity?

<p>Evaluating whether a measurement tool accurately represents the theoretical construct it is intended to measure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does convergent validity indicate?

<p>The degree to which two measures of theoretically related constructs are related. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discriminant validity is demonstrated when:

<p>Two measures of unrelated constructs are not correlated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a validity coefficient?

<p>To measure the relationship between test scores and scores on a criterion measure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the strength of validity indicated by a validity coefficient of 0?

<p>Weak validity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is incremental validity used to determine?

<p>If a new psychological measure provides more information than existing measures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of exploratory factor analysis?

<p>To estimate or extract factors and decide how many factors to retain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of confirmatory factor analysis?

<p>Testing the degree to which a hypothetical model fits the actual data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of factor analysis, what does factor loading convey?

<p>The extent to which a factor determines the test score. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of test bias?

<p>The tendency of scores on a test to systematically overestimate or underestimate the true performance of certain groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a rating error refer to?

<p>A judgment resulting from intentional or unintentional misuse of a rating scale. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes leniency error in rating?

<p>Assigning higher scores than warranted. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes severity error in rating?

<p>Critizicing everything (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is central tendency error in rating?

<p>Assigning average scores regardless of actual performance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Halo effect?

<p>When raters assign scores based on their overall impression of an individual. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines test fairness in psychometrics?

<p>The extent to which a test is used impartially, justly, and equitably. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action exemplifies a test user striving for fairness?

<p>Interpreting test scores in a way validates all cultural backgrounds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is local validation most crucial before implementing a standardized test?

<p>Before using with a population significantly different from the standardized sample. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of the test user striving for ways to ensure fairness?

<p>Use results in conjunction with a host of many other factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Validity

The extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

Validation

The process of gathering and evaluating evidence about validity.

Local validation studies

Studies necessary when the test user plans to alter the format, instructions, language, or content of the test.

Face Validity

A subjective judgment of whether measures of a certain construct "appears” to measure what it intends to measure.

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Content Validity

Assesses whether a test is representative of all aspects of the construct.

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Criterion-related validity

Extent to which individual test scores are correlated with other variables or criteria that reflect the same construct

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Predictive validity

An index of the degree to which a test score predicts some criterion measure.

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Concurrent Validity

Extent to which a test score is related to some criterion measure obtained at the same time.

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Base rate

Extent to which a particular trait, behavior, characteristic, or attribute exists in the population.

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Hit rate

Proportion of people a test accurately identifies as possessing or exhibiting a particular trait, behavior, characteristic, or attribute

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Miss rate

Proportion of people the test fails to identify as having, or not having, a particular characteristic or attribute.

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Construct Validity

Evaluates whether a measurement tool really represents the thing we are interested in measuring.

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Convergent validity

Degree to which two measures that theoretically should be related, are in fact related

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Discriminant Validity

Degree to which two measures that are not supposed to be related are in fact, unrelated.

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Validity coefficient

Correlation coefficient that provides a measure of the relationship between test scores and scores on the criterion measure.

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Incremental validity

Used to determine if a new psychological measure will provide more information than measures that are already in use.

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Test bias

Tendency of scores on a test to systematically over- or underestimate the true performance of individuals to whom that test is administered.

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Rating

Numerical or verbal judgment that places a person or an attribute along a continuum identified by a scale of numerical or word descriptors known as a rating scale.

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Rating error

Judgment resulting from the intentional or unintentional misuse of a rating scale

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Leniency error

A rater's bias that occurs because of the rater rating an individual too positively.

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Severity error

A rater bias that occurs when the rater criticizes everything.

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Central tendency error

Refers to the phenomenon where raters assign scores to most subjects that are average regardless of the differences in performance between subjects.

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Halo effect

Type of cognitive bias in which our overall impression of a person influences how we feel and think about their character.

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Test fairness

Extent to which a test is used in an impartial, just, and equitable way.

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Study Notes

  • Validity refers to how well a test measures what it claims to measure.
  • Validity is a judgement based on evidence regarding the appropriateness of inferences derived from test scores.
  • Test and test scores are described using terms such as "acceptable" or "weak" to characterize validity.

Validation

  • Validation is the process of collecting and assessing evidence related to a test's validity.
  • Local validation studies become necessary when modifications are made to a test's format, instructions, language, or content.
  • Local validation is needed when test users use a test with a population of test-takers differing significantly from the standardized population.

Types of Validity

  • Face Validity is a subjective assessment of if to the test appears to measure the construct.
  • Content Validity assesses the representativeness of a test in covering all aspects of the construct.
  • Criterion-related Validity is the extent to which individual test scores correlate with other variables or criteria reflecting the same construct.
  • Construct Validity evaluates whether a measurement tool accurately represents what it aims to measure.
  • Predictive Validity indicates the degree to which a test score forecasts a criterion measure.
    • Base Rate is how common a particular trait or attribute is within a population.
    • Hit Rate refers to the proportion of people accurately identified as possessing or exhibiting a trait.
    • Miss Rate denotes the proportion of instances the test inaccurately identifies lacking or having a trait, further broken down into false negatives and false positives.
  • Concurrent Validity measures the degree to which a test score relates to a criterion measure that is obtained at the same time.

Construct Validity Types

  • Convergent Validity measures the degree to which two measures related theoretically are actually related.
  • Discriminant Validity measures the degree to which two measures not expected to be related are unrelated.

Checking Validity

  • A Validity Coefficient is used to check validity of a test
    • It is a correlation coefficient measuring the relationship between test scores and scores on the criterion measure.
    • Ranges from 0 to 1, where 1 is high validity, 0 is weak, and 0.5 is moderate.
    • Pearson correlation and Spearman rho rank-order correlation can determine the validity of measures.
  • Incremental Validity refers to its ability to provide more information beyond what existing measures already offer.

Factor Analysis

  • Factor analysis is a way to identify attributes, characteristics, or dimensions on which people differ.
    • Exploratory factor analysis entails estimating or extracting factors, deciding how many factors to retain, and rotating factors.
    • Confirmatory factor analysis examines how well a model fits the data.
    • Factor loading describes to what extent a factor influences test scores.

Test Bias

  • Test bias refers to the systematic over- or underestimation of true performance on a test for specific groups.

Rating Error

  • A rating is a verbal or numerical judgement placing someone on continuum, identified by a rating scale.
  • A rating error stems from the intentional or unintentional misuse of a rating scale.
    • Leniency error (generosity error) is a rater's bias toward rating an individual too positively, often in appraisals or interviews.
    • Severity error is when a rater always criticizes.
    • Central tendency error is when raters assign average scores to most subjects, despite performance differences.
    • Halo effect is a cognitive bias where overall impression influences how we assess their character.

Test Fairness

  • Test fairness is the degree to which a test is used impartially, justly, and equitably, ensuring the test user aims for fairness in its application.

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Description

Explore test validity, which assesses how accurately a test measures what it intends to measure. Learn about the validation process, including local validation studies. Understand different types of validity, such as face validity, content validity and criterion-related validity.

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