Questions and Answers
Nutrients that the human body requires in large quantities are called:
Which of the following is NOT a macronutrient?
A deficiency of water in the body is called:
How many liters of water does an average human need to replace each day by consuming food or drink?
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Which macronutrient is the major source of energy for cell processes?
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The human body stores excess carbohydrates in the form of ________ in muscles and the liver.
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If a candy bar and a pear contain an equal number of calories from carbohydrates, which is a healthier food and why?
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Why is fiber an important part of a healthful human diet?
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What is a major difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
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Trans-fatty acids, which are common in fast food, are a concern to nutritionists because they:
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Which vitamin could build up to dangerous levels within the body?
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Sunlight is required for the synthesis of:
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Scurvy is a disease that is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?
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Anemia is a disorder that can be caused by a deficiency in:
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Which of these statements is true about minerals?
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Table salt provides the body with necessary sodium and chloride. However, too much salt could result in:
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Tanya eats a vegan diet, which means that she does not eat any animal products. What would be a good source of calcium for Tanya?
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What is a function of antioxidants?
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A diet that is rich in whole grains provides the body with which of the following essential minerals?
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Diffusion is:
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Which of the following best describes the structure of the plasma membrane?
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Which of the following requires the most ATP to move the molecule across a plasma membrane?
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Imagine a balloon is made from a membrane that's permeable to water but not sucrose molecules. If the balloon is filled with a 50% sucrose solution and then placed in a beaker of water, how will the concentration of sucrose change inside the balloon (if at all)?
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Study Notes
Macronutrients and Micronutrients
- Macronutrients are nutrients needed in large quantities, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
- Micronutrients consist of vitamins and minerals, required in smaller amounts for various bodily functions.
- Water also plays a critical role in nutrition but is not classified as a macronutrient.
Water Requirements
- An average human needs about 3 liters of water daily through food and drink.
- Dehydration refers to a deficiency of water in the body, which can have serious health effects.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates serve as the primary energy source for cellular processes.
- Excess carbohydrates are stored in the form of glycogen in muscles and the liver.
- Whole foods like fruits (e.g., pears) are healthier choices than candies due to higher vitamin, mineral, and fiber content.
Dietary Fiber
- Fiber is crucial for a healthful diet, as it may reduce the risk of various cancers.
Fats: Saturated vs. Unsaturated
- Saturated fats are generally solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats are liquid.
- Unsaturated fats contain carbon-to-carbon double bonds, whereas saturated fats do not.
- Trans fatty acids found in fast food contribute to clogged arteries, impacting cardiovascular health.
Vitamins and Minerals
- Vitamin D levels can build up to dangerous levels in the body, while vitamin C deficiency leads to scurvy.
- Sunlight is essential for the synthesis of vitamin D.
- Anemia can result from a deficiency in certain B vitamins.
- Minerals are inorganic compounds that cannot be synthesized by the body and play essential roles in various bodily functions.
Sodium and Health
- Excessive table salt intake can lead to high blood pressure, highlighting the need for moderation.
Calcium Sources
- For those on a vegan diet, spinach is an excellent plant-based source of calcium.
Antioxidants
- Antioxidants help protect cells from damage by neutralizing free radicals.
Essential Minerals
- A diet abundant in whole grains provides important minerals, particularly potassium.
Membrane Transport Mechanisms
- Diffusion describes the movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration across a membrane.
- The plasma membrane is structured as a double layer of lipids with embedded proteins, facilitating various transport processes.
- Moving ions against a concentration gradient requires significant ATP compared to transporting other small molecules or dissolved gases.
Sucrose Concentration and Membrane Permeability
- In a semi-permeable membrane scenario, the concentration of sucrose inside the balloon will decrease when placed in pure water due to water moving across the membrane.
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Description
Prepare yourself with flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 3. This quiz focuses on the essential nutrients and their classifications, including macronutrients and micronutrients. Test your understanding and retention of important definitions.
