Temperature Conversion: Celsius to Kelvin

Study Notes

Temperature is the objective measure of how hot or cold an object is.
It is defined as the average kinetic energy of the molecules in an object.
The kinetic energy of molecules increases when a heat source is placed near a container, causing molecules to move rapidly.
The average kinetic energy of all molecules is called the temperature.

Temperature is measured using thermometers.
There are various types of thermometers, such as alcohol and mercury thermometers, which depend on the increase of volume of substances as the temperature increases.
Electrical resistance, color, and emission of infrared are also used to design thermometers.
An infrared thermometer measures temperature by focusing infrared light from an object to a detector, which converts it into heat, producing a voltage output.

Thermometers work by measuring their own temperature.
When a thermometer is placed in contact with a substance or object, heat is transferred from the hotter object to the colder one until thermal equilibrium is reached.
The thermometer then registers its own temperature.

There are three common temperature scales: Fahrenheit (F), Celsius (C), and Kelvin (K).
Fahrenheit scale:
- Developed by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1724.
- Freezing point of water is 32°F, boiling point is 212°F.
Celsius scale:
- Developed by Anders Celsius.
- Freezing point of water is 0°C, boiling point is 100°C.
Kelvin scale:
- Also called the absolute temperature scale.
- Defines the lowest possible temperature, 0 K, as absolute zero.
- Freezing point of water is 273.15 K, boiling point is 373.15 K.

Fahrenheit to Celsius and Kelvin:
- To convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius, use: C = (F - 32) × 5/9.
- To convert from Fahrenheit to Kelvin, use: K = (F - 32) × 5/9 + 273.15.
Celsius to Fahrenheit and Kelvin:
- To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit, use: F = C × 9/5 + 32.
- To convert from Celsius to Kelvin, use: K = C + 273.15.
Kelvin to Fahrenheit and Celsius:
- To convert from Kelvin to Fahrenheit, use: F = (K - 273.15) × 9/5 + 32.
- To convert from Kelvin to Celsius, use: C = K - 273.15.

The normal human body temperature is around 98.6°F.
The coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth's surface was -89°C at Vostok Station, Antarctica.
The temperature at the surface of the sun is around 5800 K.
The Celsius scale was initially reversed, with 0°C as the boiling point and 100°C as the freezing point, but was later reversed to its current form.