Temel Bilgisayar Kavramları

• These notes cover basic computer concepts and functions within an operating system.

Basic Computer Technologies

• When the Recycling Bin is opened, the operating system lists all deleted items.
• To restore an item, select it and use the Restore command in the File menu.
• To add or remove programs, use the Add/Remove Programs option in the Control Panel.
• The Desktop is where programs, shortcuts, and documents are stored.
• The Desktop is also used to launch programs and open documents.

Printing

• Documents can be printed using the Print command within a program.
• Another way to print is by right-clicking a document and selecting Print.

Start Menu

• The Start menu allows access to most programs, recently used documents, and frequently used internet documents.
• It also provides options to search for documents, access help, and shut down the computer.
• To end the Windows session, use the Shut Down option in the Start menu.

Program Windows

• Programs run inside frames called windows.

Windows Explorer

• Windows Explorer is used to examine, use, and modify files, folders, and programs on the computer.
• When Windows Explorer opens, it lists the folders, objects, and programs on the desktop.
• The left side of the window lists the desktop objects, folders, and programs.
• The right side shows the contents of selected items.
• Opening a folder in Windows Explorer displays its contents.

Managing Folders and Files

Creating New Folders

• To create a new folder, select the parent folder, right-click in an empty area, and choose New.

Moving or Copying Files/Folders

• Drag and drop files/folders to move them.

Moving or Copying Groups of Files/Folders

• Select the first item, then press and hold Shift while selecting additional items. Then drag the selected items.
• Alternatively, click and drag a rectangle around the items to select them.

Undoing Actions in Explorer

• Use the Undo command in the Edit menu to reverse the last action.

Deleting Files/Folders

• Select the item and press the Delete key or right-click and choose Delete.
• The operating system will prompt for confirmation before deleting.
• Deleted files are moved to the Recycle Bin.

Recycle Bin

• The Recycle Bin stores deleted items until it is emptied.
• Items can be retrieved from the Recycle Bin unless the area has been emptied.

Window Elements

Borders

• The borders are the four lines surrounding a window. Dragging the border allows resizing.

Title Bar

• The Title Bar at the top displays the window's name. Drag the Title Bar to move the window.

Menu Bar

• The Menu Bar is below the Title Bar and provides access to program commands.

Toolbar

• The Toolbar contains buttons for commonly used commands.

Control Menu Box

• The Control Menu Box is in the upper-left corner and contains commands for sizing and positioning the window.

Close Button

• The Close button (X) in the upper-right corner closes the window or program.
• Pressing Alt+F4 also closes a program window.

Minimize, Maximize, Restore Buttons

• Located to the left of the close button: Minimize, Maximize, Restore.

Minimize

• Clicking the Minimize button hides the window and places it as an icon on the taskbar. The application continues to run in the background.

Scrolling

• If a window's contents are too large, scroll bars will appear on the right and/or bottom.

Navigating Between Windows

• An operating system enables working with multiple windows simultaneously.
• The topmost window is the active window, which responds to keyboard input.
• Click on a window to make it active.
• Another way is by pressing and holding ALT and Tab.

Explorer

• Windows Explorer manages files, folders, and applications, displays the file structure, and allows for different operations.

Accessing Explorer

• Can be opened from the Start menu > Programs > Accessories > Windows Explorer.
• When opened, Windows Explorer lists Desktop's folders, objects, and programs. It alsolists the contents of 'My Documents'.

Start Menu and Taskbar

Start Menu

• Start menu allows access to programs, documents, and settings. Ctrl+Esc can be used to activate the menu.

Taskbar

• Includes toolbars for quick access to programs.

Quick Launch Toolbar

• The Quick Launch toolbar is for Microsoft Internet Explorer and Microsoft Outlook Express. Additional icons can be added for the programs to be launched.

Taskbar Buttons

• Each running program and open folder appears as a button in the middle of the taskbar.

System Tray

• Provides system information, such as printer status.

Desktop Customization

• Right-clicking on the desktop provides a menu for customization.

Arrange Icons

• Simgeleri Yerleştir tool can arrange icons by name, type, size, or date.

Line Up Icons

• Simgeleri diz tool is used to automatically arrange scattered icons.

New

• Yeni tool is used to create a new folder or shortcut.

Properties

• Opens the Properties window, which includes a window with options like Background, Screen Saver, Appearance, Web, Effects, and Settings.

Background Option

• This option allows users to customize the desktop background by selecting/setting up a background image or color.

Screen Saver Option

• This option is used for the screen to display a screensaver - which will help prevent damage to the monitor when left stagnant.

Appearance Option

• This will allow you to change the color of the desktop, windows and other objects,

Web Option

• Massüstünü Etkin or Active Desktop is a feature by Microsoft with the ability to embed a web page into a desktop background. Internet access is requried.

Settings Option

• This is mainly used to change display settings for users such as screen resolution.

Desktop and Basic Icons

My Computer

• The My Computer icon shows drives and the Control Panel.

My Documents

• My Documents is a system folder for each user.

File and Directory Structure

• The directory structure is organized as directories within directories.
• Drives are the main divisions of the file system, such as C:.
• Folders organize files.

File Types and Extensions

• File extensions indicate the file type (e.g., .exe, .bmp).

Operating System Components

• Key components of an operating system are the desktop, taskbar, windows and explorer.
• The desktop is the user interface where files are placed.

Memory (RAM) Types

• High Speed Cache, Main/RAM Memory, Secondary Memory.

OS Resource Managment

• The operating system balances the needs of different processes and manages data.
• Manages hardware and software, including device drivers for all hardware.

OS Purposes

• OS operates by enabling a user to interface to and work with components in layers based on levels of abstraction.

Types of Operating Systems

Real Time

• used to control instruments and other hardware

Single User Single Task

• For systems which can only perform one task at a time

Single User Multi Task

• The type most commonly used for desktop configurations

Multi User

• allows multiple users to use the components of the computer on disparate tasks

Software and Package Concepts

• Software programs may be developed using a certain base program.

Application Software

• Has certain specific properties relevant to each operating system. This is distinct from something such an operating system - which controls the basic functions of computers.

Application Programming

• Programming may be versioned based on changes and improvements to the base code