Podcast
Questions and Answers
The central sulcus primarily separates which two lobes of the cerebral cortex?
The central sulcus primarily separates which two lobes of the cerebral cortex?
- Frontal and Parietal (correct)
- Temporal and Occipital
- Parietal and Occipital
- Frontal and Temporal
Which gyrus is located immediately anterior to the central sulcus?
Which gyrus is located immediately anterior to the central sulcus?
- Precentral gyrus (correct)
- Postcentral gyrus
- Superior frontal gyrus
- Angular gyrus
The lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure) is most prominently associated with which lobe?
The lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure) is most prominently associated with which lobe?
- Frontal lobe
- Temporal lobe (correct)
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital lobe
Which of the following gyri is located within the parietal lobe?
Which of the following gyri is located within the parietal lobe?
The parieto-occipital sulcus primarily separates which two lobes?
The parieto-occipital sulcus primarily separates which two lobes?
The insular cortex is located:
The insular cortex is located:
The primary auditory cortex is located within the:
The primary auditory cortex is located within the:
Which of the following is NOT visible from a superior view of the cerebral cortex?
Which of the following is NOT visible from a superior view of the cerebral cortex?
The longitudinal fissure separates which two structures?
The longitudinal fissure separates which two structures?
From a mid-sagittal perspective, which structure is located rostral to the corpus callosum?
From a mid-sagittal perspective, which structure is located rostral to the corpus callosum?
The cingulum is a fiber tract located within which lobe?
The cingulum is a fiber tract located within which lobe?
Which structure is located immediately inferior to the thalamus in a mid-sagittal view?
Which structure is located immediately inferior to the thalamus in a mid-sagittal view?
The corpus callosum is primarily composed of what type of fiber tracts?
The corpus callosum is primarily composed of what type of fiber tracts?
Which of the following is NOT considered a subcortical structure of the telencephalon?
Which of the following is NOT considered a subcortical structure of the telencephalon?
The thalamus primarily functions as a:
The thalamus primarily functions as a:
Which brain structure is primarily involved in coordinating movement and balance?
Which brain structure is primarily involved in coordinating movement and balance?
The brainstem is primarily responsible for:
The brainstem is primarily responsible for:
From an inferior perspective of the brain, which of these structures is located most anteriorly?
From an inferior perspective of the brain, which of these structures is located most anteriorly?
The orbital gyri are located on the inferior surface of which lobe?
The orbital gyri are located on the inferior surface of which lobe?
Which cranial nerve roots are associated with the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves?
Which cranial nerve roots are associated with the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves?
Broca's area, crucial for speech production, is typically located in the:
Broca's area, crucial for speech production, is typically located in the:
Wernicke's area, associated with language comprehension, is primarily located in the:
Wernicke's area, associated with language comprehension, is primarily located in the:
The primary motor cortex (Area 4) is located in the:
The primary motor cortex (Area 4) is located in the:
The primary somatosensory cortex (Areas 1-3) is located in the:
The primary somatosensory cortex (Areas 1-3) is located in the:
The primary visual cortex (Area 17) is located in the:
The primary visual cortex (Area 17) is located in the:
Supramarginal and angular gyri are primarily involved in:
Supramarginal and angular gyri are primarily involved in:
Which type of fiber tracts primarily connect different cortical areas within the same hemisphere?
Which type of fiber tracts primarily connect different cortical areas within the same hemisphere?
The corpus callosum is an example of which type of fiber tract?
The corpus callosum is an example of which type of fiber tract?
Projection fibers primarily connect the cortex to:
Projection fibers primarily connect the cortex to:
The internal capsule is composed of what type of fiber tracts?
The internal capsule is composed of what type of fiber tracts?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the basal ganglia?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the basal ganglia?
The caudate nucleus and putamen together are known as the:
The caudate nucleus and putamen together are known as the:
The globus pallidus and putamen together are known as the:
The globus pallidus and putamen together are known as the:
The caudate nucleus and lenticular nuclei together are known as the:
The caudate nucleus and lenticular nuclei together are known as the:
Which neurological disorder is associated with lesions of the caudate nucleus and putamen?
Which neurological disorder is associated with lesions of the caudate nucleus and putamen?
Alzheimer's disease is primarily associated with lesions in the:
Alzheimer's disease is primarily associated with lesions in the:
Kluver-Bucy syndrome is associated with lesions in the:
Kluver-Bucy syndrome is associated with lesions in the:
The stria terminalis projects to the:
The stria terminalis projects to the:
The fornix primarily projects to the:
The fornix primarily projects to the:
Which white matter structure is often described as 'corona radiata' in coronal sections?
Which white matter structure is often described as 'corona radiata' in coronal sections?
In axial sections, the internal capsule is located:
In axial sections, the internal capsule is located:
The M1 segment of the Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) gives rise to:
The M1 segment of the Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) gives rise to:
The M2 segment of the Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) typically runs through the:
The M2 segment of the Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) typically runs through the:
The Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) primarily supplies blood to the:
The Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) primarily supplies blood to the:
The superior sagittal sinus is a major:
The superior sagittal sinus is a major:
The vein of Trolard (superior anastomotic vein) drains into the:
The vein of Trolard (superior anastomotic vein) drains into the:
Flashcards
Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex
The outermost layer of the brain, responsible for higher-level cognitive functions.
Telencephalon
Telencephalon
The largest part of the brain, divided into two hemispheres.
Name the 4 Lobes of the Brain
Name the 4 Lobes of the Brain
Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
Gyri
Gyri
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Sulci
Sulci
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Insular Cortex
Insular Cortex
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Corpus Callosum
Corpus Callosum
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Thalamus
Thalamus
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Brainstem
Brainstem
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Cerebellum
Cerebellum
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Superior Temporal Gyrus
Superior Temporal Gyrus
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Inferior Frontal Gyrus
Inferior Frontal Gyrus
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Language Comprehension
Language Comprehension
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Longitudinal (Association) Fibers
Longitudinal (Association) Fibers
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Commissural Fibers
Commissural Fibers
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Projection Fibers
Projection Fibers
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Basal Ganglia
Basal Ganglia
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Limbic System
Limbic System
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Structures of Basal Ganglia
Structures of Basal Ganglia
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Amygdala and Hippocampus
Amygdala and Hippocampus
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ACA
ACA
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MCA
MCA
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PCA
PCA
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Study Notes
Telencephalon Overview
- The lecture covers the telencephalon, including lobes, gyri, sulci, functional areas, fiber tracts, subcortical areas, and cerebral arteries/veins.
Lobes, Gyri, and Sulci
- The telencephalon includes lobes, gyri, and sulci, which are landmarks used to define different areas of the cerebral cortex.
- The frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes are the four main lobes of the brain.
- The insular cortex is a cortical region located within the lateral fissure.
- The central sulcus is a groove between the frontal and parietal lobes.
- The lateral fissure separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.
- The longitudinal fissure separates the two hemispheres of the brain.
Functional Areas
- Each lobe has primary functional areas.
- The transverse temporal gyri in the inferior insular cortex is the location of the primary auditory cortex
- Areas 4, 1-3, and 17 are Brodmann areas and functional areas that represent some of the importance of gyri and sulci as landmarks
- Area 4 (pre/para-central gyrus) is the primary motor cortex.
- Areas 1-3 (post/para central gyrus) refers to to the primary somatosensory cortex.
- Area 17 (calcarine banks) represents the primary visual cortex.
- The left hemisphere is specialized for speech production (Broca's area in the inferior frontal gyrus) and language comprehension (Wernicke's area in the superior temporal gyrus and parietal lobe).
Fiber Tracts
- Fiber tracts are classified as commissural, association, or projection fibers.
- Commissural fibers (left to right) include the corpus callosum, hippocampal commissure, anterior commissure, and tapetum.
- Longitudinal association fibers include the cingulum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, arcuate fasciculus, claustrum, extreme capsule, and external capsule.
- Projection fibers include thalamo-cortical, cortico-spinal, cortico-bulbar, pontine, and internal capsule fibers that are cortico-petal (afferent) or cortico-fugal (efferent).
Subcortical Areas
- Subcortical areas of the telencephalon include the basal ganglia (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus) and the limbic system (amygdala and hippocampus).
- The caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus are part of the basal ganglia.
- The amygdala and hippocampus are part of the limbic system.
- Lesions in the caudate and putamen can cause Huntington's disease, while lesions in the hippocampus can cause Alzheimer's disease and lesions of amygdala can lead to Kluver Bucy syndrome.
- The gray matter of the telencephalon includes the cerebral and insular cortex, globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, and amygdala (rostral).
Internal Capsule
- The internal capsule is white matter with anterior limb, posterior limb and a genu.
- Lesions in the internal capsule can result from cerebrovascular accidents.
Cerebral Arteries and Veins
- Cerebral arteries include the middle cerebral artery (MCA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA), and posterior cerebral artery (PCA).
- The M1 section of the MCA gives rise to lenticulostriate arteries.
- The M2 section passes through the insular cortex.
- The M3 section provides superior, fronto-parietal arteries.
- The M4 section provides inferior, temporo-parietal arteries.
- The ACA provides anterior median and fronto-parietal arteries
- The PCA provides posterior median, occipito-temporal, and parieto-occipital arteries.
- Cerebral veins includes the superior sagittal sinus, superior anastomotic vein of Trolard, inferior anastomotic vein of Labbe and superficial middle cerebral vein.
- A coronal section can be used to view the internal capsule, caudate nucleus, putamen etc..
- Gray matter is comprised of the cerebral and insular cortex, globus pallidus, putamen, caudate Nucleus, hippocampus and amygdala.
- White matter is the corona radiata and corpus callosum, internal, external and extreme capsule.
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