Teeth Structure and Function

Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body.

Fluoride helps to remineralize tooth enamel and makes it more resistant to acid attacks from bacteria.

Changing pH levels affect the balance between demineralisation and remineralisation, with acidic conditions promoting decay.

<p>Rinsing washes away the fluoride, reducing its effectiveness in protecting teeth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors include consumption of sugary snacks and beverages, as they promote bacterial growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drinking fluoridated water provides systemic fluoride, which strengthens teeth and reduces decay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tooth consists of the enamel, dentin, pulp, and cementum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parents should avoid giving children biscuits, fruit juice, dried fruit, and sugar-sweetened soft drinks as snacks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red blood cells primarily carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues and transport carbon dioxide back to the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in peripheral tissues, facilitating oxygen transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency are two primary causes of anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelets help with blood clotting by patching up holes in blood vessels and releasing chemicals that promote coagulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>White blood cells identify and ingest pathogens via phagocytosis or produce antibodies to neutralize them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining blood pH at 7.4 is essential for optimal enzyme activity and overall metabolic processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Old or damaged red blood cells are filtered out and recycled by the liver and spleen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood regulates body temperature by distributing heat throughout the body and adjusting blood flow to the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Untreated anaemia reduces work capacity in adults and can lead to poor cognitive and motor development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In cases of iron deficiency anaemia, you can expect to see fewer RBCs, smaller RBCs, and hypochromic RBCs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women are more commonly affected by anaemia due to factors such as menstruation and increased iron requirements during pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sickle cell anaemia is an inherited disorder that causes rigid RBCs and is prevalent among individuals of African ancestry, as it provides some resistance to malaria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treatment options include dietary changes and iron supplementation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haemoglobin is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carrying carbon dioxide back to the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaemia increases the risk of complications during pregnancy, including low birth weight and preterm delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The increase in anaemia among preschoolers indicates a critical need for nutritional intervention to support their development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tendons connect muscles to bones, enabling movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscles maintain posture and facilitate movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle size and age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cartilage provides cushioning and flexibility at joint surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ligaments connect bones to other bones, providing stability to joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bursae reduce friction between muscles, tendons, and bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A well-balanced diet provides essential nutrients for muscle repair and growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining musculoskeletal health is crucial for mobility and overall quality of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass and function associated with aging, leading to increased risks of falls, disability, and early death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors include age, genetics, hormonal changes, diet, physical activity, and the stretch and type of muscle fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From the age of 30, muscle mass declines by 3-8% and the basal metabolic rate decreases, affecting energy usage of glucose and amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle hypertrophy occurs when muscle protein synthesis (MPS) exceeds muscle protein breakdown (MPB), promoting muscle growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combining nutritional, pharmacological, and physical interventions, especially resistance exercise, can help prevent sarcopenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risks of falls, hospitalization, disability, fractures, loss of mobility, and higher rates of early death are significant concerns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dietary protein is essential for muscle protein synthesis, necessary to build and maintain muscle mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanical stress stimulates the deposition of mineral salts and collagen fibers, enhancing the strength of muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two major classifications of bones are long bones and flat bones. Long bones have a shaft and medullary cavity filled with marrow, while flat bones have a flat surface and honeycomb-like spaces inside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The epiphyseal line forms when adults stop growing, indicating that the growth plates have closed. It marks the boundary between the epiphysis and the diaphysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spongey bone acts as a shock absorber and reduces the risk of fractures by distributing stress across the bone. It also helps prevent bones from rubbing against each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The periosteum is the outer surface of the bone that surrounds it, while the endosteum lines the medullary cavity inside. Both layers play crucial roles in bone growth, repair, and nutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal refers to the end of the bone that is nearer to the center of the body, while distal refers to the end that is further away. This terminology helps in precisely identifying locations on long bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoclasts are responsible for breaking down and resorbing bone material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The endosteum lines the inner surface of bones and aids in their growth and remodeling throughout life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteogenic cells are responsible for laying down the bone template and respond to mechanical pressure to promote growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium and Vitamin D are crucial for maintaining bone mass and preventing osteoporosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteocytes are mature bone cells that help repair and maintain bone matrix by signaling other cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoblasts build new bone while osteoclasts break down old bone, maintaining a balance for bone health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peak bone mass, usually reached by around 40 years of age, is critical for preventing bone diseases later in life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paget's disease causes excessive bone resorption by osteoclasts, leading to deformities and weakened bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women experience a decrease in bone mass due to hormonal changes, particularly estrogen loss after menopause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symptoms include fragile bones, frequent fractures, and blue sclera due to collagen defects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three main layers of the skin are the epidermis (provides waterproofing and skin tone), the dermis (contains connective tissue, hair follicles, and glands), and the hypodermis (provides fat storage and insulation).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin synthesizes Vitamin D when exposed to UV light, converting 7-dehydrocholesterol into pre-vitamin D, which then becomes active Vitamin D.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fat in the hypodermis provides insulation and protection for underlying tissues, helping to regulate body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Free nerve endings detect light touch and pain, while tactile corpuscles sense light touch, and lamellated corpuscles sense deep pressure and vibration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the skin is burned, the superficial layers can be destroyed, leading to a loss of pain sensation due to damage to pain receptors in those areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The skin protects against infection, dehydration, and UV light damage, serving as the body's first line of defense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The skin regulates temperature through sweating and blood vessel dilation or constriction, helping to cool or warm the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dermis is the most important layer as it contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands, playing a key role in skin function and health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Around 20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of 6 or more café-au-lait macules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sun exposure, arsenic toxicity, and HPV.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cystic acne.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Staphylococcus aureus and beta-hemolytic streptococcus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Melanoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inorganic arsenic in drinking water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a non-melanoma skin cancer that usually occurs between the nose and ear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately 80%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythema marginatum caused by Staphylococcus aureus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoiding excessive sun exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They aim to reduce the production of sebum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traumatic diseases can cause infections, inflammation, and other skin lesions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are tumorous growths found in the iris of the eye associated with neurofibromatosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It presents as grotesque skin ulcers, most commonly affecting people with diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers