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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the premolars and molars?
What is the primary function of the premolars and molars?
What is the hardest substance in the body that covers the outermost layer of a tooth?
What is the hardest substance in the body that covers the outermost layer of a tooth?
What is the tissue that attaches the tooth to the surrounding bone?
What is the tissue that attaches the tooth to the surrounding bone?
What is the primary function of the tongue during mastication?
What is the primary function of the tongue during mastication?
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What is the name of the muscle responsible for closing and puckering the lips?
What is the name of the muscle responsible for closing and puckering the lips?
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What is the largest salivary gland located near the ear?
What is the largest salivary gland located near the ear?
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What is the primary function of the odontogenesis process?
What is the primary function of the odontogenesis process?
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What is the main difference between the fast and slow chewing stages of mastication?
What is the main difference between the fast and slow chewing stages of mastication?
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Which of the following muscles is responsible for depressing and rotating the mandible?
Which of the following muscles is responsible for depressing and rotating the mandible?
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What is the name of the stage of tooth development where the tooth shape and size are formed?
What is the name of the stage of tooth development where the tooth shape and size are formed?
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Which salivary gland produces serous saliva?
Which salivary gland produces serous saliva?
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What is the stage of tooth development where the dental tissues differentiate?
What is the stage of tooth development where the dental tissues differentiate?
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Study Notes
Oral Anatomy
Teeth
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Structure:
- Enamel: hardest substance in the body, outermost layer
- Dentin: beneath enamel, makes up most of tooth structure
- Cementum: thin layer covering root, helps anchor to bone
- Pulp: soft tissue containing nerves and blood vessels
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Types:
- Incisors: chisel-shaped, for biting and cutting
- Canines: pointed, for piercing and tearing
- Premolars: flat, for crushing and grinding
- Molars: flat, for grinding and crushing
Gingiva and Periodontium
- Gingiva: mucous membrane covering alveolar bone and surrounding teeth
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Periodontium: tissues supporting teeth, including:
- Gingiva
- Periodontal ligament (PDL): connective tissue attaching tooth to bone
- Cementum
- Alveolar bone: bone surrounding tooth socket
Tongue and Lips
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Tongue:
- Muscle responsible for manipulating food during mastication
- Covered in papillae, which house taste buds
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Lips:
- Orbicularis oris muscle: responsible for closing and puckering lips
- Important for speech, eating, and facial expression
Palate and Salivary Glands
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Palate:
- Hard palate: anterior, bony portion
- Soft palate: posterior, muscular portion
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Salivary Glands:
- Parotid glands: largest, located near ear
- Submandibular glands: located under jawbone
- Sublingual glands: located under tongue
- Functions: saliva production, digestion, and oral health maintenance
Oral Anatomy
Teeth
- Enamel is the hardest substance in the body and forms the outermost layer of the tooth.
- Dentin makes up the majority of the tooth structure and lies beneath the enamel.
- Cementum is a thin layer covering the root of the tooth and helps anchor it to the surrounding bone.
- Pulp is the soft tissue containing nerves and blood vessels.
- There are four main types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.
- Incisors are chisel-shaped and used for biting and cutting.
- Canines are pointed and used for piercing and tearing.
- Premolars are flat and used for crushing and grinding.
- Molars are also flat and used for grinding and crushing.
Gingiva and Periodontium
- The gingiva is a mucous membrane that covers the alveolar bone and surrounds the teeth.
- The periodontium consists of tissues that support the teeth, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone.
- The periodontal ligament is a connective tissue that attaches the tooth to the surrounding bone.
Tongue and Lips
- The tongue is a muscle responsible for manipulating food during mastication.
- The tongue is covered in papillae, which house taste buds.
- The orbicularis oris muscle is responsible for closing and puckering the lips.
- The lips are important for speech, eating, and facial expression.
Palate and Salivary Glands
- The palate consists of a hard, bony portion (hard palate) and a soft, muscular portion (soft palate).
- There are three main types of salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.
- The parotid glands are the largest and located near the ear.
- The submandibular glands are located under the jawbone.
- The sublingual glands are located under the tongue.
- The salivary glands produce saliva, which aids in digestion and maintains oral health.
Dental Embryology
Tooth Development
- Tooth development begins at 6 weeks in utero and continues until 12-14 years old
- Odontogenesis involves three stages: initiation, morphodifferentiation, and histodifferentiation
- Initiation stage occurs at 6-8 weeks, involving tooth bud formation
- Morphodifferentiation stage occurs at 8-12 weeks, involving tooth shape and size formation
- Histodifferentiation stage occurs from 12 weeks to birth, involving dental tissue differentiation
Tooth Structure
- Enamel is the hardest substance in the body, formed from ectoderm
- Dentin is formed from mesoderm and makes up most of the tooth
- Cementum is formed from mesoderm and covers the root of the tooth
- Pulp is formed from ectoderm and contains nerves and blood vessels
Mastication Physiology
Chewing Process
- Mastication is the process of breaking down food into smaller particles
- The three stages of mastication are fast chewing, slow chewing, and terminal stage
- Fast chewing occurs in the first 10-15 seconds, involving rapid contractions to break down food
- Slow chewing occurs from 15-30 seconds, involving slower contractions to grind food
- Terminal stage occurs from 30 seconds to 1 minute, involving final contractions to prepare food for swallowing
Muscles of Mastication
- Temporalis muscle elevates the mandible (lower jawbone)
- Masseter muscle elevates and protrudes the mandible
- Medial pterygoid muscle elevates and rotates the mandible
- Lateral pterygoid muscle depresses and rotates the mandible
Salivary Gland Function
Salivary Glands
- There are three pairs of salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
- Parotid glands produce serous (watery) saliva
- Submandibular glands produce mixed serous and mucous saliva
- Sublingual glands produce mucous saliva
Saliva Composition
- Saliva is composed of 99% water, 1% electrolytes, proteins, and enzymes
- Enzymes present in saliva include amylase, lipase, and lysozyme
- Saliva functions include lubrication, digestion, antimicrobial properties, and pH buffering
Periodontal Physiology
Periodontal Tissues
- Gingiva is a mucous membrane surrounding the base of the teeth
- Periodontal ligament is a connective tissue attaching the tooth to surrounding bone
- Cementum covers the root of the tooth
- Alveolar bone surrounds the tooth root
Periodontal Functions
- Periodontal tissues provide support for the tooth
- Periodontal tissues protect the tooth from trauma and infection
- Periodontal tissues attach the tooth to surrounding bone
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Description
Learn about the different parts of a tooth, including enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp, as well as the different types of teeth, such as incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.
