Technology Trends and Their Impact

Technology Trends

• AI Revolution
• Building the Digital Future
• Compute and Connectivity Frontiers
• Cutting-edge Engineering
• A Sustainable World

Convergence

• General process of becoming affordable and accessible

Moore's Law

• Predicts the number of transistors on a computer chip will double every one and a half to two years.

Metcalfe's Law

• Value or power of a network grows exponentially as a function of the number of network members.

Effects of Metcalfe's Law

• Smaller, cheaper processors
• Bigger and more valuable networks
• More applications and growth of the IT industry

Digitisation

• Mass adoption of connected digital services by consumers, enterprises, and governments
• Can assist policymakers to spur economic growth and employment

Creative Destruction

• Process of industrial mutation that incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one (Schumpeter)

Data

• Raw facts and figures that have no meaning on their own
• Meaning when processed and in context

Information

• Communication, decision-making, support business processes

Knowledge

• Understanding of rules needed to interpret information

The DIKAR Model

• "Technology" view: Data, Information, Knowledge, Action -> Results (mainly operational significance)
• "Business" view: Data, Information, Knowledge, Action -> Results (mainly strategic significance)
• Knowledge types: Explicit (documents, databases) and Tacit (experience, values)

The RAKID model

• Data -> Information -> Knowledge -> Action -> Results

Database

• Structured collection of related data
• Database System: computer programs for managing electronic databases
  • Records subdivided into fields
  • Important field = key
  • Primary key has no duplicates and no blank values
• Relational Database: Collection of tables, accessible data without reorganization
• Basic operations: Design, data entries, queries, reports

System

• Set of processes working together to produce an output

Input (System)

• Gathering and capturing data

Processing (System)

• Converting or transforming data into useful outputs

Output (System)

• Useful information, usually in document and/or report form

Information Systems Components

• Hardware
• Software

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

• Collects, stores, modifies, and retrieves data transactions of an enterprise (e.g., sales order entry, payroll, shipping)

Management Information System (MIS)

• Uses data from TPS to create reports for managers to make routine business decisions

Information Management (IM)

• Collection and management of information from multiple sources and distribution to multiple audiences

Benefits of Information Systems

• Gathering
• Storing
• Manipulating
• Retrieving and communicating
• Business rules

Computer System Components

• Motherboard (main component)
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) ("brain")
• Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
• Control Unit
• Registers
• Memory (stores data of processing time)
  • Primary Memory (Registers, RAM, ROM, Cache memory)
  • Secondary Memory (stores data permanently)

Storage Devices

• Block storage devices (Hard Disks)
• Optical storage devices (CDs, DVDs)
• Flash storage devices (USB sticks, flash cards, SSDs)

Embedded System

• Microcontroller or microprocessor-based system designed for a specific task (e.g., fire alarm)
• Mobile devices have CPUs optimised for low power environments

Mobile Hardware

• Central processing units (CPUs) optimized for low power
• Similar to computer CPUs

Levels of Abstraction

• Algorithms > high-level programming language > low-level programming language (machine code or assembly language)

• Algorithms: Steps to accomplish a task

• Converting source code to machine code using compilers and interpreters

Operating Systems

• Mobile, personal, and server
• Combination of CPU and operating system is referred to as a platform

Open Source Software (OSS)

• Software with source code available under a license (e.g., GPL)
• Copyright holder gives rights to study, change, distribute.

Network (Two or more computers linked)

• Local Area Networks (LANs)
• Wide Area Networks (WANs)

Intranet

• Private LAN within an organization

Extranet

• Network connecting people within a company with those outside

Network Classifications

• Topology
• Protocols (procedures for transmitting data)
• Architecture

Major Internet Protocol

• TCP/IP

Network Architecture Types

• Peer-to-peer
• Client/server

Firewall

• Network security system monitoring and controlling incoming/outgoing traffic based on pre-determined rules
• The internet uses high-speed data lines called backbones

Internetworking

• Process of connecting separate networks

Packet-switching

• Individual data packets being switched across the network

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

• Provides access to the internet for individuals and organizations

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

• Standard language for creating web pages

Domain Name

• Unique name associated with an IP address

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

• Secure protocol for transferring data on the Internet

Dynamic Web Page

• Displays different content each time viewed.
• Two types: client-side scripting, server-side scripting

Cloud Computing

• Network-based computing over the Internet
• Remotely hosted, ubiquitous, commodified

E-commerce

• Business involving transfer of information across the Internet

Bitcoin

• New currency (2009)

Strategic Information Systems

• Information systems giving competitive advantage to an owner

Porter's Five Forces

• Threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, existing rivalry between competitors, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitute products.

Responding to Competition

• Cost leadership, differentiation, growth, innovation, alliance

Search Engine

• Internet-based tool searching indexes of documents for specified terms

Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

• Process of affecting a website's or web page's visibility in a search engine's unpaid results

Pay-per-click (PPC)

• Online advertising where advertisers pay only when a user clicks on their ad.

Computer Security

• Techniques to prevent unauthorized access to data
• Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability

Security vs. Safety

• Security: techniques to access computers and information (firewalls, antivirus)
• Safety: safe internet behavior

Logic Bomb

• Set of instructions secretly incorporated into a program to execute when a condition is met (often harmful)

Trojan Horse, Phishing, Pharming, Rootkit

• Malware disguised as legitimate programs
• Phishing: Fake emails
• Pharming: Fake web pages
• Rootkit: program to mask intrusions, get admin access

Data Analytics

• Analyzing data to draw meaningful insights and drive decisions

Data Visualization

• Using visual elements (charts, graphs) to represent data

Considerations in IT Architecture

• Standardization (using same products)
• Integration (ensuring systems communicate)

System Development Phases

• Initiation, Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Maintenance

Advanced Data Analysis Techniques

• Profiling, Nonobvious relationship awareness

Mobile Device Growth

• Increasing use of mobile devices and growth in mobile applications

Intellectual Property Protection

• Trade Secret
• Copyright

Patents

Explore the major trends shaping the technology landscape, including the AI revolution, Moore's Law, and the effects of digitization. This quiz delves into key concepts like Metcalfe's Law and creative destruction, providing insights into how technology continues to evolve and influence our world.