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Questions and Answers
What major trend emphasizes the integration of different technologies and accessibility?
What major trend emphasizes the integration of different technologies and accessibility?
What does Moore's Law predict about computer chips?
What does Moore's Law predict about computer chips?
Which law states that the value of a network grows exponentially with the number of its members?
Which law states that the value of a network grows exponentially with the number of its members?
Which type of knowledge is rooted in experience and values?
Which type of knowledge is rooted in experience and values?
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What is defined as a structured collection of related data?
What is defined as a structured collection of related data?
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In a relational database, how can data be accessed?
In a relational database, how can data be accessed?
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What is the primary key in a database characterized by?
What is the primary key in a database characterized by?
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What component is NOT part of the six key components of Information Systems?
What component is NOT part of the six key components of Information Systems?
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What does Search Engine Optimisation primarily focus on?
What does Search Engine Optimisation primarily focus on?
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Which term refers to a set of instructions hidden within a program that execute under certain conditions?
Which term refers to a set of instructions hidden within a program that execute under certain conditions?
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What is the main difference between security and safety in the context of computer use?
What is the main difference between security and safety in the context of computer use?
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Which of the following is a technique used in computer security to ensure data cannot be accessed without proper authorization?
Which of the following is a technique used in computer security to ensure data cannot be accessed without proper authorization?
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What phase comes after the design phase in the System Development Process?
What phase comes after the design phase in the System Development Process?
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Which of the following best describes Big Data in relation to data analytics?
Which of the following best describes Big Data in relation to data analytics?
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What is the purpose of pharming?
What is the purpose of pharming?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of protecting intellectual property?
Which of the following is NOT a method of protecting intellectual property?
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What is a Transaction Processing System (TPS) primarily used for?
What is a Transaction Processing System (TPS) primarily used for?
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Which component of a computer system is considered the 'brain'?
Which component of a computer system is considered the 'brain'?
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What type of software license allows users to study, change, and distribute the software freely?
What type of software license allows users to study, change, and distribute the software freely?
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Which of the following best describes embedded systems?
Which of the following best describes embedded systems?
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What is primarily measured in Hertz in computer systems?
What is primarily measured in Hertz in computer systems?
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In the context of information systems, what does Management Information System use data for?
In the context of information systems, what does Management Information System use data for?
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Which type of memory is typically used for permanent data storage?
Which type of memory is typically used for permanent data storage?
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What combination is referred to as a platform in computer systems?
What combination is referred to as a platform in computer systems?
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What distinguishes an intranet from an extranet?
What distinguishes an intranet from an extranet?
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Which of the following best describes the client/server architecture?
Which of the following best describes the client/server architecture?
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What is the primary function of a search engine?
What is the primary function of a search engine?
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Which protocol is predominantly used on the internet for data transmission?
Which protocol is predominantly used on the internet for data transmission?
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What best defines cloud computing?
What best defines cloud computing?
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What is a characteristic of a dynamic web page?
What is a characteristic of a dynamic web page?
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What is the purpose of internetworking?
What is the purpose of internetworking?
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Which of the following best describes e-commerce?
Which of the following best describes e-commerce?
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Study Notes
Technology Trends
- AI Revolution
- Building the Digital Future
- Compute and Connectivity Frontiers
- Cutting-edge Engineering
- A Sustainable World
Convergence
- General process of becoming affordable and accessible
Moore's Law
- Predicts the number of transistors on a computer chip will double every one and a half to two years.
Metcalfe's Law
- Value or power of a network grows exponentially as a function of the number of network members.
Effects of Metcalfe's Law
- Smaller, cheaper processors
- Bigger and more valuable networks
- More applications and growth of the IT industry
Digitisation
- Mass adoption of connected digital services by consumers, enterprises, and governments
- Can assist policymakers to spur economic growth and employment
Creative Destruction
- Process of industrial mutation that incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one (Schumpeter)
Data
- Raw facts and figures that have no meaning on their own
- Meaning when processed and in context
Information
- Communication, decision-making, support business processes
Knowledge
- Understanding of rules needed to interpret information
The DIKAR Model
- "Technology" view: Data, Information, Knowledge, Action -> Results (mainly operational significance)
- "Business" view: Data, Information, Knowledge, Action -> Results (mainly strategic significance)
- Knowledge types: Explicit (documents, databases) and Tacit (experience, values)
The RAKID model
- Data -> Information -> Knowledge -> Action -> Results
Database
- Structured collection of related data
- Database System: computer programs for managing electronic databases
- Records subdivided into fields
- Important field = key
- Primary key has no duplicates and no blank values
- Relational Database: Collection of tables, accessible data without reorganization
- Basic operations: Design, data entries, queries, reports
System
- Set of processes working together to produce an output
Input (System)
- Gathering and capturing data
Processing (System)
- Converting or transforming data into useful outputs
Output (System)
- Useful information, usually in document and/or report form
Information Systems Components
- Hardware
- Software
Transaction Processing System (TPS)
- Collects, stores, modifies, and retrieves data transactions of an enterprise (e.g., sales order entry, payroll, shipping)
Management Information System (MIS)
- Uses data from TPS to create reports for managers to make routine business decisions
Information Management (IM)
- Collection and management of information from multiple sources and distribution to multiple audiences
Benefits of Information Systems
- Gathering
- Storing
- Manipulating
- Retrieving and communicating
- Business rules
Computer System Components
- Motherboard (main component)
- Central Processing Unit (CPU) ("brain")
- Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
- Control Unit
- Registers
- Memory (stores data of processing time)
- Primary Memory (Registers, RAM, ROM, Cache memory)
- Secondary Memory (stores data permanently)
Storage Devices
- Block storage devices (Hard Disks)
- Optical storage devices (CDs, DVDs)
- Flash storage devices (USB sticks, flash cards, SSDs)
Embedded System
- Microcontroller or microprocessor-based system designed for a specific task (e.g., fire alarm)
- Mobile devices have CPUs optimised for low power environments
Mobile Hardware
- Central processing units (CPUs) optimized for low power
- Similar to computer CPUs
Levels of Abstraction
-
Algorithms > high-level programming language > low-level programming language (machine code or assembly language)
-
Algorithms: Steps to accomplish a task
-
Converting source code to machine code using compilers and interpreters
Operating Systems
- Mobile, personal, and server
- Combination of CPU and operating system is referred to as a platform
Open Source Software (OSS)
- Software with source code available under a license (e.g., GPL)
- Copyright holder gives rights to study, change, distribute.
Network (Two or more computers linked)
- Local Area Networks (LANs)
- Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Intranet
- Private LAN within an organization
Extranet
- Network connecting people within a company with those outside
Network Classifications
- Topology
- Protocols (procedures for transmitting data)
- Architecture
Major Internet Protocol
- TCP/IP
Network Architecture Types
- Peer-to-peer
- Client/server
Firewall
- Network security system monitoring and controlling incoming/outgoing traffic based on pre-determined rules
- The internet uses high-speed data lines called backbones
Internetworking
- Process of connecting separate networks
Packet-switching
- Individual data packets being switched across the network
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
- Provides access to the internet for individuals and organizations
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
- Standard language for creating web pages
Domain Name
- Unique name associated with an IP address
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
- Secure protocol for transferring data on the Internet
Dynamic Web Page
- Displays different content each time viewed.
- Two types: client-side scripting, server-side scripting
Cloud Computing
- Network-based computing over the Internet
- Remotely hosted, ubiquitous, commodified
E-commerce
- Business involving transfer of information across the Internet
Bitcoin
- New currency (2009)
Strategic Information Systems
- Information systems giving competitive advantage to an owner
Porter's Five Forces
- Threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, existing rivalry between competitors, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitute products.
Responding to Competition
- Cost leadership, differentiation, growth, innovation, alliance
Search Engine
- Internet-based tool searching indexes of documents for specified terms
Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
- Process of affecting a website's or web page's visibility in a search engine's unpaid results
Pay-per-click (PPC)
- Online advertising where advertisers pay only when a user clicks on their ad.
Computer Security
- Techniques to prevent unauthorized access to data
- Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability
Security vs. Safety
- Security: techniques to access computers and information (firewalls, antivirus)
- Safety: safe internet behavior
Logic Bomb
- Set of instructions secretly incorporated into a program to execute when a condition is met (often harmful)
Trojan Horse, Phishing, Pharming, Rootkit
- Malware disguised as legitimate programs
- Phishing: Fake emails
- Pharming: Fake web pages
- Rootkit: program to mask intrusions, get admin access
Data Analytics
- Analyzing data to draw meaningful insights and drive decisions
Data Visualization
- Using visual elements (charts, graphs) to represent data
Considerations in IT Architecture
- Standardization (using same products)
- Integration (ensuring systems communicate)
System Development Phases
- Initiation, Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Maintenance
Advanced Data Analysis Techniques
- Profiling, Nonobvious relationship awareness
Mobile Device Growth
- Increasing use of mobile devices and growth in mobile applications
Intellectual Property Protection
- Trade Secret
- Copyright
Patents
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Description
Explore the major trends shaping the technology landscape, including the AI revolution, Moore's Law, and the effects of digitization. This quiz delves into key concepts like Metcalfe's Law and creative destruction, providing insights into how technology continues to evolve and influence our world.
