Technology Trends and Laws
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What is the primary goal of Search Engine Optimisation?

  • To increase pay-per-click advertising revenue
  • To enhance the visibility of paid ads
  • To reduce the need for internet safety measures
  • To improve a website's visibility in unpaid search results (correct)

    • Which of the following best describes a Trojan Horse in computer security?

  • A technique for implementing firewalls
  • A legitimate appearing application that harms the system (correct)
  • A harmful program that remains inactive until triggered
  • A method used to secure data integrity

    • What distinguishes computing security from internet safety?

  • Security applies to all computers, whereas safety applies only to the internet
  • Safety involves hardware protection while security doesn't
  • Security refers to software protection while safety refers to user behavior (correct)
  • Both concepts are interchangeable without any distinction

    • Which bullet point is NOT part of the System Development Phases?

    <p>Acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does Big Data relate to data analytics?

    <p>Big Data + Analytics results in meaningful insights, termed Smart Data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a logic bomb in computer security?

    <p>To execute harmful instructions when specific conditions are met</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of data visualization techniques?

    <p>To use visual elements to present data in an understandable format</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of intellectual property protection?

    <p>Trademark</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Metcalfe's Law primarily illustrate about the growth of networks?

    <p>The power of a network grows exponentially with the number of members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines 'Digitisation'?

    <p>The mass adoption of connected digital services by various entities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of databases, what characterizes a primary key?

    <p>It is a field that uniquely identifies a record without duplicates or blanks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the six important components of Information Systems?

    <p>Culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the 'Processing' stage in an information system?

    <p>Transforming raw data into useful outputs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a Transaction Processing System (TPS)?

    <p>To collect, store, modify, and retrieve data transactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does 'Creative Destruction' contribute to the economy?

    <p>It leads to the transformation and replacement of outdated economic practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Boolean data type represent in a database?

    <p>Logical values indicating true or false conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following primarily utilizes data from a Transaction Processing System?

    <p>Management Information System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Moore's Law, what is expected to happen to the number of transistors on a computer chip?

    <p>It will double every one and a half to two years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an embedded system?

    <p>To execute specific tasks with precision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In computing, what does the term 'platform' refer to?

    <p>The combination of hardware and software components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes open-source software?

    <p>Software with available source code for modification and use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measure is used for the speed of a computer's central processing unit?

    <p>Hertz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is characterized by permanent data storage?

    <p>Secondary memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a low-level programming language?

    <p>Assembly language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an extranet from an intranet?

    <p>An extranet connects internal users with external entities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of network architecture allows computers to directly share files with each other?

    <p>Peer to peer architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a Domain Name in networking?

    <p>Associate a unique name with a specific IP address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cloud computing?

    <p>High dependency on local servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) in accessing the Internet?

    <p>Facilitate the direct connection to the global internet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does HTTPS stand for and why is it important?

    <p>Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure and provides secure data transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about dynamic web pages is correct?

    <p>Dynamic web pages involve both client-side and server-side scripting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a goal of search engines?

    <p>Generate revenue through paid advertising.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Moore's Law predict about transistor density on computer chips?

    <p>Transistor density will double every one and a half to two years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Metcalfe's Law affect network value?

    <p>Network value grows exponentially as the number of network members increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a relational database?

    <p>Data is organized into separate tables that are interconnected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of creative destruction in economic terms?

    <p>It involves the replacement of old industries with new ones through innovation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of knowledge is characterized by being rooted in experience and values?

    <p>Tacit knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of 'Input' in an information system?

    <p>To gather and capture data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does digitisation play in economic development?

    <p>It assists policymakers in fostering economic growth and employment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of a primary key in a database?

    <p>It contains unique values with no duplicates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of a Management Information System in an organization?

    <p>To generate reports for routine business decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of the motherboard in a computer system?

    <p>It connects all computer components and allows communication between them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of opensource software over proprietary software?

    <p>Users have the right to modify and distribute the software</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do compilers and interpreters function in the context of programming languages?

    <p>They transform source code into machine code for execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which memory type is categorized as primary memory in a computer system?

    <p>Cache memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Transaction Processing System (TPS)?

    <p>To facilitate real-time data entry and transaction management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an embedded system from a general-purpose computer?

    <p>It is designed for a specific task and typically has limited processing power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option is NOT considered a level of abstraction in programming languages?

    <p>Cloud computing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an Extranet?

    <p>To facilitate communication between internal company personnel and external entities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protocol is primarily used for transmitting data on the internet?

    <p>TCP/IP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes client/server architecture?

    <p>Clients send requests to servers that process and respond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of cloud computing?

    <p>To decrease the reliance on physical hardware.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for creating web pages?

    <p>Hypertext Markup Language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a dynamic web page from a static web page?

    <p>Dynamic pages are generated based on user interaction or other data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does an Internet Service Provider (ISP) play in accessing the internet?

    <p>ISPs connect individuals and organizations to the internet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT a characteristic of packet-switching networks?

    <p>Data is transmitted in a continuous stream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best differentiates between security and safety in the context of computer use?

    <p>Security involves protecting data access, while safety involves safe online behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of a Rootkit in computer security?

    <p>It hides the presence of malicious software while granting unauthorized access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the process of developing a smaller part of a system incrementally?

    <p>Prototyping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains the concept of 'Big Data + Analytics'?

    <p>Utilizing large datasets and analytical processes to get actionable insights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of intellectual property, which of the following is NOT a recognized method for its protection?

    <p>Trademark</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques pertains to data analysis focused on revealing insights from relationships in data?

    <p>Nonobvious relationship awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between Search Engine Optimisation and Pay Per Click advertising?

    <p>SEO focuses on organic search results, PPC focuses on sponsored ads.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the use of a Logic Bomb in software?

    <p>It installs itself as a legitimate application before executing harmful actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • AI Revolution
    • Building the Digital Future
    • Compute and Connectivity Frontiers
    • Cutting-edge Engineering
    • A Sustainable World

    Convergence

    • The general process of becoming affordable and accessible

    Moore's Law

    • Predicts the number of transistors on a computer chip will double every 1.5 to 2 years.

    Metcalfe's Law

    • The value or power of a network grows exponentially as a function of the number of network members.
    • Effects:
      • Smaller, cheaper processors
      • Bigger, more valuable networks
      • More applications and growth of the IT industry

    Digitisation

    • Mass adoption of connected digital services by consumers, enterprises, and government.
    • Digitisation can assist policymakers in spurring economic growth and employment.

    Creative Destruction

    • According to Schumpeter, the "gale of creative destruction" is the process of industrial mutation.
    • It incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure from within
    • It incessantly destroys the old one, incessantly creating a new one.

    Data

    • Raw facts and figures that on their own have no meaning.
    • Data has meaning when processed and in context.

    Information

    • Communication, decision-making, support for business processes.

    Knowledge

    • Understanding of rules needed to interpret information.

    The DIKAR Model

    • The "Technology View"
    • Data is the starting point, progressing through Information to Knowledge to Action
    • Data is mainly operational significance
    • Knowledge is mainly strategic significance.
    • The "Business View"
    • Similar to technology view

    The RAKID Model

    • Data, Information, Knowledge, Action, Results
    • Focused on results.
    • Different from DIKAR view

    Knowledge Types

    • Explicit: documents & databases
    • Tacit: rooted in experience & values

    Databases

    • Structured collections of related data.
    • Database Systems: computer programs for managing electronic databases.
    • Components: Records, Fields, Keys (important fields)
      • Primary keys: no duplicates, no blank values
    • Relational Databases: collections of tables allowing for data access in different ways without reorganizing the tables.
      • Boolean values: true or false
      • Basic operations: design, data entry, queries, reports

    Systems

    • Sets of processes working together to produce output.
    • Inputs: gathering and capturing data.
    • Processing: converting data into useful outputs.
    • Outputs: useful information, usually in documents and/or reports

    Information Systems Components

    • Hardware
    • Software
    • Data
    • People
    • Procedures

    Transaction Processing System (TPS)

    • A type of information system.
    • Collects, stores, modifies, and retrieves data transactions of an enterprise (e.g., sales order entry, payroll, shipping).

    Management Information System (MIS)

    • Uses data collected by TPS to create reports for managers.
    • Used for routine business decisions.

    Information Management (IM)

    • Collection and management of information.
    • Distribution of information to audiences.

    Information System Benefits

    • Gathering information
    • Storing information
    • Manipulating information.
    • Retrieving and communicating information
    • Business rules

    Motherboard

    • Central component of a computer system.
    • Called the "brain.”

    Central Processing Unit (CPU)

    • Control centre of a computer comprised of arithmetic and logic unit, control unit and registers.
    • Measured in Hertz (processing speed).

    Memory

    • Stores data for processing time
    • Primary Memory
      • Registers
      • RAM
      • ROM
      • Cache memory
    • Secondary Memory – permanent storage.

    Storage Devices

    • Block Storage (Hard Disks)
    • Optical Storage (CDs, DVDs)
    • Flash Storage (USB sticks, flash cards, SSDs).

    Embedded Systems

    • Microcontroller or microprocessor-based systems designed for specific tasks (e.g., fire alarms).

    Mobile Hardware

    • Mobile devices have central processing units (CPUs) optimized for low power.

    Levels of Abstraction

    • Algorithms > High-level programming language > Low-level programming language.
    • Algorithms: Step-by-step procedures, converting source code to machine code (compilers/interpreters).

    Operating Systems

    • Mobile, personal, server

    Platform

    • Combination of the CPU and operating system.

    Open Source Software (OSS)

    • Software with source code available under license.
    • Copyright holders grant rights for study, change, distribution.
    • Made available for free (GPL).

    Networks

    • Two or more computers interconnected.
    • Local Area Networks (LANs)
    • Wide Area Networks (WANs)
    • Intranet: private LAN within an organization.
    • Extranet: network connecting internal and external parties.

    Network Classification

    • Topology
    • Protocol (procedures for transmitting data between devices).
    • Architecture.
    • Common protocols (Ethernet, TCP/IP)
    • Network Architectures: Peer-to-Peer, Client-Server.

    Network Security

    • Firewalls: monitor and control network traffic
    • Internetworking: connecting separate networks
    • Packet Switching: Internet's mechanism for sending data packets.

    Internet Service Provider (ISP)

    • Individuals/organizations use ISPs to access the internet.

    Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

    • Standard language for creating web pages and applications.

    Domain Name

    • Unique name associated with a specific IP address.

    HTTPS

    • Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure

    Dynamic Web Pages

    • Display different content each time viewed.
    • Client-side scripting
    • Server-side scripting

    Cloud Computing

    • Network-based computing over the internet.
    • Remotely hosted, ubiquitous, commodified.

    E-commerce

    • Business transactions through an internet transfer of information.

    Bitcoin

    • Currency from 2009, founded by a pseudonymous person (Satoshi Nakamoto).
    • Uses the internet.

    Strategic Information Systems

    • Information systems providing owners with a competitive advantage

    Porter's Five Forces

    • Threat of New Entrants
    • Bargaining Power of Suppliers
    • Existing Rivalry between Competitors
    • Bargaining Power of Buyers
    • Threat of Substitute Products

    Search Engine Optimisation (SEO)

    • The process of affecting the visibility of websites/web pages in search engine unpaid results.
    • Often referred to as "natural," "organic," or "earned" results.

    Pay Per Click (PPC)

    • Sponsored online advertising.

    Computer Security

    • Confidentiality, integrity, availability
    • Techniques for preventing unauthorized data access.

    Security vs. Safety

    • Security: computer and information protective measures (e.g., firewalls, antivirus).
    • Safety: Internet user behavior.

    Logic Bomb

    • Program code that triggers harmful events under specific conditions.

    Trojan Horse

    • Malicious program disguised as legitimate software.

    Phishing

    • Fake emails tricking recipients to divulge sensitive information.

    Pharming

    • Fake websites tricking users into disclosing sensitive information.

    Rootkit

    • Collection of programs masking intrusion.
    • Allows hackers to access computer administrator level.

    IT Architecture Considerations

    • Standardisation
    • Integration.
    • System Development Phases (Maintenance, Implementation, Development, Design, Analysis, Initiation).

    Waterfall Model

    • Classic life cycle approach.
    • Prototyping: a small segment of the system is developed initially, allowing the system to build incrementally.

    Data Analysis Techniques

    • Profiling
    • Non-obvious relationship awareness
    • Mobile device growth

    Intellectual Property Protection

    • Trade secrets
    • Copyright
    • Patents

    Ethical Decision-Making Principles

    Big Data + Analytics = Smart Data

    Data Analytics

    • Analyzing data to draw meaningful insights.

    Data Visualisation

    • Presenting data using visual elements (e.g., charts, graphs).

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    Description

    Explore the latest trends in technology including AI, digitisation, and the laws that govern growth in IT. This quiz covers fundamental concepts such as Moore's Law and Metcalfe's Law while emphasizing the importance of sustainability and innovation. Test your knowledge on how these trends shape the digital future.

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