Technology Trends and Innovations
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Questions and Answers

Moore's Law predicts that the number of transistors on a computer chip will double every three years.

False

Metcalfe's Law states that the value or power of a network grows linearly as the number of members increases.

False

What is the name of the process that revolutionizes the economic structure from within by constantly destroying the old and creating the new?

Creative Destruction

What does data refer to?

<p>Raw facts and figures that have no meaning on their own.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of information?

<p>Communication, decision-making, and supporting business processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does knowledge refer to?

<p>Understanding of rules needed to interpret information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the DIKAR model?

<p>Results</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of a database system?

<p>Managing electronic databases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a relational database, data can be accessed in many different ways without having to ______ the database tables.

<p>reorganize</p> Signup and view all the answers

Boolean values can only be "true" or "false".

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic function of a system?

<p>To produce an output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of converting or transforming data into useful outputs called?

<p>Processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A transaction processing system (TPS) is designed to handle complex business decisions and strategies.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a management information system (MIS)?

<p>To create reports using data from a transaction processing system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of information management (IM)?

<p>Collecting and managing information from multiple sources and distributing it to various audiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of information systems?

<p>Analyzing complex social issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

The motherboard is considered the "brain" of a computer system.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primary memory is used to store data permanently.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of memory with its correct description

<p>Registers = High-speed storage locations used by the CPU for temporary data access. RAM = Volatile memory that stores data temporarily during system operation. ROM = Non-volatile memory that stores permanent data such as the BIOS. Cache memory = A small, fast memory component that stores frequently accessed data from RAM for faster retrieval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Embedded systems are designed to perform complex tasks and require significant processing power.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the combination of a CPU and operating system?

<p>Platform</p> Signup and view all the answers

Opensource software is always free to use and modify.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Local Area Networks (LANs) typically cover a large geographical area.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

An intranet is a private network accessible only to people within the organization.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

An extranet allows people outside the company to access specific resources within the organization.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main classifications used for categorizing networks?

<p>Topology, protocol, architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Ethernet protocol is the primary protocol used on the internet.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a firewall?

Signup and view all the answers

What is the general process of becoming affordable and accessible known as?

<p>Convergence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Moore's Law predict?

<p>Moore's Law predicts that the number of transistors fitting on a computer chip will double every one and a half to two years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is described as the "gale of creative destruction"?

<p>Creative Destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Data has meaning when processed and in context.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the understanding of rules needed to interpret information known as?

<p>Knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of knowledge?

<p>Explicit and Tacit</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a structured collection of related data known as?

<p>Database</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the computer program that manages electronic databases called?

<p>Database System</p> Signup and view all the answers

A relational database is a collection of tables from which data can be accessed in many different ways without having to reorganize the database tables.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the basic operations in a database?

<p>Design, data entries, queries, reports</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a set of processes that work together to produce an output called?

<p>System</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the activity of gathering and capturing data known as?

<p>Input</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is useful information, usually in the form of documents and/or reports called?

<p>Output</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many important components do information systems consist of?

<p>six</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a type of information system that collects, stores, modifies and retrieves the data transactions of an enterprise called?

<p>Transaction Processing System (TPS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information system uses the data collected by the transaction processing system to create reports for managers?

<p>Management Information System</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the collection and management of information from one or more sources and the distribution of that information to one or more audiences called?

<p>Information Management (IM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of a computer system?

<p>Motherboard</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the control centre of a computer called?

<p>Central Processing Unit (CPU)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the CPU sometimes referred to as?

<p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the CPU consist of?

<p>Arithmetic and Logic Unit, Control Unit, and Registers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is used to measure the speed of a CPU?

<p>Hertz</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is used to store data during processing?

<p>Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of primary memory?

<p>Hard disk</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory stores data in a permanent manner?

<p>Secondary memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a microcontroller or a microprocessor-based system designed to perform a specific task called?

<p>Embedded system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hardware do mobile devices have that is similar to those in computers, but optimized for low power environments?

<p>Mobile Hardware</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the combination of a CPU and operating system referred to as?

<p>Platform</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of software is available with its source code, allowing users to study, change, and distribute it?

<p>Open source software</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

  • AI Revolution
  • Building the Digital Future
  • Compute and Connectivity Frontiers
  • Cutting-edge Engineering
  • Sustainable World

Convergence

  • General process of becoming affordable and accessible

Moore's Law

  • Computer chip transistors double every 1.5-2 years

Metcalfe's Law

  • Value/power of a network grows exponentially with the number of members

Effects of Metcalfe's Law

  • Smaller, cheaper processors
  • Larger, more valuable networks
  • More applications and growth of IT industry

Digitisation

  • Widespread adoption of connected digital services
  • By consumers, enterprises and government
  • Important role in assisting policymakers to spur economic growth and employment

Creative Destruction

  • Process of industrial mutation
  • Continuously revolutionizing the economic structure
  • Destroying the old and creating new

Data

  • Raw facts and figures without inherent meaning
  • Meaning emerges when processed and contextualized

Information

  • Communication, decision-making, and support for business processes

Knowledge

  • Understanding rules needed to interpret information

The DIKAR Model

  • "Technology" view: Data -> Information -> Knowledge -> Action
  • "Business" view: Data -> Information -> Knowledge -> Action

The RAKID model

  • Data -> Information -> Knowledge ->Action

Database

  • Structured collection of related data
  • Managed by database systems (computer programs)
  • Records subdivided into fields
  • Including key fields (fields with unique values)
  • Primary keys contain no duplicates or blank values

Relational Database

  • Collection of tables
  • Data accessed in various ways without restructuring
  • Boolean values are "true" or "false"
  • Basic operations: Design, data entry, queries, reports

System

  • Set of processes working together for output
  • Inputs: Gathers and captures data
  • Processing: Converts data into useful outputs
  • Outputs: Usefull information (documents and reports)
  • Information systems consist of Hardware, Software, Data, Telecommunications/network, People, and Procedures

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

  • Type of information system collecting, storing, modifying, and retrieving enterprise data transactions
  • Examples: sales order entry, payroll, shipping

Management Information System (MIS)

  • Uses transaction data to create reports for routine business decisions.
  • Information Management (IM): Collection, management, and distribution of information from various sources to multiple audiences

Information System Benefits

  • Gathering, storing, manipulating, retrieving and communicating business rules
  • The motherboard (main component) has a central processing unit (CPU)
  • CPU called the “brain”
  • Included are arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), control unit, registers
  • Measures processing speed in Hertz
  • Primary memory includes registers, RAM, and ROM; secondary memory for permanent data storage

Storage Devices

  • Three main types: Block, Optical, Flash
  • Used to store large amounts of non-volatile data

Mobile Hardware

  • Mobile devices have central processing units (CPUs) optimized for low power environments

Levels of Abstraction

  • Algorithms, programming languages (high-level/low-level/assembly languages/machine code)
  • Convert source code using compilers or interpreters

Operating Systems

  • Combine CPU and operating systems to form a platform.

Open-source Software (OSS)

  • Software with source code available
  • Copyright holder gives study, change and distribution rights with a license
  • Open source software often available free under General Public License (GPL)

Network Types

  • Local Area Networks (LANs)
  • Wide Area Networks (WANs)
  • Intranet: Private LAN for internal use
  • Extranet: Network connecting people inside and outside the company

Network Classifications

  • Topology (layout): Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh
  • Protocols: Procedures for transmitting data
  • Architecture: Peer-to-Peer, Client-Server

Major Protocols

  • Internet protocol (TCP/IP)
  • Ethernet

Network Components/Systems

  • Firewall, backbones (high-speed data lines)
  • InterNetworking (joining of separate networks)
  • Packet-switching: the internet's data transmission method
  • Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

  • Standard language for creating web pages and applications
  • Domain names are unique names associated with specific IPs.
  • HTTPS: Secure protocol for transferring data.
  • Dynamic web pages display different content each view
  • Types: client-side and server-side scripts

Cloud Computing

  • Network-based computing over the internet
  • Characteristics: Remotely hosted, ubiquitous, commodified

E-Commerce

  • Business involving information transfer across the internet

Bitcoin

  • Currency founded in 2009, using an alias/pseudo name

Strategic Information Systems

  • Systems providing competitive advantages

Porter's Five Forces

  • Forces influencing competitive analysis
  • Threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, rivalry among existing competitors, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitute products

Search Engine

  • Internet tool searching documents/terms/phrases

Search Engine Optimisation (SEO)

  • Affecting website visibility in unpaid search results.

Pay-Per-Click (PPC)

  • Online advertising where advertisers only pay when users click on their ads.

Computer Security

  • Techniques preventing unauthorized access to computer data.
  • Factors: Confidentiality, integrity, availability

Security vs. Safety

  • Security: Access control (firewalls, antiviruses)
  • Safety: Safe email behavior, internet usage
  • Logic bomb: Programming instructions that execute when a condition is met (often harmful)

Malicious Software

  • Trojan Horse
  • Phishing
  • Pharming
  • Rootkit

IT Architecture Considerations

  • Standardization
  • Integration
  • System development phases (maintenance, implementation, development, design, analysis, initiation)

Waterfall Model

  • Classic software lifecycle model (incremental, user-centered)
  • Prototyping: Develop a small part of the system iteratively.

Advances in Data Analysis

  • Profiling
  • Non-obvious relationship awareness
  • Mobile device growth

Intellectual Property

  • Trade secrets, copyrights, patents

Ethical Principles in Decisions

  • Golden Rule, Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative, Descartes' Rule of Change, Utilitarian Principle, Risk Aversion Principle, Ethical "No Free Lunch" Rule

Big Data + Analytics = Smart Data

Data Analytics

  • Analyzing data to extract actionable insights for business decisions.

Data Visualization

  • Using visual elements (charts, graphs) to represent data clearly.

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Description

Explore the latest trends and innovations in technology, including the AI revolution, Moore's Law, and the impacts of digitization and creative destruction. This quiz examines how these elements converge to shape the digital future and influence economic growth.

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