Computer Networks Textbook: Chapter 1

Questions and Answers

What technology characterized the 18th century?

Communication satellites

Great mechanical systems (correct)

Information processing

Steam engine

What was the primary technology of the 19th century?

Steam engine (correct)

Internet

Computer industry

Television

During which century did the computer industry experience rapid growth and advancement?

20th century (correct)

19th century

18th century

21st century

What has contributed to the merging of computers and communications in the 21st century?

Advancements in information technology Signup and view all the answers

What was a common characteristic of computer systems in their early years?

Centralized within large rooms Signup and view all the answers

What common feature did organizations expect regarding their remote offices in the 21st century?

Real-time status examination Signup and view all the answers

What was considered science fiction 40 years ago concerning computer technology?

Mass production of powerful miniaturized computers Signup and view all the answers

What main effect did the merging of computers and communications have on system organization?

Profound influence on organization structures Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of using computer networks in a corporate environment?

Enhanced communication among employees Signup and view all the answers

What does IP telephony enable companies to do?

Carry telephone calls using Internet technology Signup and view all the answers

In what way can video communications enhance remote meetings?

They provide visual and audio interaction Signup and view all the answers

How has e-commerce transformed shopping behavior among consumers?

Customers appreciate the convenience of shopping from home Signup and view all the answers

What is an emerging application of computer networks in healthcare?

Telemedicine and remote patient monitoring are gaining importance Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of employees using desktop sharing technologies?

It allows for real-time interaction on documents Signup and view all the answers

What was a major reason for the decline of Digital Equipment Corporation?

The overwhelming necessity for personal computers at home Signup and view all the answers

What role do embedded computers play in consumer electronics today?

They enhance connectivity and functionality in devices Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a benefit of having a home computer connected to the Internet?

Ability to communicate and purchase services online Signup and view all the answers

What is a common criticism regarding corporate email usage?

It leads to excessive communication that can be meaningless Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using a networked printer over individual printers for office workers?

Networked printers are generally cheaper and easier to maintain. Signup and view all the answers

Why is sharing information considered more important than sharing physical resources in companies?

Companies can operate without physical resources but not without information. Signup and view all the answers

What does a Virtual Private Network (VPN) primarily facilitate?

Joining individual networks across different locations into an extended network. Signup and view all the answers

In a client-server model, what function do the client machines serve?

They request and process data from servers. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the client-server model is highlighted regarding server capacity?

Servers can handle hundreds or thousands of clients simultaneously. Signup and view all the answers

How do client and server processes communicate in the client-server model?

By sending messages over the network. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of servers in a company's information system?

To store and process company data. Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a bank's computers suddenly go down?

They would last approximately five minutes before facing severe problems. Signup and view all the answers

In the client-server model, what does the term 'client' refer to?

The user operating the client machine or the machine itself. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge for small companies regarding information access?

They might have limited access to computer networks. Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary advantage of wireless networks in transportation?

They allow real-time communication without physical connections. Signup and view all the answers

What role do wireless networks play in modern taxis?

They allow dispatchers to send pickup requests to drivers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes mobile, wireless applications?

They allow for mobility while accessing network services. Signup and view all the answers

How do smartphones enhance wireless connectivity?

They can switch between different networks based on the best signal. Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of wireless networks compared to wired ones?

They often provide slower data transfer speeds. Signup and view all the answers

What technology drives the growth of text messaging in mobile phones?

Cellular networks. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes fixed wireless networks in contrast to mobile wireless networks?

They do not allow any form of mobility. Signup and view all the answers

In what situation might using a wired connection be preferred over wireless?

When installing new systems in a building. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor driving the convergence of mobile phones and the Internet?

The popularity of mobile applications and services. Signup and view all the answers

How do wireless networks benefit the military?

They allow for quick deployment without local infrastructure. Signup and view all the answers

What has replaced the concept of the 'computer center' in modern computing?

Computer networks Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a collection of independent computers that appears as a single coherent system to users?

Distributed system Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of a computer network?

Autonomy of connected devices Signup and view all the answers

What technology is NOT mentioned as a means to connect computers in a network?

Bluetooth Signup and view all the answers

What role does middleware play in a distributed system?

It implements a coherent model for users. Signup and view all the answers

How does a user run a program on a machine in a computer network?

By logging onto the remote machine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary focus of the book?

Computer networks Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of connecting computers in a business environment?

To facilitate resource sharing Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT typically a concern of computer networks?

User-interface designs Signup and view all the answers

What is one notable aspect of distributed systems compared to computer networks?

They provide a single model to users. Signup and view all the answers

How can parking meters enhance their functionality over wireless networks?

By allowing drivers to download parking maps. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with wearable medical devices being connected to wireless networks?

They could be hacked and manipulated. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the social issues arising from the use of computer networks?

Disputes over politically sensitive content. Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of network neutrality?

Treating all data on the network equally. Signup and view all the answers

What consequence did network operators face regarding peer-to-peer applications?

Cuts to service due to unprofitable traffic. Signup and view all the answers

What ethical dilemma do social networks face regarding user-generated content?

Balancing free expression with public decency. Signup and view all the answers

How have peer-to-peer networks impacted copyright holders?

Escalation in legal actions against infringers. Signup and view all the answers

What technology has been commonly associated with wearable computers?

Smart watches. Signup and view all the answers

Why do some people argue for the censorship of certain online content?

To prevent exposure to offensive materials. Signup and view all the answers

What significant potential revenue is estimated to be gained from efficient parking meter usage?

$10 billion annually. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'ubiquitous computing' refer to?

Computing that is embedded into everyday life. Signup and view all the answers

What potential feature may new films provide to enhance user interaction?

Interactive story direction choices. Signup and view all the answers

Which technology allows objects without a power source to communicate over distances?

RFID. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary use of mobile computers according to the content?

For connectivity to the Internet. Signup and view all the answers

How can smart home monitors contribute to energy savings?

By reporting energy consumption over a network. Signup and view all the answers

What significant feature does mobile computing offer to users?

Portability for use anywhere. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of interactive television might change in the future?

Viewers might interact with quiz shows. Signup and view all the answers

What is one challenge that RFID technology faces compared to barcodes?

RFID is significantly more expensive. Signup and view all the answers

What type of simulation games are currently available?

Real-time multi-person games. Signup and view all the answers

What does Metcalfe's law state about the value of a network?

It is proportional to the square of the number of users. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these could potentially save costs in a smart home?

Remote reporting of utility usage. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of newspapers going online?

Increased unemployment among young paperboys. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of peer-to-peer communication?

It allows direct interaction between individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What was the major legal issue associated with the music sharing service Napster?

Unauthorized copyright infringements. Signup and view all the answers

What does the client-server model primarily facilitate?

Centralized access to remote information. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with peer-to-peer communication?

Controlled data access through servers. Signup and view all the answers

Which organization has all their journals and conference proceedings available online?

IEEE Computer Society. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the expected future trends of peer-to-peer communication?

An increase in legal applications. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of accessing information online, what is meant by 'remote information'?

Content available from distant servers. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the Internet contributes significantly to its popularity according to Metcalfe’s Law?

The size of the network itself. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of online technical support after a purchase?

It assists with troubleshooting product usage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the DMCA takedown notice system in the United States?

To notify about copyright infringement Signup and view all the answers

What conflict arises due to employer rights to read employee emails?

Employee rights versus employer rights Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes social networking applications?

They focus on person-to-person communication and information flow driven by relationships. Signup and view all the answers

Why was the FBI's Carnivore system renamed to DCS1000?

To avoid bad publicity Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a multi-person messaging service?

Twitter Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately represents the nature of electronic flea markets?

They provide a platform for peer-to-peer transactions among consumers. Signup and view all the answers

How do cookies function in the context of user privacy?

They track user activities online Signup and view all the answers

What does anonymous messaging on computer networks allow users to do?

Blow the whistle on illegal activities safely Signup and view all the answers

How do wikis differ from other online content-sharing platforms?

They are designed for collaborative editing among community members. Signup and view all the answers

Why is some online medical advice potentially misleading?

It can come from unqualified sources Signup and view all the answers

What capability does IPTV (IP Television) provide to users?

It allows access to television shows via IP technology. Signup and view all the answers

What role does location privacy play for mobile device users?

It helps network operators track users’ movements Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using the Internet for telelearning?

It allows students to attend classes without leaving their homes. Signup and view all the answers

What constitutional protection is often overlooked by the government in surveillance practices?

The right to confront one’s accuser Signup and view all the answers

Which medium for communication is primarily text-based and allows real-time interaction?

Instant messaging Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue associated with email spam?

It reduces the effectiveness of personal emails Signup and view all the answers

What type of content is commonly shared via social media profiles?

Personal updates and activities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of e-commerce today?

It now includes interactive catalogs for product inspection. Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of companies profiling users online?

Potential leaks of sensitive personal information Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method used to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information like credit card numbers?

Phishing messages Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of CAPTCHAs in online security?

To confirm the user is human Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant factor contributing to software vulnerabilities?

Addition of new features Signup and view all the answers

What potential legal issue does electronic gambling pose in a global context?

Conflicting laws across different jurisdictions. Signup and view all the answers

What might be a consequence if all messages were encrypted and authenticated?

A decrease in the number of identity theft cases. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason the computer industry has been slow to implement comprehensive security features?

High costs associated with implementation. Signup and view all the answers

Which problem does identity theft present in the context of online security?

It often involves impersonation using stolen information. Signup and view all the answers

How do bugs in software typically arise according to the content provided?

As vendors add more features to programs. Signup and view all the answers

What is geo-tagging?

The process of annotating photos and videos with their location. Signup and view all the answers

How do mobile phones utilize NFC technology?

To interact with nearby readers for payment. Signup and view all the answers

What drives the growth of m-commerce according to the content?

Mobile device makers and network operators seeking market share. Signup and view all the answers

How can sensor networks benefit urban planning?

By gathering data to identify and plan around potholes. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes m-commerce user behavior compared to internet users?

Mobile users accept convenience fees as a norm for transactions. Signup and view all the answers

What potential drawback might arise from m-commerce practices for stores?

Customers comparing prices before purchasing at their location. Signup and view all the answers

What role do mobile phones play in gathering location-dependent information?

They can accurately provide navigation and nearby service location. Signup and view all the answers

What innovative feature allows cars to communicate data for urban improvement?

On-board diagnostic systems that relay information. Signup and view all the answers

What is generally expected from mobile commerce user payments?

Authorization through short text messages. Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a benefit of sensor networks mentioned in the content?

Allowing government control over vehicle emissions. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Technological Eras

18th century: Dominated by mechanical systems of the Industrial Revolution.
19th century: Characterized by the steam engine.
20th century: Focused on information gathering, processing, and distribution fueled by advancements like telephone networks, radio, television, computers, satellites, and the Internet.

21st Century and Information Convergence

Rapid convergence of technologies blurring lines between collecting, storing, and processing information.
Organizations can access data from remote locations with ease, enhancing operational efficiency.
The demand for sophisticated information processing is escalating alongside technological advances.

Evolution of Computer Systems

Early computers were centralized in large, dedicated areas; common in universities and large companies.
Transformation from centralized "computer centers" to interconnected computer networks, changing how computational needs are met.
Emphasis on networks comprising autonomous computers that can exchange information via multiple technologies (copper, fiber optics, microwaves, etc.).

Computer Networks vs. Distributed Systems

Computer networks: Collections of interconnected computers without an overarching software model.
Distributed systems: Appear as a single coherent system to users, often enhanced with middleware.
Example of distributed system: The World Wide Web, which presents data as documents.

Uses of Computer Networks

Vital for organizational resource sharing to access programs, equipment, and data regardless of physical location.
Common business applications include centralized storage of customer records and real-time access to inventories, crucial for operational continuity.

Business Applications

Companies connect computers to distribute information across various departments.
Use of VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) helps integrate networks from different geographical locations, promoting efficiency.
E-commerce has surged, enabling businesses to conduct transactions online, which reduces inventory needs and optimizes logistics.

Home Applications

Initially, home computers were used for word processing and gaming; now, the primary use is for Internet access.
Home networks support entertainment and communication among various devices.
Metcalfe's Law suggests the network's value increases with the number of users.

Evolving Communication Methods

Email is a prevalent communication tool in businesses, often supplemented by VoIP for cost savings.
Video conferencing and desktop sharing facilitate real-time collaboration across distances, enhancing productivity.
E-commerce facilitates convenient online shopping, broadening market access.

Peer-to-Peer Communication

Peer-to-peer systems allow individuals to communicate without fixed roles, leading to applications like file sharing (e.g., BitTorrent).
Email exemplifies peer-to-peer communication, evolving with multimedia capabilities.

Instant messaging and social networking platforms like Facebook enable modern communication patterns.
Wikis allow collaborative content creation, exemplified by Wikipedia.
Online shopping has become a fundamental aspect of consumer behavior, offering vast product selections and convenience.### E-commerce Trends
Interactive catalogs allow for product personalization and multiple views.
Online technical support is available post-purchase for product usage assistance.
E-commerce facilitates access to financial institutions, enabling online bill payments and account management.
The rise of online auctions has transformed second-hand goods sales into a massive industry, offering a peer-to-peer model.
Unique naming conventions like “e-flea” spotlight innovative e-commerce types.

Entertainment Revolution

Streaming services distribute music, radio, movies, and TV shows, rivaling traditional media formats.
Users can purchase and download high-quality digital content like MP3s and DVDs.
IPTV systems are gaining traction for delivering television shows, focusing on IP technology over cable.
Media streaming applications enable users to access favorite content and Internet radio seamlessly.
Interactive films and live TV may soon prompt viewer choices, enhancing engagement.
Virtual worlds support multiplayer gaming experiences, creating shared 3D environments.

Ubiquitous Computing

Computing integrates into daily life, exemplified by smart home security systems and real-time data reporting on utilities.
Consumer devices increasingly connect to networks, enabling instant data transfer, such as professional sports photography.
Innovations like RFID tags facilitate tracking of items and contribute to the Internet of Things concept.

Mobile Computing Growth

The mobile computing segment, including laptops and handhelds, is rapidly growing, surpassing desktop sales.
Connectivity is essential for mobile users, relying heavily on wireless networks for access on-the-go.
Wireless hotspots and cellular networks provide necessary internet access in diverse environments.
Mobile applications thrive on rapid communication and data sharing, significant for sectors like transport and military.

M-commerce Evolution

Mobile commerce utilizes text messages for payment authorizations, shifting cash transactions to mobile billing.
NFC technology enables smartphones to function like RFID smartcards for near-field payments.
The acceptance of mobile payments is rising, where fees may become standard practice.

Sensor Networks and Wearable Tech

Sensor networks collect vast data promoting advancements in fields such as wildlife tracking and urban monitoring.
Wearable technologies evolve, providing health monitoring solutions that can be controlled remotely.

Computer networks increase content accessibility while raising complex social and ethical dilemmas.
Debates over content censorship and network neutrality reflect the challenges of diverse political and cultural views.
Increased privacy concerns arise from digital tracking, with companies utilizing cookies and location data for profiling.
Government surveillance on citizen communication pits privacy rights against security obligations.

Future Implications

Growth in mobile and wireless technologies suggests unforeseen applications as hardware continues to miniaturize.
The convergence of telecommunication and internet services predicts expansive advancements in mobile applications and interactions.### Whistleblowing and Anonymity
Provides a confidential method for individuals like students, soldiers, and citizens to report illegal activities without fear of retaliation.
In democracies like the United States, the accused has the right to confront their accusers, preventing anonymous accusations from being used as evidence.

Internet Information Quality

Internet enables quick access to information, but much of it is unreliable or incorrect.
Medical advice found online varies in credibility, ranging from reputable sources to unqualified individuals.

Spam and Filtering

Spam has become prevalent due to marketers collecting numerous email addresses; it floods inboxes, complicating communication with real individuals.
Filtering software exists to manage spam effectively, though its success varies.

Cybersecurity Threats

Web pages and emails can contain harmful active content such as viruses that can compromise user security.
Phishing attacks deceive individuals into revealing sensitive information by impersonating trustworthy entities like banks.

Identity Theft

Identity theft is increasingly challenging, as criminals acquire sensitive data to obtain credit cards and other documents under the victim's name.

Captcha and Digital Identity Verification

CAPTCHAs are created to differentiate between humans and computers, asking users to complete recognition tasks.
This process is a modern adaptation of the Turing test.

Security in Technology

Stricter computer security practices could mitigate many cyber issues, yet many companies prioritize features over security due to cost.
The prevalence of software bugs stems from the constant addition of new features without sufficient quality control.

Legal Challenges in Cyber Operations

Electronic gambling illustrates the clash of old laws with new technology, particularly concerning legality in various jurisdictions.
Indeterminate issues arise when gambling activities cross borders between countries with conflicting legal frameworks.

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Description

Explore the technological advancements that defined each of the last three centuries. From the mechanical systems of the 18th century through the steam engine of the 19th century, to the rise of information technology in the 20th century, this quiz examines the innovations that shaped our modern world.

Computer Networks Textbook: Chapter 1 - Part 1