Technology in Society

Technology in Society

• The first programmable computer was made in the 1940s.
• Weighing seven tonnes, computers are still around today.
• Engineers initially made computers for radar calculations during wars.
• Technological advancements have led to increased connections, access to information, and ability to share data.
• There is an increased reliance on devices to access opportunities and societal pressures.
• In December 1995, there were 16 million active internet users, representing approximately 0.4% of the global population.
• December 2003 saw 719 million active internet users, marking about 11% of the global population.
• By January 2024, 5.35 billion people were active internet users, representing about 66% of the world’s population.
• Over 90% of internet users are accessing the internet via mobile devices.
• Unequal access to technology exists both between countries and within them.
• Patterns of exclusion, such as employment, income, education, ethnicity, and disability impact access
• Offender/victim characteristics are important for criminological research

Cybercrime

• Cybercrime presents both benefits and risks, serving as the course's central focus.

Defining Cybercrime

• Computer crime involved perpetrators using special knowledge of computer technology, and computers were primarily in government and universities.
• Cybercrime is defined as perpetrators using special knowledge of cyberspace, facilitated by the internet, bringing computers into homes.
• Cybercrime includes a range of illegal activities within the electronic environment
• Cybercrime can be further classified as crime or deviance and enabled or dependent.
• Crimes are acts explicitly prohibited by law, such as online child sexual abuse.
• Deviance includes acts breaching informal social norms, like adult pornography, and varies regionally.
• What is deviant may become criminal and determining criminal/deviant acts can be inconsistent.
• Laws vary across jurisdictions due to differing social and cultural contexts, often reflecting the dominant culture rather than the majority.
• Common forms of cybercrime and deviance include hacking, malware, and spamming, fraud, identity theft, online child sexual abuse, hate speech, and cyberstalking.

Classifying Cybercrime

• Categorization of cybercrime and deviance,used by police/policymakers, classifies crimes as cyber-enabled or cyber-dependent.
• Cyber-enabled crimes involve using technology to augment traditional crimes, such as cyber-fraud or cyberbullying.
• Cyber-dependent crimes involve creating new opportunities using technology, such as hacking networks or deploying malware.
• Wall's cyber-typology (2001) categorizes cybercrime based on intent and outcomes, including cyber-trespass, cyber-deception/theft, cyber-porn/obscenity, and cyber-violence.
• Cyber-trespass involves unauthorized crossing of boundaries online where ownership rights are established.
• Cyber-deception/theft is the illegal acquisition of information or materials online.
• Cyber-porn/obscenity involves publishing or trading sexually explicit materials online.
• Cyber-violence involves creating, distributing, or soliciting injurious, hurtful, or dangerous materials.
• Social harms of cybercrime/deviance include shame, stigma, self-injurious behavior, alcohol/drug abuse, eating disorders, and further exploitation.
• Economic harms include a $111.1 billion loss from digital piracy annually in the US, and 70% was committed by internet users (2019).

Cybersecurity Details

• Hacking results in a $100 billion loss annually in the US(2017)
• General cybercrime causes $33 billion in self-reported losses in Australia (2021)
• The global economic cost of cybercrime is $6 trillion annually (2019).
• The internet facilitates interactions, empowers information access, and provides anonymity.
• The internet facilitates criminal behavior and identity and commitment formation
• Cybercriminals may be financially motivated, often using hacking, fraud, or identity theft, and can be various individuals.
• Cyber 'activists' or ‘hacktivists' hack for political or religious reasons; an example is Anonymous, like DDoS attack against Aus Parliament
• Others may be revenge-motivated, like disgruntled employees or ex-partners.
• The ‘explorers' may not be malicious but testing skills, or examining boundaries.
• Young people, being more likely ‘deviant,’ are vulnerable to involve in cybercrime and escalation.
• Cybercrimes can occur in physical spaces like homes or schools and on various devices like laptops or phones.
• Internet places crimes occur are social media, forums, or the dark web.

Cybercrime & Reading

• Issues around policing are jurisdiction, definitions, anonymity, etc
• Some individuals do not feel comfortable providing personal information, as it is a violation of their privacy. Younger individuals do no share the same views.
• Individuals over 55 make up 13% of Facebook users
• There is a generational gap in technology and how one adapts to technology
• David Wall (1998) used the term "cybercrime" to refer to crimes performed online.
• Grabosky (2001) used the term computer crime to refer to computer misuse.
• Cybercrime involves "special knowledge of cyberspace," while computer crimes use "special knowledge about computer technology"

Cybercrime Categorizing

• Categorization is used by police/policymakers showing how technology is used in commission of crime
• Cyber-enabled crimes augment traditional crimes through technology
• Cyber-dependent crimes create new opportunities through technology
• Wall's Cyber-typology unauthorized crossing of boundaries where ownership rights are established online.
• Cyber-deception/theft are illegal means of acquiring information online
• Cyber-porn/obscenity is publishing or trading sexually sexual material online
• Cyber-violence is creating/distributing injurious or dangerous content online'

Hacker Profile

• Hacking motivations include: financial gain, political agenda, revenge, or skill advancement.
• Motivations vary by the activity.
• A hacker's profile and offending pathways vary based on activities and motivations.
• Communities connect hackers
• Hacking requires internet access, a device, and computer knowledge from education or peers.
• To hack requires a target, a victim, and motivation, as well as the security / lack of, awareness, equipment and knowledge
• Barriers to hacking include policing / law and the hacker's location

Hacking Overview

• Hackers are now computer programmers but are now malicious users
• Definition: "identifying weakness in computer systems or networks to exploit its weaknesses to gain access"
• Media often give 'hacker' a bad connotation
• Laws reflect this attitude & government does not like hackers
• Many government agents don't bother differentiating skill testing v. spy

Classifying why Hackers Hack

• Broad categories on why Hackers hack
• (1) White hat - Ethical and non - malicious reasons,testing their own security system for vulnerability
• (2) Black hat - Breaks into computer security without permissions and using technology for malicious purposes
• (3) Gray hat - Surfs internet and hacks into computer systems system to notify admin and sell their abilities to repair system at price

How Hackers Hack and Resulting Malware

• Wiretapping Amazon and hacking a car or medical devices
• Connecting devices to wireless networks is for reporting purposes
• Vulnerabilities pacemakers, heart monitors, insulin pumps from researcher discovery
• Most common act is financial funds transfer or identify theft

Hacking Techniques

• Common practices are to use password guessing/ brute forcing until information or database is comprimised
• Hackers also sniff passwords if encryption is lacking
• Exploit common database server default like, Lots of functionality enabled and sometimes insecurely configured in an attempt of business-partner hack
• Common malware types include: Adware, Bot, Bug, Ransomware, Rootkit, Spyware, and Trojan Horse
• Distinguish between Computer worm and virus

Hackers - Reasons

• Hackers use tools to gain access or destroy
• Their actions are either financial, gain power or sense of chaos
• Revenge, bragging rights, and "pushing the envelope" also play a role

How Hackers and Cybercrime Evolve

• Evolving with Biometrics, Breach, Mimicked conversions and, Assistant Robots
• Technology creates crimes and deviance
• Classifications are: Deception/theft ( fraud, copyright infringement, misinformation trade) & pornograhy or violence
• Factors that facilitate crime Anonymity, Data Pools, Instant interaction Social media leads to a great area for crime commition

Crime and Social Media

• Create connection, create community, create entrepreneurship
• Fraud Theft copy righr infingement trade

Cyber fraud explained

• Cyberfraud top 10 reported and fraud are act of despretation and missed Identity theft credit card theft priracy

Cyber fraud described

• Is the stealing of a victimes info
• Used to help establish same type or establish credit cards
• Can be intercept email or phone calls

What if Someone Steals Your Identity?

• Some cases it takes 5,840h to try and correct the issue
• Profit hackes in different levels of info Less the five gets investigated for time reasons

Digital Copyrights

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Where do Hackers Fall in With Copyrights

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Hackers and Digital Copy Rights

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How do Criminals Use the Dark Web

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Crime Using Tech

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Sex and Internet Dangers and Sexual Assault

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What if you see Child sexual abuse

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Hacker Violence

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Cyberviolence Explained

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Criminological theory

Explanation why people commit crimes

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