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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the structure that prevents food from entering the airway?
What is the name of the structure that prevents food from entering the airway?
Epiglottis
Which substance makes up the pads that provide support between the vertebrae?
Which substance makes up the pads that provide support between the vertebrae?
Cartilage
The two criteria for classifying epithelial tissue are cell layers and ______.
The two criteria for classifying epithelial tissue are cell layers and ______.
Cell shape
Where is the parathyroid gland located?
Where is the parathyroid gland located?
How many organ systems are in the human body?
How many organ systems are in the human body?
Which element within the respiratory system is responsible for removing foreign matter from the lungs?
Which element within the respiratory system is responsible for removing foreign matter from the lungs?
What is the name of the process in the lungs by which oxygen is transported from the air to the blood?
What is the name of the process in the lungs by which oxygen is transported from the air to the blood?
Which gland is responsible for the regulation of calcium levels?
Which gland is responsible for the regulation of calcium levels?
Which secretion of the digestive system is responsible for water reabsorption?
Which secretion of the digestive system is responsible for water reabsorption?
Describe one responsibility of the integumentary system.
Describe one responsibility of the integumentary system.
When are parasympathetic nerves active within the nervous system?
When are parasympathetic nerves active within the nervous system?
What best describes the relationship between the circulatory system and the integumentary system?
What best describes the relationship between the circulatory system and the integumentary system?
Once blood has been oxygenated, it travels through the pulmonary veins, through the left atrium, and then through the _______ before entering the left ventricle.
Once blood has been oxygenated, it travels through the pulmonary veins, through the left atrium, and then through the _______ before entering the left ventricle.
The part of the human excretory system most responsible for maintaining normal body temperature is what?
The part of the human excretory system most responsible for maintaining normal body temperature is what?
A part of what body system controls fluid loss, protects deep tissue, and synthesizes vitamin D?
A part of what body system controls fluid loss, protects deep tissue, and synthesizes vitamin D?
The respiratory system ______ oxygen and ______ carbon dioxide.
The respiratory system ______ oxygen and ______ carbon dioxide.
What is the name for any substance that stimulates the production of antibodies?
What is the name for any substance that stimulates the production of antibodies?
What does not exist in RNA?
What does not exist in RNA?
In what muscle type are the filaments arranged in a disorderly manner?
In what muscle type are the filaments arranged in a disorderly manner?
Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland?
Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland?
What type of plane describes a section that divides the body into equal right and left parts?
What type of plane describes a section that divides the body into equal right and left parts?
In the development of genetic traits, one gene must match to the one ______ for the traits to develop correctly.
In the development of genetic traits, one gene must match to the one ______ for the traits to develop correctly.
What can be found in the dorsal cavity of the body?
What can be found in the dorsal cavity of the body?
What best describes the careful ordering of molecules within solids that have a fixed shape?
What best describes the careful ordering of molecules within solids that have a fixed shape?
What structure moves downward during inspiration?
What structure moves downward during inspiration?
Which of the following describes the transport network that is responsible for the transference of proteins throughout a cell?
Which of the following describes the transport network that is responsible for the transference of proteins throughout a cell?
The right lung has ___ lobes and the left lung has ___ lobes?
The right lung has ___ lobes and the left lung has ___ lobes?
A _________ is the physical and visible expression of a genetic trait.
A _________ is the physical and visible expression of a genetic trait.
Which system's primary function is to release hormones?
Which system's primary function is to release hormones?
The heart is located in which of the following areas?
The heart is located in which of the following areas?
A substance is considered acidic if it has a pH of less than ____.
A substance is considered acidic if it has a pH of less than ____.
What best describes the location of the trachea in relation to the esophagus?
What best describes the location of the trachea in relation to the esophagus?
A triple beam balance would show what unit of measurement?
A triple beam balance would show what unit of measurement?
What best describes a section that divides the body into equal upper and lower portions?
What best describes a section that divides the body into equal upper and lower portions?
What best describes the role of RNA?
What best describes the role of RNA?
What do catalysts alter to control the rate of a chemical reaction?
What do catalysts alter to control the rate of a chemical reaction?
What best describes the primary function of the nervous system?
What best describes the primary function of the nervous system?
What system is primarily responsible for helping the body breathe?
What system is primarily responsible for helping the body breathe?
Which system helps fight illnesses?
Which system helps fight illnesses?
What bone type is embedded in tendons?
What bone type is embedded in tendons?
What is NOT a product of respiration?
What is NOT a product of respiration?
What blood vessel contains the least-oxygenated blood?
What blood vessel contains the least-oxygenated blood?
What layer of the heart contains striated muscle fibers for contraction of the heart?
What layer of the heart contains striated muscle fibers for contraction of the heart?
What blood vessel carries oxygenated blood back to the heart?
What blood vessel carries oxygenated blood back to the heart?
What part of the cell is often called the cell 'power house' because it provides energy for cellular functions?
What part of the cell is often called the cell 'power house' because it provides energy for cellular functions?
What function do ribosomes serve within a cell?
What function do ribosomes serve within a cell?
What is the most likely reason that cells differentiate?
What is the most likely reason that cells differentiate?
How is meiosis similar to mitosis?
How is meiosis similar to mitosis?
How do DNA and RNA function together as part of the human genome?
How do DNA and RNA function together as part of the human genome?
The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the ____.
The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the ____.
What process should the DNA within a cell undergo before the cell replicates?
What process should the DNA within a cell undergo before the cell replicates?
What basic molecular unit enables hereditary information to be transmitted from parent to offspring?
What basic molecular unit enables hereditary information to be transmitted from parent to offspring?
What statement accurately compares/contrasts the structures of DNA and RNA?
What statement accurately compares/contrasts the structures of DNA and RNA?
What characteristic is part of a person's genotype?
What characteristic is part of a person's genotype?
Where is the interstitial fluid found?
Where is the interstitial fluid found?
What type of cells secrete antibodies?
What type of cells secrete antibodies?
Chemical C is a catalyst in the reaction between chemical A and chemical B. What is the effect of chemical C?
Chemical C is a catalyst in the reaction between chemical A and chemical B. What is the effect of chemical C?
What type of molecules are enzymes?
What type of molecules are enzymes?
What structure controls the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland?
What structure controls the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland?
Where do gas exchanges occur in the human body?
Where do gas exchanges occur in the human body?
An atom has 5 protons, 5 neutrons, and 6 electrons. What is the electric charge of this atom?
An atom has 5 protons, 5 neutrons, and 6 electrons. What is the electric charge of this atom?
What system's primary function is to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide?
What system's primary function is to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide?
What best describes the structures found underneath each rib in defensive order?
What best describes the structures found underneath each rib in defensive order?
What is the primary function of the spleen?
What is the primary function of the spleen?
The process of changing from a liquid to a gas is called _____.
The process of changing from a liquid to a gas is called _____.
What protein interferes with virus production?
What protein interferes with virus production?
What does NOT contain blood vessels?
What does NOT contain blood vessels?
What structure releases hormones that stimulate the gonads during puberty?
What structure releases hormones that stimulate the gonads during puberty?
What structure has the lowest blood pressure?
What structure has the lowest blood pressure?
What heart chamber is the most muscular?
What heart chamber is the most muscular?
What part of the brain interprets sensory information?
What part of the brain interprets sensory information?
A vaccination is a way of acquiring which type of immunity?
A vaccination is a way of acquiring which type of immunity?
What component of the nervous system is responsible for lowering the heart rate?
What component of the nervous system is responsible for lowering the heart rate?
What are parts of the circulatory system?
What are parts of the circulatory system?
What is the natural pacemaker of the heart?
What is the natural pacemaker of the heart?
What is the name of the condition where the heart rate is 118 beats per minute?
What is the name of the condition where the heart rate is 118 beats per minute?
The spine and hips belong to what bone types?
The spine and hips belong to what bone types?
What term means towards the front of the body?
What term means towards the front of the body?
What system is the brain a part of?
What system is the brain a part of?
What term means close to the trunk of the body?
What term means close to the trunk of the body?
What part of the cell serves as the control center for all cell activity?
What part of the cell serves as the control center for all cell activity?
What are the cellular functions of cilia and flagella?
What are the cellular functions of cilia and flagella?
What is the process by which simple cells become highly specialized cells?
What is the process by which simple cells become highly specialized cells?
How does meiosis differ from mitosis?
How does meiosis differ from mitosis?
What are groups of cells that perform the same function?
What are groups of cells that perform the same function?
What is an example of a tissue?
What is an example of a tissue?
The adrenal glands are part of what system?
The adrenal glands are part of what system?
What functions do genes serve in the relationship between parent and offspring?
What functions do genes serve in the relationship between parent and offspring?
What is hemoglobin?
What is hemoglobin?
What valve allows blood flow from the right atria into the right ventricle?
What valve allows blood flow from the right atria into the right ventricle?
What substances stimulate adaptive immunity?
What substances stimulate adaptive immunity?
Enzymes are ______ molecules that serve as ______ for certain biological reactions.
Enzymes are ______ molecules that serve as ______ for certain biological reactions.
What type of chemical bond connects the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a molecule of water?
What type of chemical bond connects the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a molecule of water?
What is the chemical property of water?
What is the chemical property of water?
What is true regarding T cells?
What is true regarding T cells?
What type of bond is formed when electrons are transferred between atoms?
What type of bond is formed when electrons are transferred between atoms?
What is the primary function of antibodies?
What is the primary function of antibodies?
What best describes the process of condensation?
What best describes the process of condensation?
List the blood flow through the heart.
List the blood flow through the heart.
Mildly elevated levels of thyroxine will do what to the heart rate?
Mildly elevated levels of thyroxine will do what to the heart rate?
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology Concepts
- Epiglottis: Structure that prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing.
- Cartilage: Provides support and cushioning between vertebrae.
- Epithelial tissue classification: Based on two criteria—cell layers and cell shape.
- Parathyroid gland: Located in the neck, regulates calcium levels in the body.
- Organ systems in human body: There are 11 distinct organ systems.
Systems and Functions
- Cilia: Tiny hair-like structures in the respiratory system that remove foreign particles from lungs.
- Diffusion: Process in lungs by which oxygen passes from air into the bloodstream.
- Integumentary system: Blocks pathogens and helps in synthesizing vitamin D.
- Nervous system: Acts as the body’s communication center, regulating functions and responses.
- Endocrine system: Primarily responsible for hormone regulation throughout the body.
Respiratory and Circulatory Relationships
- Path of Oxygenated Blood: From the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, then through the mitral valve to the left ventricle.
- Functions of the circulatory system: Removal of excess heat via integumentary components.
- Heart structure: The left ventricle is the most muscular chamber, responsible for pumping oxygenated blood.
Genetic Basic Concepts
- Genes: Basic unit of heredity, crucial for trait inheritance.
- Antigen: Substance that stimulates antibody production.
- DNA vs. RNA: DNA contains thymine, whereas RNA contains uracil; both are critical for genetic information.
Cellular Biology
- Mitochondria: Often referred to as the cell's power house, providing energy for functions.
- Ribosomes: Key role in protein synthesis within cells.
- Meiosis vs. Mitosis: Meiosis results in genetically diverse cells, while mitosis produces identical cells.
Immune and Excretory System
- Plasma cells: Secrete antibodies as a response to antigens.
- Spleen: Includes the filtering of microorganisms and foreign substances from blood.
- Sweat glands: Integral for body temperature regulation in the excretory system.
Chemical Processes
- Acidic substance: Defined by a pH of less than 7.
- Catalysts: Substances that alter the activation energy to control chemical reactions.
- Chemical bond types: Ionic bonds form from electron transfer, while covalent bonds connect atoms by sharing electrons.
Additional Key Points
- Tachycardia: Condition where heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute.
- Valves in the heart: Tricuspid valve allows blood from the right atrium to flow into the right ventricle.
- Condition of electrons: An atom with 5 protons and 6 electrons is negatively charged.
Summary of Body Systems
- Respiratory system: Takes in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide, facilitating gas exchange in alveoli.
- Immune system: Contributes to illness defense and produces antibodies.
- Circulatory system components: Comprises the heart, blood, and blood vessels integral to bodily functions.
Measurement and Properties
- Triple beam balance: Measurement unit in grams.
- Crystalline order: Describes the structured arrangement of molecules in solid materials.
- Vaporization: The process of a substance changing from liquid to gas.
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