Teaching Methods in Education

Teaching Methods

• Play-way method: introduced by H.Caldwell Cook and popularized by Friedrich Froebel, emphasizes overall development of the child through play.
  • Principles: unfolding innate potentials, natural instincts, complete freedom, activity, fulfillment of desires, pleasure, creativity, and responsibility.
  • Emphasizes enabling overall development, providing rich and balanced learning, removing monotony, and promoting psychological principles.

Demonstration Method

• Teacher shows students how to perform a task or experiment to explain a concept or illustrate a process.
• Enhances comprehension and retention through active involvement and multisensory experience.

Method of Socialization in Play-way Schools

• Teacher provides opportunities for socialization through discussions, activities, and mutual understanding.
• No strict rules or methods, education is learned through play.
• Teacher makes students learn good habits, civic responsibility, and social skills.

Learner-centred Education

• Focuses on the learner's experiences and needs, emphasizing learning over teaching.
• Aims for all-around development of the learner, not just acquiring knowledge.

Ensuring a Friendly Environment

• Creates a safe, secure, and motivating environment that encourages learner-centred practices.
• Importance of: unfolding potential, creating a fear-free environment, alternative discipline strategies, flexible time-table, and recognizing unique learner abilities.

Problem-solving Method

• Process of overcoming difficulties to achieve a goal, involving problem finding, shaping, and solving.
• Elements: recognizing a problem, accumulating data, formulating a hypothesis, testing, and making a generalization.
• Obstacles: anxiety, negative mental set, frustration, and low self-efficacy.

Learner-centred Approach

• Puts learners in the centre, emphasizing their experiences and needs.
• Characteristics: enquiry, observation, investigation, experiential learning, problem-solving, and concept mapping.
• Role of teacher: facilitator, providing environment and materials for learning.

Teaching Strategies

• Teacher's role: planner, facilitator, co-creator, leader, manager, counselor, and human being.
• Roles: motivating learners, scaffolding, keeping learners active, and promoting positive values.

Using Multimedia in Teaching

• Combination of elements: text, color, graphics, animation, audio, and video.
• Facilitates effective learning experiences, engaging and motivating students.
• Benefits: interactive, provides real-world experiences, and turns classroom environment from teacher-centred to student-centred.

Setting and Maintaining Expectations of Success

• Aligns with principles of inclusive education, promoting equitable learning opportunities.
• High expectations: inspire students, create a positive atmosphere, and challenge growth.

Inclusion and Diversity

• Purposeful, timely, and planned participation of all students in the regular classroom.
• Accommodating diversity: differentiating instruction, providing various learning experiences, and catering to individual differences.

Microteaching

• Effective technique for developing teaching skills in teachers.
• Assumptions: real teaching, non-complex environment, mastery learning, and effective feedback mechanism.
• Involves teaching a small group of students, focusing on a particular aspect of teaching.

Problematic Students

• Students who are difficult to educate, disrupt class, and exhibit anti-social behavior.
• Teachers should provide counseling to recognize the root of the problem, relate to the student's behavior, and provide guidance.

Encouraging Curiosity in Students

• Tips: be a good role model, encourage interest, provide curiosity tools, fight boredom, teach observation, and provide open-ended materials.### Salient Features of an Effective Teacher
• Clear about instructional goals and knowledgeable about curriculum content and teaching strategies
• Communicate well with students, explaining what is expected of them and why
• Make expert use of existing instructional materials to devote more time to enriching and clarifying content
• Knowledgeable about students, adapting instruction to their needs and anticipating misconceptions
• Teach students metacognitive strategies and give them opportunities to master them
• Address higher- and lower-level cognitive objectives
• Monitor students' understanding by offering regular, appropriate feedback
• Integrate instruction with that in other subject areas
• Accept responsibility for student outcomes

Professional Code of Ethics

• Guiding principle to assist professionals in conducting work with commitment, dedication, sincerity, honesty, and integrity
• Follow specific principles of the profession and perform duties as required
• Emphasize providing freedom to students to express their problems, feelings, and emotions without fear
• Designed to protect the rights of all students
• Crucial for teachers to understand their work ethics and values before entering the profession

Key Principles of Professional Code of Ethics

• Avoid private gains or personal interests
• Make policies equal for all students
• Avoid bias and favouritism
• Provide quality education to all students
• Maintain a cordial relationship with colleagues
• Interact with students appropriately, avoiding exploitation or bullying
• Stay away from conflicts between professional work and private interests

Creativity

• Combination of factors, including positive social attitude, social facilitation, and knowledge
• Characterized by the ability to think outside the box, break away from conventional thinking patterns, and produce novel and valuable outcomes
• Divergent thinking refers to the ability to generate multiple ideas, possibilities, or solutions in response to a given problem or stimulus
• Encouraged by respecting students' views, leading them to novel thinking, satisfying their anxieties, and providing an enriched learning environment

Teaching-Learning Materials

• Audio-Video (AV) aids are tools used to enhance learning by combining visual and auditory elements
• Guiding principles for selecting AV aids: relevance, availability, and usability
• Facilitate a multi-sensory learning experience by engaging both sight and hearing
• Examples of AV aids: videos, slides, audio recordings, photographs, diagrams, charts, graphs, maps, posters, and slides

Transfer of Learning

• Role of parents in supporting their child's education at home
• Encouraging independence in completing school activities fosters a sense of responsibility, self-efficacy, and autonomy in the child
• Early experiences of independence contribute to the child's confidence and positive attitude towards learning

Lesson Planning

• Requires probing questions from previous knowledge, prior experience, and subject knowledge
• Characterized by being written, precise, and well-organized
• Helps teachers identify adequate content, utilize available time, and develop insights about students' learning needs and abilities
• Importance of flexibility and elasticity in lesson planning

Teacher Training

• In-service training programs are essential for education improvement
• Composed of various workshops, seminars, and activities that integrate new classroom techniques and practices
• Helps teachers keep up-to-date with current concepts, thinking, and research in their field
• Ensures enhanced work performance, motivation, and professionalism

Induction

• Process of providing training and support during the first few years of teaching or the first year in a particular school
• Includes mentoring, assistance in planning, professional development, and evaluation
• Empowers individual teachers' knowledge, skills, and expertise

Teaching Skills

• Questioning: an essential action in teaching, used to test previous knowledge, promote critical thinking, and encourage solution-based thinking
• Group Dynamics: implies the interactive psychological relationship in which members develop a common perception based on feelings and emotions
• Key features: cooperation, healthy communication, and proper interaction among group members
• Communication: effective and essential for the teaching and learning process, characterized by empathy, patience, and sincerity

Language Acquisition and Learning

• Language is a symbolic, rule-governed system shared by a group of people to express their thoughts and feelings

• Language development takes place through language acquisition and language learning in a child

• A new language can be easily acquired from the environment### Language Acquisition

• Natural acquisition of a language occurs through constant exposure to the language in a natural setting, such as interacting with classmates, teachers, and community members.

• This form of language learning is often referred to as language acquisition.

Challenges of Teaching English

• Errors can occur when learners fail to master a language, and they can be grammatically incorrect words, phrases, sentences, or structures.
• Types of errors include:
  • Lexical Errors: using incorrect words or phrases.
  • Spelling Errors: errors in spelling during writing.
  • Structural Errors: errors in sentence structure while speaking or writing.
  • Grammatical Errors: errors in grammar rules.

Disabilities/Disorders

• Learning disabilities can affect language acquisition, including:
  • Aphasia: language impairment affecting reading comprehension or speech production.
  • Dyscalculia: difficulty with math.
  • Dyspraxia: difficulty with movement, coordination, judgment, processing, memory, and other cognitive skills.
  • Dyslexia: difficulty with reading or spelling.
  • Dysgraphia: difficulty with writing, including spelling, poor handwriting, and organizing thoughts.
  • Hyperlexia: exceptional reading ability, but with difficulty understanding verbal usage.
  • Autism: neurological disorder characterized by atypical language development and social interaction difficulties.
  • ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder): neurological disorder affecting attention, behavior, and social interaction.
  • BDD (Body Dysmorphic Disorder): excessive worry about bodily flaws.
  • Cerebral Palsy: neurological disorder affecting muscular coordination.

Remedial Teaching

• Remedial teaching involves targeted instructions and interventions to help students overcome academic deficiencies or learning difficulties.
• The purpose of remedial teaching is to:
  • Eliminate ineffective habits.
  • Provide additional help to learners.
  • Teach language items not properly learned.
  • Stimulate learners' interest in learning.
  • Provide practical experiences and guidance to overcome problems.

Minimizing the Influence of the Mother Tongue

• The mother tongue can influence language acquisition, and minimizing its influence can be done by providing inputs from the target language in a simple and graded manner.
• Linguistic problems can arise when students have grown up immersed in their mother tongue and may find it difficult to learn a new language.

Language Skills

• Language teaching involves various activities, including listening, reading, writing, and other forms of writing.
• Dictogloss is a language teaching activity that involves listening and writing skills, where students reconstruct a text in their own words.
• Dictation is a technique to train pupils to listen carefully, concentrate, and retain spoken information.

Evaluating Language Proficiency

• Assessment is a systematic process of evaluating an individual's knowledge, skills, abilities, or performance in a specific area.
• Types of assessment include:
  • Peer assessment: students evaluate each other's work.
  • Self-assessment: students evaluate their own learning progress.
  • Feedback: information provided to students about their performance to guide improvement.
  • Reading assessment: evaluating students' reading skills, comprehension, and understanding of written material.