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Questions and Answers
What does microteaching aim to develop?
What does microteaching aim to develop?
Microteaching ensures mastery learning.
Microteaching ensures mastery learning.
True
Microteaching is a scaled-down form of teaching focused on developing a specific teaching _____.
Microteaching is a scaled-down form of teaching focused on developing a specific teaching _____.
skill
Match the following key points with the concept of micro-teaching:
Match the following key points with the concept of micro-teaching:
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What are some of the assumptions in microteaching?
What are some of the assumptions in microteaching?
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What is the ultimate aim of characterizing effective teaching practices?
What is the ultimate aim of characterizing effective teaching practices?
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Define induction according to the Centre for Teaching Quality.
Define induction according to the Centre for Teaching Quality.
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What is the key component of human intellect and interpersonal communication?
What is the key component of human intellect and interpersonal communication?
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Effective __________ is essential to the teaching and learning process.
Effective __________ is essential to the teaching and learning process.
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Match the following types of errors with their descriptions:
Match the following types of errors with their descriptions:
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What is divergent thinking?
What is divergent thinking?
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What is the 'Play way method' based on?
What is the 'Play way method' based on?
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Creativity is related to divergent thinking.
Creativity is related to divergent thinking.
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Who first introduced the 'Play way method'?
Who first introduced the 'Play way method'?
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How can the creativity of students be encouraged?
How can the creativity of students be encouraged?
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Divergent thinking is the primary identifying feature of ________.
Divergent thinking is the primary identifying feature of ________.
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In the demonstration method, students are actively involved in the learning process.
In the demonstration method, students are actively involved in the learning process.
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Match the following characteristics with the concept:
Match the following characteristics with the concept:
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The method of socialization in play-way schools focuses on improving _______.
The method of socialization in play-way schools focuses on improving _______.
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What is the main focus of the 'Learner-centred' approach?
What is the main focus of the 'Learner-centred' approach?
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Match the steps involved in the Problem-solving method:
Match the steps involved in the Problem-solving method:
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Who is the main focus in the 'Learner-centred' approach of teaching?
Who is the main focus in the 'Learner-centred' approach of teaching?
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In a middle school classroom, a teacher plays the role of a counselor.
In a middle school classroom, a teacher plays the role of a counselor.
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What is Dictogloss and how is it used in language teaching?
What is Dictogloss and how is it used in language teaching?
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What does Diglossia refer to?
What does Diglossia refer to?
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What does assessment involve? ________ process of evaluating an individual's or a group's knowledge, skills, abilities, or performance.
What does assessment involve? ________ process of evaluating an individual's or a group's knowledge, skills, abilities, or performance.
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Peer assessment encourages collaboration, critical thinking, and active engagement among students.
Peer assessment encourages collaboration, critical thinking, and active engagement among students.
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What is feedback in the context of learning and assessment?
What is feedback in the context of learning and assessment?
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Study Notes
Teaching Methods
- Play-way method: introduced by H.Caldwell Cook and popularized by Friedrich Froebel, emphasizes overall development of the child through play.
- Principles: unfolding innate potentials, natural instincts, complete freedom, activity, fulfillment of desires, pleasure, creativity, and responsibility.
- Emphasizes enabling overall development, providing rich and balanced learning, removing monotony, and promoting psychological principles.
Demonstration Method
- Teacher shows students how to perform a task or experiment to explain a concept or illustrate a process.
- Enhances comprehension and retention through active involvement and multisensory experience.
Method of Socialization in Play-way Schools
- Teacher provides opportunities for socialization through discussions, activities, and mutual understanding.
- No strict rules or methods, education is learned through play.
- Teacher makes students learn good habits, civic responsibility, and social skills.
Learner-centred Education
- Focuses on the learner's experiences and needs, emphasizing learning over teaching.
- Aims for all-around development of the learner, not just acquiring knowledge.
Ensuring a Friendly Environment
- Creates a safe, secure, and motivating environment that encourages learner-centred practices.
- Importance of: unfolding potential, creating a fear-free environment, alternative discipline strategies, flexible time-table, and recognizing unique learner abilities.
Problem-solving Method
- Process of overcoming difficulties to achieve a goal, involving problem finding, shaping, and solving.
- Elements: recognizing a problem, accumulating data, formulating a hypothesis, testing, and making a generalization.
- Obstacles: anxiety, negative mental set, frustration, and low self-efficacy.
Learner-centred Approach
- Puts learners in the centre, emphasizing their experiences and needs.
- Characteristics: enquiry, observation, investigation, experiential learning, problem-solving, and concept mapping.
- Role of teacher: facilitator, providing environment and materials for learning.
Teaching Strategies
- Teacher's role: planner, facilitator, co-creator, leader, manager, counselor, and human being.
- Roles: motivating learners, scaffolding, keeping learners active, and promoting positive values.
Using Multimedia in Teaching
- Combination of elements: text, color, graphics, animation, audio, and video.
- Facilitates effective learning experiences, engaging and motivating students.
- Benefits: interactive, provides real-world experiences, and turns classroom environment from teacher-centred to student-centred.
Setting and Maintaining Expectations of Success
- Aligns with principles of inclusive education, promoting equitable learning opportunities.
- High expectations: inspire students, create a positive atmosphere, and challenge growth.
Inclusion and Diversity
- Purposeful, timely, and planned participation of all students in the regular classroom.
- Accommodating diversity: differentiating instruction, providing various learning experiences, and catering to individual differences.
Microteaching
- Effective technique for developing teaching skills in teachers.
- Assumptions: real teaching, non-complex environment, mastery learning, and effective feedback mechanism.
- Involves teaching a small group of students, focusing on a particular aspect of teaching.
Problematic Students
- Students who are difficult to educate, disrupt class, and exhibit anti-social behavior.
- Teachers should provide counseling to recognize the root of the problem, relate to the student's behavior, and provide guidance.
Encouraging Curiosity in Students
- Tips: be a good role model, encourage interest, provide curiosity tools, fight boredom, teach observation, and provide open-ended materials.### Salient Features of an Effective Teacher
- Clear about instructional goals and knowledgeable about curriculum content and teaching strategies
- Communicate well with students, explaining what is expected of them and why
- Make expert use of existing instructional materials to devote more time to enriching and clarifying content
- Knowledgeable about students, adapting instruction to their needs and anticipating misconceptions
- Teach students metacognitive strategies and give them opportunities to master them
- Address higher- and lower-level cognitive objectives
- Monitor students' understanding by offering regular, appropriate feedback
- Integrate instruction with that in other subject areas
- Accept responsibility for student outcomes
Professional Code of Ethics
- Guiding principle to assist professionals in conducting work with commitment, dedication, sincerity, honesty, and integrity
- Follow specific principles of the profession and perform duties as required
- Emphasize providing freedom to students to express their problems, feelings, and emotions without fear
- Designed to protect the rights of all students
- Crucial for teachers to understand their work ethics and values before entering the profession
Key Principles of Professional Code of Ethics
- Avoid private gains or personal interests
- Make policies equal for all students
- Avoid bias and favouritism
- Provide quality education to all students
- Maintain a cordial relationship with colleagues
- Interact with students appropriately, avoiding exploitation or bullying
- Stay away from conflicts between professional work and private interests
Creativity
- Combination of factors, including positive social attitude, social facilitation, and knowledge
- Characterized by the ability to think outside the box, break away from conventional thinking patterns, and produce novel and valuable outcomes
- Divergent thinking refers to the ability to generate multiple ideas, possibilities, or solutions in response to a given problem or stimulus
- Encouraged by respecting students' views, leading them to novel thinking, satisfying their anxieties, and providing an enriched learning environment
Teaching-Learning Materials
- Audio-Video (AV) aids are tools used to enhance learning by combining visual and auditory elements
- Guiding principles for selecting AV aids: relevance, availability, and usability
- Facilitate a multi-sensory learning experience by engaging both sight and hearing
- Examples of AV aids: videos, slides, audio recordings, photographs, diagrams, charts, graphs, maps, posters, and slides
Transfer of Learning
- Role of parents in supporting their child's education at home
- Encouraging independence in completing school activities fosters a sense of responsibility, self-efficacy, and autonomy in the child
- Early experiences of independence contribute to the child's confidence and positive attitude towards learning
Lesson Planning
- Requires probing questions from previous knowledge, prior experience, and subject knowledge
- Characterized by being written, precise, and well-organized
- Helps teachers identify adequate content, utilize available time, and develop insights about students' learning needs and abilities
- Importance of flexibility and elasticity in lesson planning
Teacher Training
- In-service training programs are essential for education improvement
- Composed of various workshops, seminars, and activities that integrate new classroom techniques and practices
- Helps teachers keep up-to-date with current concepts, thinking, and research in their field
- Ensures enhanced work performance, motivation, and professionalism
Induction
- Process of providing training and support during the first few years of teaching or the first year in a particular school
- Includes mentoring, assistance in planning, professional development, and evaluation
- Empowers individual teachers' knowledge, skills, and expertise
Teaching Skills
- Questioning: an essential action in teaching, used to test previous knowledge, promote critical thinking, and encourage solution-based thinking
- Group Dynamics: implies the interactive psychological relationship in which members develop a common perception based on feelings and emotions
- Key features: cooperation, healthy communication, and proper interaction among group members
- Communication: effective and essential for the teaching and learning process, characterized by empathy, patience, and sincerity
Language Acquisition and Learning
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Language is a symbolic, rule-governed system shared by a group of people to express their thoughts and feelings
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Language development takes place through language acquisition and language learning in a child
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A new language can be easily acquired from the environment### Language Acquisition
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Natural acquisition of a language occurs through constant exposure to the language in a natural setting, such as interacting with classmates, teachers, and community members.
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This form of language learning is often referred to as language acquisition.
Challenges of Teaching English
- Errors can occur when learners fail to master a language, and they can be grammatically incorrect words, phrases, sentences, or structures.
- Types of errors include:
- Lexical Errors: using incorrect words or phrases.
- Spelling Errors: errors in spelling during writing.
- Structural Errors: errors in sentence structure while speaking or writing.
- Grammatical Errors: errors in grammar rules.
Disabilities/Disorders
- Learning disabilities can affect language acquisition, including:
- Aphasia: language impairment affecting reading comprehension or speech production.
- Dyscalculia: difficulty with math.
- Dyspraxia: difficulty with movement, coordination, judgment, processing, memory, and other cognitive skills.
- Dyslexia: difficulty with reading or spelling.
- Dysgraphia: difficulty with writing, including spelling, poor handwriting, and organizing thoughts.
- Hyperlexia: exceptional reading ability, but with difficulty understanding verbal usage.
- Autism: neurological disorder characterized by atypical language development and social interaction difficulties.
- ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder): neurological disorder affecting attention, behavior, and social interaction.
- BDD (Body Dysmorphic Disorder): excessive worry about bodily flaws.
- Cerebral Palsy: neurological disorder affecting muscular coordination.
Remedial Teaching
- Remedial teaching involves targeted instructions and interventions to help students overcome academic deficiencies or learning difficulties.
- The purpose of remedial teaching is to:
- Eliminate ineffective habits.
- Provide additional help to learners.
- Teach language items not properly learned.
- Stimulate learners' interest in learning.
- Provide practical experiences and guidance to overcome problems.
Minimizing the Influence of the Mother Tongue
- The mother tongue can influence language acquisition, and minimizing its influence can be done by providing inputs from the target language in a simple and graded manner.
- Linguistic problems can arise when students have grown up immersed in their mother tongue and may find it difficult to learn a new language.
Language Skills
- Language teaching involves various activities, including listening, reading, writing, and other forms of writing.
- Dictogloss is a language teaching activity that involves listening and writing skills, where students reconstruct a text in their own words.
- Dictation is a technique to train pupils to listen carefully, concentrate, and retain spoken information.
Evaluating Language Proficiency
- Assessment is a systematic process of evaluating an individual's knowledge, skills, abilities, or performance in a specific area.
- Types of assessment include:
- Peer assessment: students evaluate each other's work.
- Self-assessment: students evaluate their own learning progress.
- Feedback: information provided to students about their performance to guide improvement.
- Reading assessment: evaluating students' reading skills, comprehension, and understanding of written material.
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Description
Learn about the different approaches to teaching, including the play way method introduced by H.Caldwell Cook. Understand how to plan and present lessons effectively.
