Taxonomy: Domains and Kingdoms

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Questions and Answers

What is taxonomy?

The science of classifying organisms.

What are the 8 classification groups (taxa)?

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

What are the 3 domains?

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya.

What are the 6 kingdoms?

<p>Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.</p>
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Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What are extremophiles?

<p>Organisms that thrive in extreme environments.</p>
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Describe the Domain Bacteria.

<p>Domain Bacteria contains the kingdom Bacteria. Organisms in this domain are prokaryotic and unicellular.</p>
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Bacteria have cell walls that contain peptidoglycan.

<p>True (A)</p>
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What are cyanobacteria?

<p>Autotrophic (photosynthetic) bacteria.</p>
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Which 4 kingdoms does Domain Eukarya contain?

<p>Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Animalia.</p>
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What types of organisms are found in Kingdom Protista?

<p>Eukaryotic organisms that do not fit into the kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, or Animalia.</p>
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Describe the general characteristics of protists.

<p>Most are unicellular, but some are multicellular. They can be plant-like (algae), animal-like (protozoa), or fungus-like (slime molds, water molds).</p>
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What type of organism caused the Irish potato famine?

<p>Water mold (a type of protist).</p>
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Describe Kingdom Fungi.

<p>Organisms with cell walls made of chitin. Most are multicellular (like mushrooms and molds), but some are unicellular (like yeasts).</p>
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What are unicellular fungi called?

<p>Yeast.</p>
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What defines the Domain Eukarya?

<p>It is a classification level that includes organisms with complex eukaryotic cells.</p>
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Describe Kingdom Plantae.

<p>A group of multicellular, autotrophic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose.</p>
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Describe Kingdom Animalia.

<p>A kingdom characterized by multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that lack cell walls.</p>
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What is binomial nomenclature?

<p>A two-part system for naming organisms, consisting of a genus name and a species name.</p>
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What is the correct format for writing a scientific name?

<p>The name is typed in italics, with the genus name capitalized and the species name in lowercase.</p>
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How is a scientific name typically abbreviated?

<p>By using the first letter of the genus name followed by a period and the full species name, all in italics.</p>
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What is the biological definition of a species?

<p>A group of organisms that look similar and have the ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.</p>
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What is systematics?

<p>The science of classification that aims to understand the evolutionary relationships among organisms.</p>
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What is phylogeny?

<p>The study or construction of the evolutionary history and relationships of organisms.</p>
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What is cladistics?

<p>A method of classifying organisms based on their evolutionary history, focusing on shared derived traits.</p>
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What is a phylogenetic tree?

<p>A branching diagram that visually represents the inferred evolutionary relationships among various organisms.</p>
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What are clades in a phylogenetic tree?

<p>Branches of the phylogenetic tree that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants.</p>
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What is divergence in an evolutionary context?

<p>The process where two similar species or populations gradually become more different over time.</p>
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What is a derived trait?

<p>A trait that appears in a specific lineage (clade) but was not present in its ancestors; it is shared by all members of that clade.</p>
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What is convergence (or convergent evolution)?

<p>The independent evolution of similar traits or features in species from different lineages.</p>
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What is baraminology?

<p>The study of life based on the concept of 'created kinds' (baramins), integrating genetics and physical features from a creationist perspective.</p>
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What does 'creation week' refer to in the context of classifying life?

<p>It refers to the biblical account detailing the creation of the first individuals of each 'kind' of organism.</p>
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What is speciation?

<p>The evolutionary process by which new biological species arise.</p>
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What are analogous structures?

<p>Structures in different species that have the same function but evolved independently and do not share a common ancestor.</p>
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What are evolutionary models used for in classification?

<p>They serve as frameworks to classify organisms based on proposed evolutionary relationships and history.</p>
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How can genetic analysis be used to classify organisms?

<p>By comparing DNA or protein sequences, scientists can determine evolutionary relationships and refine classifications.</p>
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What is meant by 'descriptive names' in taxonomy?

<p>Scientific names that often provide information about the characteristics of the organism.</p>
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What is taxonomy?

<p>The science of classifying organisms.</p>
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List the 8 classification groups (taxa) in order.

<p>Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.</p>
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Which of the following are the three domains of life?

<p>Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya (C)</p>
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List the six kingdoms of life.

<p>Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.</p>
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Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What term describes Archaea's ability to thrive in extreme environments?

<p>Extremophiles</p>
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Describe the basic characteristics of organisms in the Domain Bacteria.

<p>Domain Bacteria contains kingdom bacteria. Bacteria are prokaryotic and unicellular.</p>
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Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan.

<p>True (A)</p>
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What are autotrophic (photosynthetic) bacteria called?

<p>Cyanobacteria</p>
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Which kingdoms belong to the Domain Eukarya?

<p>Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia (D)</p>
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Which kingdom contains eukaryotic organisms that do not fit neatly into the Fungi, Plantae, or Animalia kingdoms?

<p>Kingdom Protista</p>
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What are some general characteristics of protists?

<p>Most are unicellular, but some are multicellular. They may be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like.</p>
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What type of organism, belonging to the protists, caused the Irish potato famine?

<p>Water mold</p>
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What are the key characteristics of Kingdom Fungi?

<p>Their cell walls are made of chitin. Most are multicellular, but some are unicellular.</p>
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What are unicellular fungi commonly called?

<p>Yeast</p>
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What defines the Domain Eukarya?

<p>It is a classification level that includes organisms with complex cells containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.</p>
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Describe the main characteristics of organisms in Kingdom Plantae.

<p>They are multicellular, autotrophic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose.</p>
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What defines Kingdom Animalia?

<p>It is characterized by multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that lack cell walls.</p>
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What is binomial nomenclature?

<p>A two-part system for naming organisms using a genus name and a species name.</p>
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How is a formal scientific name typically formatted?

<p>It is typed in italics, with the genus name capitalized and the species name in lowercase.</p>
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How is an abbreviated scientific name written?

<p>The first letter of the genus is followed by a period and the full species name, all italicized.</p>
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What defines a species?

<p>A group of organisms that look similar and have the ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.</p>
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What is systematics?

<p>The science of classification that attempts to show evolutionary relationships between organisms.</p>
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What does phylogeny refer to?

<p>The construction of the evolutionary history of organisms.</p>
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What is cladistics?

<p>A method of reclassifying organisms based primarily on their shared evolutionary history.</p>
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What is a phylogenetic tree?

<p>A branching diagram that shows supposed evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities.</p>
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What are clades in the context of a phylogenetic tree?

<p>Branches of the phylogenetic tree that include all the descendants of a single evolutionary ancestor.</p>
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Define divergence in an evolutionary context.

<p>The process where two similar species or populations gradually become more different over time.</p>
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What is a derived trait?

<p>A trait that appears within a specific clade (group of organisms) and is shared by all subsequent members of that clade, but not found in the common ancestor.</p>
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What is convergence in evolution?

<p>The independent evolution of similar traits or features in species that are not closely related (dissimilar species).</p>
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What is baraminology?

<p>The study of life based on the concept of created kinds, aiming to integrate genetics and physical features within a creationist framework.</p>
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What does 'creation week' refer to in the context of origins?

<p>The biblical account describing the creation of the first representatives of each kind of organism.</p>
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How is speciation described in some models?

<p>The process by which new species arise, sometimes described as potentially occurring rapidly.</p>
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What are analogous structures?

<p>Structures in different species that have the same function but evolved separately and do not share a common ancestor.</p>
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What are evolutionary models used for in biology?

<p>They are frameworks used to classify organisms based on hypothesized evolutionary relationships and common ancestry.</p>
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What is an example of how genetic analysis is used in classification?

<p>Determining that pandas belong to the bear family.</p>
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What is the purpose of descriptive names in biology, such as Staphylococcus aureus?

<p>These names often provide information about the characteristics of the organisms, such as shape, arrangement, or appearance.</p>
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What is taxonomy?

<p>The science of classifying organisms.</p>
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What are the 8 major classification groups (taxa) in order?

<p>Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.</p>
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What are the 3 domains of life?

<p>Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya.</p>
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What are the 6 kingdoms of life?

<p>Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.</p>
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Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What are extremophiles, and which domain are they often associated with?

<p>Extremophiles are organisms that thrive in extreme environments (like high temperature, salinity, or acidity). They are often associated with the domain Archaea.</p>
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Describe the key characteristics of the Domain Bacteria.

<p>Domain Bacteria includes the kingdom Bacteria. These organisms are prokaryotic (lacking a nucleus) and unicellular.</p>
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Bacteria typically have cell walls containing peptidoglycan.

<p>True (A)</p>
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What are cyanobacteria?

<p>Autotrophic (photosynthetic) bacteria.</p>
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Which 4 kingdoms are contained within the Domain Eukarya?

<p>Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Animalia.</p>
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How is Kingdom Protista generally defined?

<p>It contains eukaryotic organisms that do not fit neatly into the other three eukaryotic kingdoms (Fungi, Plantae, Animalia).</p>
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Describe the general characteristics of protists.

<p>Most are unicellular, though some are multicellular. They can be plant-like (autotrophic), animal-like (heterotrophic), or fungus-like (decomposers).</p>
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What type of organism caused the Irish potato famine?

<p>A water mold (a type of protist).</p>
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What are the key characteristics of Kingdom Fungi?

<p>They have cell walls made of chitin and are mostly multicellular, though some are unicellular. They are heterotrophic, typically decomposers.</p>
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What is the common name for unicellular fungi?

<p>Yeast.</p>
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What fundamental characteristic defines organisms within the Domain Eukarya?

<p>They possess complex cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (eukaryotic cells).</p>
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Describe the key characteristics of Kingdom Plantae.

<p>They are multicellular, autotrophic (photosynthetic) organisms with cell walls made of cellulose.</p>
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Describe the key characteristics of Kingdom Animalia.

<p>They are multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that lack cell walls.</p>
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What is binomial nomenclature?

<p>A two-part system for naming organisms, consisting of a genus name and a species name.</p>
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How is a formal scientific name typically written or typed?

<p>It is typed in italics, with the genus name capitalized and the species name in lowercase.</p>
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How is a scientific name typically abbreviated after its first use?

<p>The first letter of the genus is used, followed by a period and the full species name, written in italics.</p>
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What defines a species?

<p>A group of organisms that look similar and have the ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.</p>
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What is systematics?

<p>The science of classification that aims to organize life forms based on their evolutionary relationships.</p>
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What is phylogeny?

<p>The study or construction of the evolutionary history and relationships among groups of organisms.</p>
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What is cladistics?

<p>A method of classification that groups organisms based on shared derived characteristics, aiming to reconstruct their evolutionary history.</p>
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What is a phylogenetic tree?

<p>A branching diagram that visually represents the hypothesized evolutionary relationships among various organisms.</p>
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What are clades in the context of a phylogenetic tree?

<p>Branches of the phylogenetic tree that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants.</p>
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What is divergence in evolutionary terms?

<p>The process where two similar species (or populations) accumulate differences over time, eventually becoming distinct species.</p>
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What is a derived trait in cladistics?

<p>A trait that appears within a specific clade but was not present in its older ancestors, shared by all subsequent members of that clade.</p>
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What is convergence in evolution?

<p>The independent evolution of similar traits or features in species that are not closely related.</p>
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What is baraminology?

<p>The study of life based on the concept of 'created kinds' (baramins), attempting to classify organisms within the framework of biblical creation.</p>
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In the context of baraminology, when were the first organisms of each kind thought to have appeared?

<p>During the creation week, as described in the biblical account of creation.</p>
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What is speciation?

<p>The evolutionary process by which new biological species arise.</p>
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What are analogous structures?

<p>Structures in different species that have the same function but evolved independently and do not share a recent common ancestor.</p>
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What are evolutionary models used for in biology?

<p>They are frameworks used to classify organisms based on their hypothesized evolutionary relationships and history.</p>
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How is genetic analysis used in classifying organisms?

<p>By comparing DNA or RNA sequences, scientists can determine evolutionary relationships and classify organisms.</p>
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What is meant by 'descriptive names' in taxonomy?

<p>Scientific names that often provide information about the organism's characteristics, origin, or discoverer.</p>
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Flashcards

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms.

Taxa

The 8 classification groups: Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

Domains

The three broad categories of life: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya.

Kingdoms

The six major divisions: Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

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Peptidoglycan

Archaea lack this substance in their cell walls.

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Extremophiles

Organisms that thrive in extreme conditions, often belonging to Archaea.

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Domain Bacteria

A domain containing prokaryotic and unicellular organisms; also a kingdom.

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Peptidoglycan in Bacteria

Bacteria's cell walls contain this substance.

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Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria capable of producing oxygen.

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Domain Eukarya

Domain that includes organisms with complex cells and membrane-bound organelles.

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Kingdom Protista

Kingdom of diverse organisms that don't fit into other eukaryotic kingdoms.

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Characteristics of Protists

Diverse characteristics; may be unicellular or multicellular, plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like.

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Irish Potato Famine

A disease caused by water mold and led to widespread famine in Ireland.

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Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom with cell walls made of chitin; mostly multicellular but some are unicellular.

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Unicellular Fungi

Single-celled fungi are commonly called?

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Domain Eukarya

Classification level that contains organisms with complex cells.

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Kingdom Plantae

Multicellular, autotrophic organisms with cellulose cell walls.

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Kingdom Animalia

Multicellular, heterotrophic organisms lacking cell walls.

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Binomial nomenclature

Naming system that includes a genus name and a species name.

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Scientific name

The formal, two-part name of an organism, written in italics with the genus capitalized.

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Abbreviated scientific name

A shortened version of the scientific name, with the first letter of the genus.

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Species

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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Systematics

Classification science showing evolutionary relationships.

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Phylogeny

The construction of evolutionary history.

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Cladistics

Reclassifying organisms acccording to evolutionary history.

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Phylogenetic tree

Shows evolutionary relationships among organisms.

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Clades

Phylogenetic branches include all descendants of an ancestor.

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Divergence

Two similar species becoming more different over time.

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Derived trait

Trait shared by all clade members.

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Convergence

Similar traits evolve in dissimilar species.

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Baraminology

Study of life based on created kinds.

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Creation week

Biblical account of organism design.

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Speciation

New species arise.

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Analogous structures

Same function but evolved separately

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Evolutionary models

Classify based on evolutionary relationships

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Genetic analysis

Classify organisms' genetic classification

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Descriptive names

Characteristics of the names organisms

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what are the 8 classification groups?

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

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what are the 3 domains?

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

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What are the 6 kingdoms?

Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

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Study Notes

  • Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms.
  • Taxa are the eight classification groups: Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

Domains

  • There are three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Kingdoms

  • Six kingdoms include: Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Domain Archaea

  • Lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
  • Extremophiles, thriving in extreme environments.

Domain Bacteria

  • Contains the kingdom Bacteria.
  • Prokaryotic and unicellular.
  • Possess cell walls containing peptidoglycan.
  • Cyanobacteria are autotrophic (photosynthetic).

Domain Eukarya

  • Includes four kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
  • Includes organisms with complex cells.

Kingdom Protista

  • Contains organisms that do not fit into other eukaryotic kingdoms.
  • Most are unicellular, but some are multicellular.
  • Protists may be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like.
  • Water mold caused the Irish potato famine.

Kingdom Fungi

  • Cell walls are made of chitin.
  • Most are multicellular, but some are unicellular.
  • Unicellular fungi are known as yeast.

Kingdom Plantae

  • Consists of multicellular, autotrophic organisms.
  • Cell walls are made of cellulose.

Kingdom Animalia

  • Composed of multicellular, heterotrophic organisms.
  • Lack cell walls.

Binomial Nomenclature

  • A system for naming organisms using a genus name and a species name.
  • The scientific name is the formal name of an organism, typed in italics with the genus capitalized.
  • The abbreviated scientific name uses the first letter of the genus followed by a period and the full species name, italicized.
  • A species is a group of organisms that look the same and can produce fertile offspring.

Systematics, Phylogeny and Cladistics

  • Systematics classifies organisms and attempts to demonstrate evolutionary relationships.
  • Phylogeny is constructing the evolutionary history of organisms.
  • Cladistics reclassifies organisms based on their evolutionary history.
  • A phylogenetic tree is a diagram showing supposed evolutionary relationships among organisms.
  • Clades are branches of the phylogenetic tree containing all descendants of an evolutionary ancestor.
  • Divergence is the process of similar species becoming more different over time.
  • A derived trait arises within a clade and is shared by all future members of that clade.
  • Convergence is the evolution of similar traits in dissimilar species.

Baraminology and Creation

  • Baraminology studies life based on created kinds, integrating genetics and physical traits.
  • Creation week refers to the biblical account of the creation of the first of each kind of organism.
  • Speciation is the process by which new species arise, and is described as a 'speedy' process.
  • Analogous structures have the same function but evolved separately.

Classification

  • Evolutionary models classify organisms based on evolutionary relationships.
  • Genetic analysis classifies organisms, such as determining pandas belong to the bear family.
  • Descriptive names provide information about the characteristics of the organisms, for example, 'Staphylococcus aureus'.

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