Taxonomy and Viruses

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Questions and Answers

The taxonomic hierarchy in order is?

Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species

List the three domains of life.

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

What are the six kingdoms of life?

Eubacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

<p>Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a node on a cladogram represent?

<p>A common ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cladograms?

<p>Evolutionary relationships based on shared derived characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are traits in the same clade?

<p>Derived characteristics inherited from a common ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are viruses living organisms?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the two viral replication cycles.

<p>Lytic cycle (immediate replication, destroys host cell) and lysogenic cycle (viral DNA integrates into host DNA and stays dormant before activation).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can a virus contain both DNA and RNA?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a bacteriophage?

<p>A virus that infects bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first discovered plant virus?

<p>Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is concerning about the Influenza virus?

<p>Mutates quickly and causes respiratory infections, including seasonal outbreaks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the shapes of bacteria.

<p>Cocci (spherical), Bacilli (rod-shaped), Spirilla (spiral).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom contains multicellular decomposers?

<p>Fungi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom contains autotrophic organisms?

<p>Plantae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes animals from other kingdoms?

<p>They are multicellular, heterotrophic, and lack cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

<p>Overuse and misuse of antibiotics, leading to natural selection of resistant bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does pesticide resistance develop?

<p>Through natural selection—only the resistant insects survive and reproduce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the theory of evolution?

<p>Charles Darwin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define descent with modification.

<p>Species change over time due to inherited traits from common ancestors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the four principles of natural selection.

<p>Variation, Overproduction, Adaptation, Descent with Modification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is survival of the fittest?

<p>Organisms best suited to their environment survive and reproduce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of natural selection?

<p>Peppered moths—darker moths became more common in polluted areas because they were better camouflaged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are homologous structures?

<p>Structures with similar anatomy but different functions (e.g., human arm and bat wing).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define vestigial structures.

<p>Body parts that have lost their original function (e.g., human appendix).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does embryology relate to evolution?

<p>Similar embryos suggest a common ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does molecular biology relate to evolution?

<p>Similar DNA and proteins indicate evolutionary relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

<p>Large population, no mutations, no natural selection, random mating, no gene flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Write out the Hardy-Weinberg equation.

<p>p² + 2pq + q² = 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how to calculate q from a recessive trait.

<p>If 9% of a population has a recessive trait (q² = 0.09), then q = √0.09 = 0.3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how to calculate p from q

<p>If q = 0.3, then p = 1 - 0.3 = 0.7.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Taxonomic Hierarchy

A system for classifying organisms from broad (domain) to specific (species).

Three Domains of Life

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya; the highest level of classification.

Six Kingdoms of Life

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles.

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Node on a Cladogram

Represents a common ancestor on a cladogram.

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Cladograms

Diagrams showing evolutionary relationships based on shared characteristics.

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Traits in the Same Clade

Traits inherited from a common ancestor within the same evolutionary group.

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Viruses as Living Organisms

No, because they require a host to reproduce and lack metabolic processes.

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Viral Replication Cycles

Lytic cycle (immediate replication and cell destruction) and lysogenic cycle (dormant phase).

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Genetic Material in Viruses

Either DNA or RNA, but never both within the same virus particle.

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Bacteriophage

A virus specifically targeting and infecting bacteria.

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First Discovered Plant Virus

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

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Influenza Virus

A virus that mutates quickly and causes respiratory infections, including seasonal outbreaks.

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Shapes of Bacteria

Cocci (spherical), Bacilli (rod-shaped), Spirilla (spiral).

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Kingdom of Multicellular Decomposers

Fungi

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Kingdom of Autotrophic Organisms

Plantae

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Distinguishing Animals From Other Kingdoms

They are multicellular, heterotrophic (consume food), and lack cell walls.

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Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria

Due to overuse of antibiotics, resistant bacteria are naturally selected.

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Pesticide Resistance Development

Only the resistant insects survive pesticide application and reproduce, passing on resistance.

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Theory of Evolution Developer

Charles Darwin

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Descent with Modification

Species change over time due to inherited traits from common ancestors.

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Four Principles of Natural Selection

Variation, Overproduction, Adaptation, and Descent with Modification.

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Survival of the Fittest

Organisms best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

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Example of Natural Selection

Darker moths becoming more common in polluted areas due to better camouflage.

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Homologous Structures

Structures with similar anatomy but different functions (e.g., human arm and bat wing).

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Vestigial Structures

Body parts that have lost their original function (e.g., human appendix).

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Embryology and Evolution

Similarities in embryos suggest a common ancestor.

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Molecular Biology and Evolution

Similar DNA and proteins indicate evolutionary relationships.

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Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Large population, no mutations, no natural selection, random mating, and no gene flow.

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Hardy-Weinberg Equation

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

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Study Notes

  • Taxonomic hierarchy organizes life from broad to specific: Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species.
  • The three domains of life include Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
  • The six kingdoms of life are Eubacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
  • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells possess both.
  • A node on a cladogram represents a common ancestor.
  • Cladograms depict evolutionary relationships based on shared derived characteristics.
  • Traits in the same clade are derived characteristics inherited from a common ancestor.
  • Viruses are not considered living organisms because they cannot reproduce independently and lack metabolic processes.
  • Viral replication cycles include the lytic cycle, which involves immediate replication and destruction of the host cell, and the lysogenic cycle, where viral DNA integrates into the host DNA, remaining dormant before activation.
  • Viruses contain either DNA or RNA, but never both, as their genetic material.
  • A bacteriophage is a virus that specifically infects bacteria.
  • The Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) was the first plant virus discovered.
  • The influenza virus mutates rapidly, causing respiratory infections and seasonal outbreaks.
  • Bacteria exhibit three primary shapes: cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilla (spiral).
  • Fungi belong to the kingdom of multicellular decomposers.
  • Plantae is the kingdom of autotrophic organisms.
  • Animals are distinguished from other kingdoms by being multicellular, heterotrophic, and lacking cell walls.
  • Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, leading to natural selection of resistant bacteria.
  • Pesticide resistance develops through natural selection, where only resistant insects survive and reproduce.
  • Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution.
  • Descent with modification describes species changing over time due to inherited traits from common ancestors.
  • The four principles of natural selection are Variation, Overproduction, Adaptation, and Descent with Modification.
  • Survival of the fittest refers to organisms best suited to their environment surviving and reproducing.
  • Peppered moths exemplify natural selection, with darker moths becoming more prevalent in polluted areas due to better camouflage.
  • Homologous structures have similar anatomy but different functions, such as a human arm and a bat wing.
  • Vestigial structures are body parts that have lost their original function, like the human appendix.
  • Similar embryos suggest a common ancestor, highlighting the role of embryology in understanding evolution.
  • Similar DNA and proteins indicate evolutionary relationships, playing a key role in molecular biology and evolution.
  • Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium include a large population, no mutations, no natural selection, random mating, and no gene flow.
  • The Hardy-Weinberg equation is p² + 2pq + q² = 1.
  • To calculate q from a recessive trait, take the square root of the proportion of the population with the recessive trait.

    Example

    • If 9% of a population has a recessive trait (q² = 0.09), then q = √0.09 = 0.3.
  • To calculate p from q, subtract q from 1 (p = 1 - q).

    Example

    • If q = 0.3, then p = 1 - 0.3 = 0.7.

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