Questions and Answers
How did Aristotle classify organisms?
either plants or animals
What is the science of naming and classifying organisms?
Taxonomy
What are organisms in a classification system called?
Taxon
What is the two-part scientific naming system that uses Latin words?
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How are scientific names/species names always written?
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What are the two parts of a scientific name?
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What does the first part of a scientific name represent?
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What is the second part of a scientific name?
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Who developed the scientific naming system that is still used today?
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How many levels does Linnaeus' system have?
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What happens as the levels progress from kingdom to species?
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What are the levels in Linnaeus' System?
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What doesn't Linnaeus' system account for?
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What is the Linnaean system based on?
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What is the way of organizing organisms in the context of evolution?
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What do phylogenetic trees show?
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What is the study of appearance/how organisms are structured?
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What is evidence from the past called?
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What do differences among animal phyla indicate?
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What do chromosomes include?
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What classification is based on common ancestry?
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What does phylogeny refer to?
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What is an evolutionary tree made using cladistics called?
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What is a group of species that shares a common ancestor called?
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What are traits shared in different degrees by clade members?
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What do nodes represent in cladistics?
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What are the six kingdoms used today?
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What is the Three Domain System?
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What are cells without a nucleus called?
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What are cells with a nucleus and organelles surrounded by membranes called?
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What are organisms that make their own food called?
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What are organisms that get energy by consuming other organisms called?
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What is a one-celled organism called?
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What is an organism made of many cells called?
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What is a polysaccharide made by joining glucose molecules together that makes plants sturdy?
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What describes the domain Bacteria and kingdom Eubacteria?
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What is a polymer made of sugars and amino acids found outside the cell membrane in the cell wall of some bacteria?
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Study Notes
Taxonomy and Classification Overview
- Aristotle classified organisms into two groups: plants and animals.
- Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms.
- A taxon refers to organisms that are grouped in a classification system.
Binomial Nomenclature
- Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system using Latin words.
- Scientific names are written in italics.
- A scientific name consists of a genus name and a species identifier.
Genus and Species
- Genus is the first part of a scientific name, capitalized, and represents one or more closely related species.
- Species identifier is the second part of a scientific name, always written in lowercase, and cannot stand alone.
Historical Classification System
- Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still in use today, which has seven levels of classification.
- The classification levels, from broadest to most specific, are: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
- As one moves from kingdom to species, levels become increasingly specific.
- Linnaeus' system does not account for molecular evidence and is based on physical similarities rather than genetic relationships.
Evolutionary Context
- Systematics organizes organisms in the context of evolution.
- Phylogenetic trees visually represent inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms.
- Morphology studies the structure and appearance of organisms.
- Fossil evidence provides insights into organisms from the past.
- Embryological patterns of development reveal differences among animal phyla early in development.
Molecular Evidence
- Chromosomes and macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins contribute to classification.
- Cladistics classifies organisms based on common ancestry, organizing species based on derived characters.
- A cladogram illustrates evolutionary trees using cladistic methods.
- A clade consists of species that share a common ancestor, and nodes represent the most recent common ancestors.
Kingdoms and Domains
- There are six kingdoms recognized today: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.
- The three-domain system classifies life into Bacteria (Eubacteria), Archaea (Archaebacteria), and Eukarya (Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia).
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, and they include unicellular organisms like bacteria (Eubacteria with peptidoglycan in cell walls).
- Eukaryotes are cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, often multicellular.
- Autotrophs produce their own food, while heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
- Organisms can be unicellular (single-celled) or multicellular (made of many cells).
Plant Cell Structure
- Cellulose is a polysaccharide formed from glucose, providing structural support in plant cells.
Characteristics of Domains
- DOMAIN: Bacteria includes unicellular prokaryotes with cell walls containing peptidoglycan, capable of being autotrophic or heterotrophic.
- DOMAIN: Archaea comprises unicellular prokaryotes living in extreme environments, lacking peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
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Description
Test your knowledge on taxonomy and the classification of organisms with this quiz. From Aristotle's classifications to binomial nomenclature, this quiz covers fundamental concepts in biology. Perfect for students studying life sciences!