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Questions and Answers
Which kingdom does not have a cell wall and consists of multicellular organisms?
What is the correct order of writing a scientific name?
Which of the following is a source of the specific epithet in microbial nomenclature?
What distinguishes species from strains in bacterial taxonomy?
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Which classification system uses serological and genetic analysis primarily?
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What does the prefix 'Strepto-' in Streptococcus pyogenes refer to?
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How many main eukaryotic kingdoms are recognized in the classification system?
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Which taxonomic rank is mainly defined by a collection of organisms sharing similar patterns of traits?
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Which of the following kingdoms includes organisms that are primarily unicellular and lack a nucleus?
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What is the primary purpose of taxonomy in microbiology?
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Which of the following statements about evolution in microorganisms is true?
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What mnemonic can be used to remember the levels of classification in taxonomy?
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In phylogenetics, what is the primary method used to study evolutionary relationships among organisms?
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Which domain of life includes organisms that are known to thrive in extreme conditions?
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Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to modern scientific nomenclature?
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Which characteristics are used to classify viruses in microbiology?
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What term describes a culture derived from a single parent that shows slight differences in structure or metabolism compared to other cultures of that species?
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Which of the following is a characteristic unique to Archaea?
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Which domain of life includes organisms adapted to extreme habitats such as high salinity and temperature?
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In bacterial taxonomy, what classification scheme is primarily based on genetic information?
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Which classification group is characterized by using sexual spores as a basis for classification?
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The major groups of protozoans are classified based on which criteria?
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Which kingdom includes organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular and have a complex cellular structure?
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What is the primary method of motility for organisms classified under Mastigophora?
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Study Notes
Taxonomy
- Taxonomy is the science of classifying living organisms
- It's used to show similarities between organisms and help identify them
- Carl von Linné is credited with the formal system of taxonomy
Five Kingdoms
- Living organisms are classified into five kingdoms
- Kingdom Monera: includes bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes)
- Protista: single-celled eukaryotes
- Fungi: a network of hyphae (eukaryotes)
- Plantae: have chlorophyll and cell walls made of cellulose
- Animalia: lack cell walls, are multicellular (eukaryotes)
Eukaryotic Kingdoms
- The four main eukaryotic kingdoms are Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
Scientific Nomenclature
- Carl von Linné created binomial (scientific) nomenclature
- Each organism has a two-part name: genus and species
- The genus name is capitalized and is a noun, the species name is lowercase and is an adjective
- Written in italics or underlined
- For example, Escherichia coli
Classification Systems in Procaryotae
- Procaryotae classification systems consider:
- Microscopic morphology: like size, gram reaction (+/-)
- Macroscopic morphology: colony appearance
- Physiological/biochemical characteristics
- Chemical analysis
- Serological analysis
- Genetic and molecular analysis
Species, Subspecies, and Strain
- Species: collection of bacterial cells with similar traits
- Strain or variety: isolated from the diseased animal
- Type: subspecies showing differences in antigenic makeup (serotype or serovar), susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type) and pathogenicity (pathotype)
Koch’s Postulate
- A set of criteria used to establish that a specific microorganism causes a specific disease
Types of Microorganisms
- Microorganisms are very diverse
- Prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea
- Eukaryotes: protozoa and fungi
- Viruses: are acellular
- Parasitic helminths are included in the study of microbiology as their infectious and diagnostic stages are microscopic
Human Pathogenic Microorganisms
- Acellular/subcellular infectious particles: viruses, prions
- Prokaryotic microorganisms: bacteria
- Eukaryotic microorganisms: fungi, protozoa
- Eukaryotic macroorganisms: helminths (parasitic worms)
Phylogeny
- The study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms
- Achieved by molecular and morphologic studies
- Groups common organisms together based on similarities and differences
- All Species Inventory: a project that aims to document every species on Earth
Evolution
- Living things change gradually over millions of years
- Changes that favor survival are retained, less beneficial changes are lost
- New species originate from preexisting species
- Closely related organisms share similar features due to common ancestry
- Evolution often progresses towards greater complexity
Taxonomy Hierarchy
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
- A mnemonic to remember the order: Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great Soup
3 Domains
- Eubacteria: true bacteria, have peptidoglycan
- Archaea: bacteria that live in extreme environments (high salt, heat, etc.)
- Eukarya: have a nucleus and organelles (humans, animals, plants)
Archaea: The Other Procaryotes
- Archaea have unique membrane lipids and cell wall construction
- Thrive in extreme habitats (extremophiles)
- Adapted to heat, salt, acid pH, pressure, and atmosphere
- Include methane producers, hyperthermophiles, extreme halophiles, and sulfur reducers
Eukaryotic Classification
- Protista: includes algae
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
Fungal Classification
- Sexual reproduction: spores are formed after fusion of male and female strains and formation of sexual structures
-
Sexual spores and spore-forming structures: basis for classification
- Zygospores: formed by the fusion of two gametes
- Ascospores: formed in sacs called asci
- Basidiospores: formed on club-shaped structures called basidia
Fungal Subkingdom Amastigomycota
- Zygomycota: form zygospores, sporangiospores, and some conidia
- Ascomycota: form ascospores and conidia
- Basidiomycota: form basidiospores and conidia
- Deuteromycota: mostly yeasts and molds, no known sexual spores, form conidia
Protozoan Classification
- Difficult to classify: due to diversity
-
Simple grouping: based on motility, reproduction, and life cycle
- Mastigophora: primarily flagellar motility, some flagellar and amoeboid
- Sarcodina: primarily amoeba, asexual by fission, mostly free-living
- Ciliophora: cilia, mostly free-living and harmless
- Sporozoa: non-motile, produce spores, parasitic
- Apicomplexa: obligate parasites of animals, have an apical complex, include Plasmodium (malaria)
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of taxonomy, the science of classifying living organisms. Learn about the five kingdoms, including Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, as well as the principles of scientific nomenclature established by Carl von Linné. Test your knowledge of how organisms are classified based on their similarities and differences.
