Biology Taxonomy and Classification
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Questions and Answers

Which kingdom does not have a cell wall and consists of multicellular organisms?

  • Animalia (correct)
  • Protista
  • Plantae
  • Fungi

    • What is the correct order of writing a scientific name?

  • Genus, Epithet
  • Species, Genus
  • Species, Epithet
  • Genus, Species (correct)

    • Which of the following is a source of the specific epithet in microbial nomenclature?

  • Name of the discoverer (correct)
  • Shape of the organism
  • Latin derivatives
  • Habitat description

    • What distinguishes species from strains in bacterial taxonomy?

    <p>Species share similar traits, while strains differ significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification system uses serological and genetic analysis primarily?

    <p>Phylogenetic classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'Strepto-' in Streptococcus pyogenes refer to?

    <p>Chains of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many main eukaryotic kingdoms are recognized in the classification system?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which taxonomic rank is mainly defined by a collection of organisms sharing similar patterns of traits?

    <p>Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following kingdoms includes organisms that are primarily unicellular and lack a nucleus?

    <p>Eubacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of taxonomy in microbiology?

    <p>To show the degree of similarities between organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about evolution in microorganisms is true?

    <p>Changes that favor survival are retained in populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mnemonic can be used to remember the levels of classification in taxonomy?

    <p>Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In phylogenetics, what is the primary method used to study evolutionary relationships among organisms?

    <p>Molecular and morphologic studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain of life includes organisms that are known to thrive in extreme conditions?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to modern scientific nomenclature?

    <p>Naming based solely on habitat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristics are used to classify viruses in microbiology?

    <p>Size and shape of viral particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a culture derived from a single parent that shows slight differences in structure or metabolism compared to other cultures of that species?

    <p>Bacterial strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic unique to Archaea?

    <p>Presence of unique membrane lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain of life includes organisms adapted to extreme habitats such as high salinity and temperature?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In bacterial taxonomy, what classification scheme is primarily based on genetic information?

    <p>Bergey's Manual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification group is characterized by using sexual spores as a basis for classification?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The major groups of protozoans are classified based on which criteria?

    <p>Method of motility and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom includes organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular and have a complex cellular structure?

    <p>Protista</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of motility for organisms classified under Mastigophora?

    <p>Flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Taxonomy

    • Taxonomy is the science of classifying living organisms
    • It's used to show similarities between organisms and help identify them
    • Carl von Linné is credited with the formal system of taxonomy

    Five Kingdoms

    • Living organisms are classified into five kingdoms
    • Kingdom Monera: includes bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes)
    • Protista: single-celled eukaryotes
    • Fungi: a network of hyphae (eukaryotes)
    • Plantae: have chlorophyll and cell walls made of cellulose
    • Animalia: lack cell walls, are multicellular (eukaryotes)

    Eukaryotic Kingdoms

    • The four main eukaryotic kingdoms are Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

    Scientific Nomenclature

    • Carl von Linné created binomial (scientific) nomenclature
    • Each organism has a two-part name: genus and species
    • The genus name is capitalized and is a noun, the species name is lowercase and is an adjective
    • Written in italics or underlined
    • For example, Escherichia coli

    Classification Systems in Procaryotae

    • Procaryotae classification systems consider:
      • Microscopic morphology: like size, gram reaction (+/-)
      • Macroscopic morphology: colony appearance
      • Physiological/biochemical characteristics
      • Chemical analysis
      • Serological analysis
      • Genetic and molecular analysis

    Species, Subspecies, and Strain

    • Species: collection of bacterial cells with similar traits
    • Strain or variety: isolated from the diseased animal
    • Type: subspecies showing differences in antigenic makeup (serotype or serovar), susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type) and pathogenicity (pathotype)

    Koch’s Postulate

    • A set of criteria used to establish that a specific microorganism causes a specific disease

    Types of Microorganisms

    • Microorganisms are very diverse
    • Prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea
    • Eukaryotes: protozoa and fungi
    • Viruses: are acellular
    • Parasitic helminths are included in the study of microbiology as their infectious and diagnostic stages are microscopic

    Human Pathogenic Microorganisms

    • Acellular/subcellular infectious particles: viruses, prions
    • Prokaryotic microorganisms: bacteria
    • Eukaryotic microorganisms: fungi, protozoa
    • Eukaryotic macroorganisms: helminths (parasitic worms)

    Phylogeny

    • The study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms
    • Achieved by molecular and morphologic studies
    • Groups common organisms together based on similarities and differences
    • All Species Inventory: a project that aims to document every species on Earth

    Evolution

    • Living things change gradually over millions of years
    • Changes that favor survival are retained, less beneficial changes are lost
    • New species originate from preexisting species
    • Closely related organisms share similar features due to common ancestry
    • Evolution often progresses towards greater complexity

    Taxonomy Hierarchy

    • Domain
    • Kingdom
    • Phylum
    • Class
    • Order
    • Family
    • Genus
    • Species
    • A mnemonic to remember the order: Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great Soup

    3 Domains

    • Eubacteria: true bacteria, have peptidoglycan
    • Archaea: bacteria that live in extreme environments (high salt, heat, etc.)
    • Eukarya: have a nucleus and organelles (humans, animals, plants)

    Archaea: The Other Procaryotes

    • Archaea have unique membrane lipids and cell wall construction
    • Thrive in extreme habitats (extremophiles)
    • Adapted to heat, salt, acid pH, pressure, and atmosphere
    • Include methane producers, hyperthermophiles, extreme halophiles, and sulfur reducers

    Eukaryotic Classification

    • Protista: includes algae
    • Fungi
    • Plantae
    • Animalia

    Fungal Classification

    • Sexual reproduction: spores are formed after fusion of male and female strains and formation of sexual structures
    • Sexual spores and spore-forming structures: basis for classification
      • Zygospores: formed by the fusion of two gametes
      • Ascospores: formed in sacs called asci
      • Basidiospores: formed on club-shaped structures called basidia

    Fungal Subkingdom Amastigomycota

    • Zygomycota: form zygospores, sporangiospores, and some conidia
    • Ascomycota: form ascospores and conidia
    • Basidiomycota: form basidiospores and conidia
    • Deuteromycota: mostly yeasts and molds, no known sexual spores, form conidia

    Protozoan Classification

    • Difficult to classify: due to diversity
    • Simple grouping: based on motility, reproduction, and life cycle
      • Mastigophora: primarily flagellar motility, some flagellar and amoeboid
      • Sarcodina: primarily amoeba, asexual by fission, mostly free-living
      • Ciliophora: cilia, mostly free-living and harmless
      • Sporozoa: non-motile, produce spores, parasitic
      • Apicomplexa: obligate parasites of animals, have an apical complex, include Plasmodium (malaria)

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of taxonomy, the science of classifying living organisms. Learn about the five kingdoms, including Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, as well as the principles of scientific nomenclature established by Carl von Linné. Test your knowledge of how organisms are classified based on their similarities and differences.

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