Questions and Answers
Who is the father of taxonomy?
Karl Vonn Linnaeus
What is systemics?
Study of diversity of animals and the evolutionary relationships between them.
What is nomenclature?
Assignment of distinct names between species.
What is a taxon?
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What does 'latin binomial' refer to?
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What is a monophyletic group?
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What is a polyphyletic group?
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What is a character in biological terms?
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What is a cladogram?
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What are derived characters?
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What are ancestral character states?
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What is a clade?
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Taxonomical groups in order: 1. ________, 2. _______, 3. ________, 4. ________, 5. ________, 6. ________, 7. ________.
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Protosomes consist of what organisms?
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Ecdysozoa consist of what organisms?
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Lophotrochozoa consist of what organisms?
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Deuterostomes consist of what organisms?
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What does symmetry describe in animals?
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What is asymmetry?
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What is radial symmetry?
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What is bilateral symmetry?
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What is cephalization?
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What is diploblastic?
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What is triploblastic?
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What does dorsal refer to?
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What does ventral refer to?
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What does anterior refer to?
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What does posterior refer to?
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What does aboral refer to?
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What does oral refer to?
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What is an acoelomate?
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What is a pseudocoelom?
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What is a coelom?
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What are some protostome characteristics?
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What are some deuterostome characteristics?
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Study Notes
Taxonomy and Classification
- Karl von Linnae is recognized as the father of taxonomy.
- Systemics involves studying the diversity of animals and their evolutionary relationships, essentially synonymous with taxonomy.
- Nomenclature refers to the distinct assignment of names to various species.
- A taxon is a grouping of animals that share common characteristics.
Naming Conventions and Groups
- Latin binomial naming utilizes the format of genus followed by species.
- Monophyletic groups consist of a most recent ancestral species and all its descendants.
- Polyphyletic groups lack the most recent common ancestors.
- Derived characters (apomorphies) are traits that have developed since the last common ancestor, while ancestral character states (plesiomorphies) are older traits retained from a common ancestor.
Cladistics and Character States
- Cladograms function as tree diagrams depicting the evolution and sequence of derived character states.
- A clade is any subset of species within a cladogram that share a common ancestor.
Taxonomic Hierarchy
- The order of taxonomical groups is: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.
Organismal Groups and Their Features
- Protosomes include Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda.
- Ecdysozoa is characterized by arthropods and nematodes.
- Lophotrochozoa includes annelids and mollusks.
- Deuterostomes comprise Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata.
Symmetry and Body Plans
- Symmetry describes the arrangement of an animal’s body parts around an axis.
- Asymmetry reflects a lack of a central point of organization.
- Radial symmetry divides an organism into multiple mirror images around a central point, while bilateral symmetry creates left and right mirror images.
- Cephalization refers to the development of a distinct head in an organism.
Tissue Organization
- Diploblastic organisms exhibit the simplest tissue-level organization.
- Triploblastic organisms have tissues formed from three embryonic cell layers.
Anatomical Orientation
- Dorsal refers to the back side of an animal.
- Ventral refers to the belly side.
- Anterior indicates the head end, while posterior refers to the tail end.
- Aboral signifies the end opposite the mouth, and oral refers to the mouth region.
Body Cavities
- Acoelomates have a solid mass of cells positioned between ectoderm and endoderm.
- Pseudocoelomates possess a body cavity that is not fully lined by mesoderm.
- Coelomates feature a body cavity completely encased by mesoderm.
Developmental Characteristics
- Protostome development is evidenced by early cleavage in the zygote, predetermined cell fate, and the presence of a trochophore larva.
- Deuterostome development is characterized by radial cleavage, late cell fate determination, and a variety of larval stages without a singular type.
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Description
Test your knowledge on taxonomy, nomenclature, and classifications of species. This quiz covers the fundamental concepts including naming conventions, monophyletic and polyphyletic groups, and the use of cladograms in understanding evolutionary relationships. Perfect for students studying biology and systematics!
