Taphonomy and Fighting Dinosaurs
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Questions and Answers

What is the first requirement for an organism to become a fossil?

  • Have a hard skeleton (correct)
  • Live in water
  • Avoid burial
  • Be part of a large group

    • What is meant by 'obruption' in the context of fossilization?

  • Rapid burial by natural disasters (correct)
  • Living in a dry environment
  • The act of scavenging
  • Slow burial over time

    • Why are gregarious habits beneficial for fossil preservation?

  • They lead to individual deaths.
  • They increase survival rates.
  • Mass death events are more likely. (correct)
  • They create competition.

    • What lifestyle choice can negatively impact an organism's chances of becoming fossilized?

    <p>Being a loner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which setting is most conducive for fossilization?

    <p>Depositional basins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two species are notably referenced in the context of the Fighting Dinosaurs?

    <p>Velociraptor mongoliensis and Protoceratops andrewsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of depositional environment is least likely to contain fossils?

    <p>Structureless sandstone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least important for the preservation of fossils?

    <p>Temperature of the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the guest lecturer in the dinosaur course?

    <p>Ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The guest lecturer has only been doing lectures for a year.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which university does the guest lecturer represent?

    <p>Mcalister College</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The guest lecturer specializes in __________ and sedimentology.

    <p>geology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What city is Mcalister College located in?

    <p>St. Paul</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their meanings:

    <p>Sedimentology = Study of sedimentary rocks Paleontology = Study of fossils Geology = Study of the Earth Fossilization = Process of forming fossils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geographical region has rocks that are described as 'dinosaur-rich'?

    <p>Alberta and Saskatchewan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ray and Michael have a working relationship spanning over 30 years.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to the natural process that transforms living organisms into fossils?

    <p>Fossilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'Tafoni' was first introduced in the 1940s.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the lecture mentioned in the discussion?

    <p>How to increase the odds of becoming a fossil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The journey that living creatures take to become fossils is referred to as a __________ journey.

    <p>taponomic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Mineralization = Process by which organic material is replaced with minerals Carbonization = Process resulting in a carbon film of an organism Impressions = Preservation of organism's shape in sediment Trackways = Fossilized trails left by moving organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the author's major during their undergraduate studies?

    <p>Paleontology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The author had heard of the term 'Tafoni' before entering graduate school.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the Canadian paleontologist mentioned in the discussion?

    <p>Peter Dodson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The author contributed to a chapter on the Tafoni of the __________.

    <p>Dinosauria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following researchers with their affiliations:

    <p>Peter Dodson = University of Pennsylvania K. Barons = Smithsonian Institution Eric Roberts = Colorado School of Mines Michael = Undisclosed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What captures the author's enthusiasm for studying fossils?

    <p>The journey of fossils over millions of years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The author believes that the manuscript for the new edition of 'The Dinosauria' is still being finalized.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of fossils did the author say they focused on, especially during their graduate studies?

    <p>Bone beds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To become a fossil, an organism must undergo a series of __________.

    <p>processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major theme does the author's lecture address regarding fossils?

    <p>Pathways to becoming a fossil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rocks did the speaker find dinosaur bones in during their master's thesis?

    <p>2 Medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dinosaur bones are rarely found in large concentrations known as bone beds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for animals that live underground?

    <p>Fossorial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When sediment carries a lot of sediment, animals in borrows may be _____.

    <p>buried</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following dinosaur characteristics with their descriptions:

    <p>Gregarious = Living in groups for protection Herbivorous = Eating plants Carnivorous = Eating meat Burrowing = Living underground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the speaker say about the size of bone beds?

    <p>They can be tens of square meters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The speaker mentions that many fossils have been eroded away and no longer exist.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique evidence did a researcher named Dave find in Montana?

    <p>Evidence of underground dwelling by small ornithopod dinosaurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dinosaurs often lived in ____ populations, similar to the herds of buffalo.

    <p>large</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What natural process is essential for the formation of fossils according to the speaker?

    <p>Burial in sediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It's suggested that a herd of Hadrosaurs can cause a burrow to collapse.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to fossorial animals during a flood?

    <p>They may drown or get buried by sediment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concentration of bones found by researchers often resembles ____ shapes.

    <p>football</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following locations with their significance in fossil discovery:

    <p>University of Montana = Where the speaker completed their master's thesis South Africa = Location of significant fossil discoveries Missouri River drainage = Potential destination for eroded dinosaur remains Peru rocks = Known for remarkable fossil finds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation was suggested to help small dinosaurs live a fossorial life?

    <p>Adapted skull for underground sensory perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carnivores tend to leave carcasses in accessible areas for other animals to feed on.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one environment where sediment is deposited and increases the chance of fossilization.

    <p>Oceans or lowland plains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dinosaurs that lived in __________ settings have a limited fossil record due to erosion of sediments.

    <p>upland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following fossilization environments with their likelihood of preserving fossils:

    <p>Oceans = High chance of fossilization Jungles = Low chance of fossilization Lowland plains = High chance of fossilization High mountains = Very low chance of fossilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions could lead to a biased fossil record?

    <p>Living in mountainous areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Green River shales are known for their record of terrestrial organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does taphonomy study in relation to fossil formation?

    <p>The processes that affect the preservation of organisms after death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vegetation and __________ in jungles make it difficult for organisms to become fossilized.

    <p>acidification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it said that dinosaurs found in lowlands might have better fossil records?

    <p>Lowlands have more frequent sediment deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fossil record provides an excellent understanding of all dinosaurs that lived during the Cretaceous period.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why the jungle environment poses difficulties for fossil preservation?

    <p>Low sediment deposition rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dinosaurs that lived in __________ likely migrated to different environments to be better preserved in the fossil record.

    <p>uplands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon contributes to a limited understanding of the history of dinosaurs in mountainous areas?

    <p>Erosion of sediments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of fossil records with their preservation environments:

    <p>Aquatic organisms = High preservation in water bodies Terrestrial dinosaurs = Limited preservation in jungles Fossils in lowlands = High chance of fossilization Fossils in uplands = Low chance of fossilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary type of skeleton suggested to be beneficial for fossilization?

    <p>Mineralized hard skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Getting buried quickly is advantageous for fossil preservation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the zone that makes fossil preservation challenging due to biological activity?

    <p>tafonomically active zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many invertebrates build skeletons from __________.

    <p>calcium carbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the mineral to the associated organism type:

    <p>Calcium phosphate = Vertebrates Calcium carbonate = Many invertebrates Silica = Sponges and tiny organisms Iron minerals = Fish and other organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributes to organisms' recovery and recycling after death?

    <p>Scavenger guilds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Abrusion refers to sediment deposited over a long period of time on a landscape.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event is typically associated with good fossil preservation due to rapid burial?

    <p>Volcanic ash, lahar, or debris flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of __________ involves organisms digging their way out of sediment.

    <p>Fugichnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do roots and fungi affect the fossilization process?

    <p>They can destroy remains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is beneficial for an organism's remains to remain above the tafonomically active zone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism is often associated with preserving fossils in marine environments?

    <p>Abrasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The trace fossil __________ is used to describe a scenario where an organism burrowed up through sediment.

    <p>Fugichnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Tafonomically Active Zone = Area where biological processes can destroy remains Abrasion = Instantaneous sediment deposition Fugichnia = Trace left by an organism escaping burial Ossification = Process of bone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of deposits did Dave study in Nebraska?

    <p>Aeolian deposits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fighting dinosaurs were found in Nebraska.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What natural phenomenon caused the dunes in Nebraska to become unstable?

    <p>Rainwater infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The layer beneath the surface of the dune that became hardened was primarily made of ______.

    <p>calcium carbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a deposit that captures an ecological snapshot of an interaction between organisms?

    <p>Instantaneous abruption event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Time-averaged deposits contain organisms that died at the same time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two factors are primarily involved in capturing the ecological snapshot of the fighting dinosaurs?

    <p>Sand and rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When sediments accumulate over time, they form a ______ deposit.

    <p>time-averaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was noteworthy about the ancient sand dunes in Western Nebraska?

    <p>They were stabilized by vegetation after being vast sand seas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Dave Loop connect the findings in Mongolia to Nebraska?

    <p>By recognizing the same sedimentary processes occurring in both locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of fossil deposits with their definitions:

    <p>Snapshot fossil deposit = An instantaneous picture of an interaction between organisms Time-averaged fossil deposit = Contains organisms that died at different times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fossil record can only provide a complete history of a single species.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sedimentary deposits in lakes may include remnants of organisms like ______, fish, and crocodiles.

    <p>turtles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following explains why snapshots in the fossil record are valuable?

    <p>They offer insight into ecological interactions at specific moments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example given of a biological transport agent?

    <p>Hyenas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most organisms are buried after death.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dinosaurs were described as being difficult to move post mortem?

    <p>Sauropods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process where remains are moved from their original location after death is known as __________ transport.

    <p>post mortem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the dinosaur groups with their characteristics:

    <p>Sauropods = Largest dinosaurs, hard to transport Theropods = Bipedal carnivorous dinosaurs Armoured dinosaurs = Dinosaurs with protective features Small dinosaurs = Easier to move post mortem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potentially affects the preservation of bones differently?

    <p>Water current conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dinosaurs are often entirely buried upon burial.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does flowing water with sand play in the burial of bones?

    <p>It can cause bones to become buried in sediment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only a small percentage of bones that die are __________.

    <p>buried</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor that could impact the history of a dinosaur's burial?

    <p>Transport processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of dinosaur remains can resemble modern crime scene investigations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to bones that are subjected to moving sediment?

    <p>They can become buried or obscured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A detective's work with bones is similar to a __________'s work with fossils.

    <p>paleontologist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the skeletal features with their associations:

    <p>Humorous = Large upper limb bone Skull = Head and brain area Pelvis = Supporting structure of hind limbs Femur = Thigh bone of hind limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the lecture, how effective is water in moving bones?

    <p>Not as effective as people think</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The author collects fossils in dull environments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an organism dies and is not buried effectively?

    <p>It is quickly scavenged and recycled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burial by a brution leads to disarticulation of the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to as the 'scavenger guild'?

    <p>A community of scavengers that consume dead organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organisms that die in _____ populations have a better chance of entering the fossil record.

    <p>mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor increases the likelihood of an organism's remains being fossilized?

    <p>Being part of a large herd.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evidence of recycling in fossils can only be identified through external damage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily affects the recycling process of organisms after death?

    <p>Scavenger activity and environmental conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the animals with their behavior related to fossilization:

    <p>Zebras = Die in large numbers Bison = Overwhelm scavengers Rhinos = Stay closely associated Hyenas = Consume bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of having many carcasses available for scavengers?

    <p>Many carcasses may remain untouched.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi and bacteria play no role in the recycling of dead organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ of dead organisms can lead to a significant accumulation of fossils in one area.

    <p>mass death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can researchers observe in fossils to reconstruct events of scavenging?

    <p>Tooth marks and damage to bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely outcome if a large population experiences a mass die-off?

    <p>Increased chances of fossilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chance of becoming a fossil decreases with burial effectiveness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To contribute to the fossil record, organisms need to be part of a _____ population.

    <p>gregarious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized as important when examining fossils?

    <p>Thinking critically and questioning interpretations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Fighting Dinosaurs are considered one of the largest dinosaur discoveries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of thinking does the speaker suggest applying to puzzles in the fossil record?

    <p>tafonomic thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two dinosaurs involved in the Fighting Dinosaurs discovery are the velociraptor and ___ .

    <p>protoatops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following locations with their significance:

    <p>Mongolia = Location of the Fighting Dinosaurs University of Chicago = Where the speaker completed their PhD University of Montana = Where the speaker earned their masters Northern Arizona University = Speaker's undergraduate institution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the speaker mention as a factor in their educational background?

    <p>Struggling through chemistry and statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The speaker believes that museums always represent discoveries truthfully.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tafoni and how is it interconnected with other sciences?

    <p>Tafoni is a process involving the study of fossils, linked to biology, ecology, physics, and geology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The speaker moved to Arizona for their undergraduate studies to be as far away as possible from the ___ coast.

    <p>east</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of skills gained in class with their descriptions:

    <p>Identifying dinosaurs = Ability to recognize and name different species of dinosaurs Making maps = Depicting the association of bones found at a site Critical thinking = Questioning interpretations and analysis of fossil evidence Interpreting fossilization environments = Understanding how and why fossils are preserved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the speaker initially view the discovery of the Fighting Dinosaurs?

    <p>With skepticism and doubt about its authenticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The speaker worked under various university institutions before specializing in tafoni and bone beds.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of event does the speaker describe as necessary for the simultaneous preservation of the Fighting Dinosaurs?

    <p>an abrupt burial or obruption event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The practice of questioning findings, even in strenuous events, is highlighted as important for developing a good ___ attitude.

    <p>scientific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects the speaker's educational philosophy?

    <p>Integrate knowledge from various subjects to solve problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the processes of the transition of biological remains to the rock record called?

    <p>Taphonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All specimens, whether dead clams or dinosaur bones, have a taphonomic history.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the fragmentation of a bone or shell indicate?

    <p>The cause of the breakage, such as physical impact or bite marks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of all processes that occur to an organism after death is known as __________.

    <p>taphonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Taphonomy = Study of processes after death Compression fossils = Impressions of 3D organisms Scavenging = Removal of biological remains by other organisms Lithosphere = The solid outer part of the Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of the taphonomic processes?

    <p>Vegetation Growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fossils can travel downstream in a river before being covered by sediment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of taphonomy?

    <p>The transition processes of biological remains to the fossil record.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Upon deep burial, a small mammal may be left with a __________ impression of its body due to pressure.

    <p>2-dimensional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fossils are formed when organisms are compacted into a two-dimensional representation?

    <p>Compression fossils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only large organisms have taphonomic histories.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method mentioned for determining how a shell or bone was broken?

    <p>Examining bite marks or signs of physical impact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following categories of fossils with their examples:

    <p>Compression fossils = Leaves Trace fossils = Footprints Body fossils = Dinosaur bones Impression fossils = Imprints of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that complicates the narrative of the dueling dinosaurs in Montana?

    <p>Environmental catastrophe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'dueling dinosaurs' is scientifically accurate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is taphonomy?

    <p>The study of the preservation and history of fossils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dueling dinosaurs were collected from the _________ formation.

    <p>Hell Creek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Taphonomy = Study of fossil preservation Dueling dinosaurs = Marketed specimens from Montana Environmental catastrophe = Event leading to mass burying of organisms Hell Creek = Fossil-rich geological formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated sale price of the dueling dinosaurs?

    <p>$7 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dinosaurs are a significant marketing tool for museums.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about the interaction of the 'dueling dinosaurs'?

    <p>That the dinosaurs were actively dueling when they died.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Confusion around the dueling dinosaurs is largely due to _____ conflicts.

    <p>legal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following dinosaur names with their associated characteristics:

    <p>Stegosaur = Herbivorous dinosaur Tyrannosaurus Rex = Large carnivorous dinosaur Triceratops = Three-horned dinosaur Brachiosaurus = Long-necked dinosaur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested about the positioning of the dueling dinosaurs?

    <p>They were buried side by side after an accident.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Commercial collectors played a role in the discovery of the dueling dinosaurs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mention of Tafoni signify in the context of dinosaur discovery?

    <p>It indicates the importance of understanding fossil preservation mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dueling dinosaurs have become an important source of _________ for museums.

    <p>revenue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion can be drawn about the evidence for the dueling dinosaurs?

    <p>The evidence is inconclusive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily caused the deaths of the people in Pompeii?

    <p>Suffocation from volcanic gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Volcanic ash can move corpses around significantly during a volcanic eruption.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological feature is suggested as a way to look for ancient volcanoes in Alberta?

    <p>Thick, deep layer of volcanic ash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The unique sound produced by the movement of sand in Mongolia is referred to as __________.

    <p>Singing Sands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the geological formations with their characteristics:

    <p>Volcanic ash = Fine particles that can preserve organic remains without movement. Sandy sediment = Typically mixed in river systems and can lithify. Sand dunes = Eroded structures that indicate past wind activity. Fluvial deposits = Relate to the action of rivers and streams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did volcanic ash contribute to the preservation of organisms in Pompeii?

    <p>It trapped them in their final positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of ancient fossilized sand dunes indicates past desert environments.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which geological province did the speaker mention finding evidence of volcanic activity?

    <p>Alberta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The speaker's narrative recalls how sediment layers can reveal past geological __________.

    <p>activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of the Singing Sands allows them to create a sound?

    <p>Shape of grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The geological history of the Rocky Mountains indicates they have remained unchanged through time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon observed when sand falls down the edge of a dune called?

    <p>Singing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compacted layers of ash are __________ when they are washed into river systems.

    <p>reworked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do rivers play in fossilization?

    <p>They can bury organisms in sediment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans encourage rivers to change their course for urban development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen to carcasses when a river erodes its bank?

    <p>Carcasses can fall into the river and become part of ancient river deposits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rivers today are often agents of __________ that contribute to formations like the Badlands.

    <p>erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their definitions:

    <p>Erosion = The process of wearing away rocks and soil Fossilization = The process of converting organic remains into fossils Sediment = Material deposited by water, wind, or ice Carcass = The body of a dead animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might happen during a good flood according to the discussion?

    <p>The river might readjust its course.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ancient river deposits cannot contain fossils from organisms that fell into them.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a carcass become a fossil in river deposits?

    <p>A carcass can fall into a river as the river erodes its banks, where it may become buried and fossilized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of __________ often exposes the rocks that have ancient histories in them.

    <p>surface erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible outcome if an energetic event occurs during a wrestling match in sand?

    <p>The wrestler may become buried.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rivers affect only modern landscapes and have no impact on fossil records.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What analogy is used to explain how a carcass could be rapidly buried?

    <p>An Olympic wrestler being buried under a large pile of sand during a match.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rivers are described as __________, meaning they can change their course over time.

    <p>mobile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects with their causes:

    <p>Floods = Burial of organisms Erosion = Change of river courses Sediment deposition = Fossil formation Rapid burial = Preservation of wreckage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should students primarily focus on during participation in the course activities?

    <p>Participation marks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The PowerPoints for the lectures will be posted on Mondays.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important document outside of textbooks and lectures should students read carefully?

    <p>the syllabus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The speaker noted that fossils are rarely found in __________ areas due to sediment accumulation.

    <p>highland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of environment to its characteristic regarding fossil preservation:

    <p>Lowland areas = Higher chance of fossil preservation due to sediment accumulation Highland areas = Lower chance of fossil preservation Riverbanks = Sediment flows can lead to fossils being covered Floodplains = Rich in sediment deposits suitable for fossilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was discussed regarding the interaction between dinosaurs in Mongolia?

    <p>They coexisted in a specific location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The speaker believes that Dr. Rogers's lecture schedule can cause delays in posting recordings.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary factors influencing fossilization as mentioned in the conversation?

    <p>Sediment accumulation and environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bones that are well preserved may last for __________ years.

    <p>millions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should students do if they have burning questions after class?

    <p>Contact their teaching assistant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lecturer suggested that fossils are often discovered by accident.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common misconception about finding fossils in highland areas?

    <p>That many fossils are likely found there.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of sediments mentioned in the discussion?

    <p>Sediments can flow down riverbanks to preserve fossils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ is essential in determining where fossils may be found based on sediment quality.

    <p>river system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the speaker express interest in attending?

    <p>A seminar course with Dr. Rogers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily discussed in relation to how animals become fossils?

    <p>Taphonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The speaker had previously heard about the term 'Tafoni' before entering graduate school.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the Canadian paleontologist mentioned in the discussion?

    <p>Peter Dodson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The journey to become a fossil is known as a __________ journey.

    <p>taphonomic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following researchers with their contributions:

    <p>Peter Dodson = Authored a paper on dinosaur preservation patterns K. Barons = Collaborated with the speaker on Tafoni research Eric Roberts = The speaker's first graduate student</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor improves the chances of fossil preservation?

    <p>Rapid burial under sediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bone beds consist of large concentrations of fossils.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the title of the book that the speaker is contributing to?

    <p>The Dinosauria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The third edition of 'The Dinosauria' is expected to be released by __________ University Press.

    <p>Cambridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the speaker's academic journey?

    <p>First planned to work in a different field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The speaker believes that the process of fossilization is random and unpredictable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What animal group did the speaker focus on during their master's thesis?

    <p>Dinosaurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The speaker expressed excitement upon reading a paper about __________ in dinosaur provincial park.

    <p>preservational patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms regarding fossilization to their definitions:

    <p>Impressions = Fossils formed from traces left by organisms Carbonization = Fossils formed from carbon residues Mineralization = Fossils formed when minerals replace organic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary topic of the lecture discussed in the session?

    <p>Fossils and their collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The guest lecturer has known Michael for over 20 years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the guest lecturer specialize in?

    <p>Geology and sedimentology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rocks in Alberta and Saskatchewan are described as __________ rich.

    <p>dinosaur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following geological terms with their definitions:

    <p>Geology = The study of the Earth's physical structure and substances Sedimentology = The study of sedimentary rocks and processes Fossilization = The process by which living organisms become fossils Paleontology = The study of the history of life through fossils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is McAlister College located?

    <p>St. Paul, Minneapolis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What correlation did the speaker draw about the rocks across the borders of Alberta and Saskatchewan?

    <p>The names change but the rocks are basically the same.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lecturer has not added any new content for this year's presentation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of being buried quickly by a bruchian event on fossil preservation?

    <p>Increases the chances of being preserved intact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Larger populations of organisms have a lesser chance of entering the fossil record compared to smaller populations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the recycling process that affects fossils?

    <p>Recycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an organism wants to have a better chance of becoming a fossil, it is beneficial to be part of a __________.

    <p>herd</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the organisms or situations with their implications for fossil preservation:

    <p>Buried quickly by sediment = Better preservation chances Scavengers present = Higher likelihood of decay Mass die-offs = Increased fossil record chances Single carcass = Scavengers tend to fully recycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the impact of scavenger guilds on the fossilization process?

    <p>They can overwhelm carcasses, hindering preservation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only large vertebrates contribute to the recycling of dead organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of beds or deposits often reveal significant fossil finds?

    <p>Bone beds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animals that live underground are referred to as __________.

    <p>fossorial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of organisms with their roles in the fossil ecosystem:

    <p>Carnivores = Scavengers of carcasses Bacteria = Decomposers affecting remains Fungi = Breaking down organic material Herbivores = Potential sources of mass die-offs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to small animals during the recycling process?

    <p>They are often consumed almost immediately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Having a large number of carcasses nearby can actually support the preservation of some remains.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major advantage of dying as part of a large population?

    <p>Overwhelming scavenger activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recycling evidence on fossils can include __________ marks.

    <p>tooth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following predators or scavengers with their typical behavior:

    <p>Hyenas = Bones and marrow eaters Crows = Scavengers of small animals Vultures = Feeding on remains in open areas Fungi = Decomposers of organic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for animals that live underground?

    <p>Fossorial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bone beds can contain significant concentrations of dinosaur remains.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of a flood for fossorial animals?

    <p>They may drown in their burrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When researchers discover bone beds, they think about how many dinosaurs have __________ over thousands of years.

    <p>eroded away</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following dinosaurs with their characteristics:

    <p>Hadrosaurs = Large herbivorous dinosaurs Ornithopod = Bipedal, small to medium-sized T. rex = Large carnivorous dinosaur Bison = Large herbivorous mammal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which state did the speaker begin their master’s thesis related to dinosaurs?

    <p>Montana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many fossils discovered today are the only evidence of dinosaurs that ever existed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one environmental factor that can contribute to fossil preservation.

    <p>Sediment deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A group of animals that lives together in large numbers is said to be __________.

    <p>gregarious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following researchers with their discoveries:

    <p>Dave Riccio = Evidence of underground dwelling by dinosaurs Michael = Bone beds exploration Diane = Population behavior studies Unnamed researcher = Discovery of fossils in burrows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is significant about the bone beds discovered by researchers?

    <p>They represent a vast number of dinosaurs in one location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dinosaurs were known to live in herds, similar to contemporary buffalo.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological formation is mentioned as an example where dinosaur bones were found quickly?

    <p>2 Medicine Formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bones discovered from the underground dwelling creatures often resembled __________ shapes.

    <p>football</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following places with their significance:

    <p>South Africa = Fossils preserved in burrows Montana = Location of significant dinosaur discoveries Peru = Older rocks from the Cretaceous Missouri River = Natural drainage for eroded fossils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could potentially bury an organism alive in its burrow?

    <p>Floods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step to improve the chances of becoming a fossil?

    <p>Having a hard skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is commonly found in the skeletons of vertebrates?

    <p>Calcium phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fast burial is essential for the preservation of an organism's remains.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for the zone that is active in the recycling of organic remains?

    <p>Tafonomically active zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An organism's remains are subject to __________ if they are not buried quickly.

    <p>recycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event can lead to excellent fossil preservation?

    <p>Volcanic eruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following minerals with their corresponding organisms:

    <p>Calcium carbonate = Invertebrates Silica = Sponges Calcium phosphate = Vertebrates Iron minerals = Various organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Abrasion refers to a slow sediment layer deposition process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the trace fossils left behind by organisms that dig through sediment?

    <p>Fugichnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scavengers play a role in the fossilization process.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is an immediate geological event that can bury organisms quickly.

    <p>lahar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a hard skeleton provide to an organism in terms of fossilization?

    <p>Higher survival rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical role does recycling play in ecosystems?

    <p>Health of the living world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is known as an environment where rapid burial occurs?

    <p>Marine environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of skeletons to the biological groups:

    <p>Calcium carbonate = Corals and shellfish Calcium phosphate = Fish and animals with hard bones Silica = Sponges Iron minerals = Certain microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is most likely to influence whether bones are transported post mortem?

    <p>The size of the organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most organisms that die are buried and become fossils.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What biological agent is mentioned as a factor in the transport of bones?

    <p>Hyenas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The speaker emphasizes that most bones are found _______ or at the site of death.

    <p>close</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Post mortem transport = Movement of remains after death Burial = Process of being covered by sediment Fossilization = Transformation of remains into fossils Hydraulic movement = Transport due to water flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What observation does the speaker make about the burial of smaller organisms compared to larger ones?

    <p>Larger organisms require more sediment for burial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bones can generate a scour and become buried in sediment when placed in flowing water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of investigation is compared to crime scene investigations in relation to studying dinosaur remains?

    <p>Taphonomic investigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many dinosaurs can only be _______ buried upon death due to their massive size.

    <p>partially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the discussions mentioned in the content?

    <p>The transport and burial of remains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following animal types with their characteristics:

    <p>Hyenas = Transporters of bones Sauropods = Large-bodied dinosaurs Theropods = Carnivorous dinosaurs Fossorial animals = Animals that live underground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most remains found as fossils represent organisms that were buried immediately after death.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the speaker, what element often affects the preservation of bones?

    <p>Sediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dinosaurs had a vast range of body __________, influencing their burial and preservation.

    <p>sizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the speaker argue regarding the movement of bones by surface currents?

    <p>It's often exaggerated in literature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the fighting dinosaurs found in Mongolia?

    <p>They were locked in battle during their last moments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The author believes the fighting dinosaurs were accurately portrayed in museums.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two dinosaurs are specifically mentioned in relation to the fighting dinosaurs?

    <p>velociraptor and protoatops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The author's academic journey included attending __________ for undergraduate studies.

    <p>Northern Arizona University</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following universities with the author's educational milestones:

    <p>Northern Arizona University = Undergraduate studies University of Montana = Master's studies University of Chicago = PhD studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tafonic thinking primarily concerned with?

    <p>The processes of sediment transport and burial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The speaker believes that questioning observations is an important part of scientific thinking.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What profession does the author attribute to their friend Dave Loop?

    <p>Geologist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The author describes a scenario where sedimentary conditions might chemically preserve fossils and examines their __________ properties.

    <p>physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Chemical preservation = Occurrence of fossils being slowed by chemical reactions Hydrodynamic sorting = Process where particles settle based on fluid movement Ecology in tafoni = Understanding environmental interactions within fossil contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the speaker first hear about the fighting dinosaurs?

    <p>In the early 1990s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The speaker indicates that many fossils are still preserved and widely available to study.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which state does the author hail originally?

    <p>Pennsylvania</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sand dunes is primarily discussed in the content?

    <p>Eolian sand dunes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The combination of biology, ecology, and geology and their relation to tafoni is important for understanding __________ in the fossil record.

    <p>fossilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fighting dinosaurs exhibit a time-averaged deposit of fossils.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon did Dave Loop observe in Nebraska's sand dunes?

    <p>A cemented calcium carbonate horizon that caused instability during rainfall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ecological interaction between two dinosaurs was preserved during an __________ event.

    <p>abruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Snapshot = An instantaneous capture of an event Time-averaged deposit = Fossils that accumulated over different times Eolian deposits = Sand deposits formed by wind Calcium carbonate horizon = A layer that consolidates fossil deposits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region is described as having beautiful undulating hills due to ancient sand dunes?

    <p>Western Nebraska</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dave Loop found that rainfall could cause sand dunes to become stable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ecological behavior did the fighting dinosaurs display?

    <p>One dinosaur was trying to feed on the other while the other was trying to avoid being eaten.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each year in a lake, various organisms contribute to a __________ fossil record.

    <p>time-averaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following examples to their fossil deposit types:

    <p>Late Cretaceous lake bed fossils = Time-averaged deposit Fighting dinosaurs fossil = Snapshot Sand dunes in Nebraska = Eolian deposits Fossils in a riverbed = Possible time-averaged deposit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material primarily contributes to the cementation of the horizon found in Nebraska's dunes?

    <p>Calcium carbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The content suggests that snapshots are more beneficial for understanding past environments than time-averaged deposits.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do researchers collect from ancient lake beds in Montana and Alberta?

    <p>Microvertebrate fossils and small bits of ancient organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fighting dinosaurs provide an instantaneous __________ into the ancient world.

    <p>snapshot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their meanings in fossil preservation:

    <p>Abrupt event = Rapidly burying organisms Eolian processes = Wind-driven sediment formation Ecological snapshot = Immediate view of species interaction Marine deposits = Fossils from underwater environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can cause carcasses to become fossilized in ancient river deposits?

    <p>Rapid burial by sediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary reason humans build structures along riverbanks is to allow rivers to change course freely.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What natural feature is primarily responsible for creating the Badlands topography?

    <p>Rivers and surface erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a river __________ into its banks, it may expose existing fossils or other organic remains.

    <p>erodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Erosion = Wears away soil and rock Burial = Protects remains from decay Flooding = Can change the course of rivers Sedimentary Deposits = Provide ideal conditions for fossilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen during a flood in relation to fossils?

    <p>Existing fossils may be exposed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The action of rivers is not significant in revealing ancient fossils.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of event is necessary to capture animals in the exact positions they were found?

    <p>An extremely rapid life-ending event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of environment is least likely to preserve fossils?

    <p>Mountain ranges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phenomenon of dinosaurs being found fighting is likely due to a rapid burial from __________.

    <p>sand or sediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fossils are more likely to be found in areas with sinking sediment rather than eroded sediment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from a river adjusting its course?

    <p>Destruction of habitats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation is suggested to help small dinosaurs live a fossorial life?

    <p>Specializations in their skulls and limbs for digging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following geological processes to their effects:

    <p>Erosion = Exposes fossils Burial = Helps preserve fossils Flooding = Can alter river paths Sediment deposition = Fills gaps in fossil records</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Today, rivers are often static and do not change their courses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dinosaurs that lived in __________ settings have a limited fossil record due to erosion of sediments.

    <p>upland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way humans prevent rivers from altering their paths?

    <p>Building levees or dams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following locations with their significance in fossil discovery:

    <p>Green River shales = Record of aquatic organisms from approximately 50 million years ago Milk River area = Rich in dinosaur fossils Western Interior Basin = Contains diverse fossil evidence due to sediment accumulation Utah = Known for significant dinosaur sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the sedimentary environment play in fossilization?

    <p>It determines the likelihood of organisms being buried and preserved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carcasses may fall into rivers due to __________ erosion.

    <p>bank</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fossil record is biased towards dinosaurs that lived in dense jungle environments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of living in lowland or basin areas for fossils?

    <p>Higher likelihood of sediment deposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A dinosaur that digs burrows can potentially find more sources of __________ for food.

    <p>privacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the adaptations with their functions:

    <p>Specialized skulls = Adapted for digging Sensory apparatus = Enhanced hearing underground Arms = Used for burrowing Reduced size = Facilitates movement in tight spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the likelihood of fossil formation in aquatic environments?

    <p>Rapid sediment deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the next lecture scheduled next Tuesday?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bone beds are common in areas where animals roam in large groups.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The speaker suggests that participants need to stress over getting the right answers during the quiz.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who will send a PDF of his PowerPoint for posting?

    <p>Dr. Rogers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the speaker assert a limited understanding of dinosaurs that lived in upland regions?

    <p>Because erosion reduces fossil preservation in those areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ document is considered crucial outside of textbooks for this course.

    <p>syllabus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In jungles, the likelihood of getting __________ sediment deposition on a dead organism is slim.

    <p>thick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following themes with their corresponding details:

    <p>Fossil Formation = Process of transformation of organisms into fossils Highland Deposits = Less likelihood of fossilization Fossil Record = Incompleteness due to erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the researchers with their findings:

    <p>Button and Zano = Specializations for fossorial life in small dinosaurs Dave = Unique evidence found in Montana Michael = Contributed to the discussion on sediment biases The speaker = Focused on dinosaur fossil records</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Joshua find intriguing related to fossils?

    <p>The rarity of fossils forming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The speaker discussed the abundance of fossil findings in highland areas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should students do if they have burning questions?

    <p>Drop a line to the instructor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The guest lecturer specializes in __________ and sedimentology.

    <p>fossil studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following locations with their significance:

    <p>Mongolia = Fighting Dinosaurs locality Montana = Unique fossil discoveries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be available for students later in the week?

    <p>Lecture recordings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The speaker enjoys listening to Ray talk about various topics.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the speaker describe the sediment in the locality where the 'Fighting Dinosaurs' were found?

    <p>Soft and unconsolidated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of fossilization is considered very __________.

    <p>rare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of the transition of biological remains from the living world to the rock record called?

    <p>Taphonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All fossils undergo a taphonomic history before they can be preserved.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be determined from the fragmentation of a shell or bone?

    <p>The cause of breakage, such as physical impact or bite marks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of an organism being buried may lead to the formation of __________ fossils.

    <p>compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their relevant concepts in taphonomy:

    <p>Scavenging = Removal of remains by other animals Transport = Movement of remains by water or wind Burial = Covering of remains by sediment Decomposition = Breakdown of organic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a bone when it is buried in sediment?

    <p>Subjected to compression and mineralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fossils can only be found in ancient river deposits.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause a bone to become a fossil?

    <p>Burial, sedimentation, and pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of processes that happen after an organism's death is referred to as __________.

    <p>taphonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common way for organisms to be buried in rivers?

    <p>Drowning or dying near river banks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following fossil types with their descriptions:

    <p>Compression fossils = 2D impressions of organisms Trace fossils = Footprints or burrows left by organisms Body fossils = The actual remains of an organism Mold fossils = Imprints of organisms in sediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compression fossils are formed only from leaf imprints.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological processes can affect fossilization?

    <p>Burial, pressure, temperature, erosion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term for the physical and biological processes that affect remains after death is called __________.

    <p>taphonomic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'dueling dinosaurs' as it relates to the fossils discussed?

    <p>Dinosaurs found in close association, possibly due to environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'Tafoni' is crucial for understanding the preservation of fossils.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant amount did the dueling dinosaurs of Montana reportedly sell for?

    <p>7 million dollars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ of Montana is where the dueling dinosaurs were collected.

    <p>Hell Creek formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following dinosaur specimens with their descriptions:

    <p>Dueling Dinosaurs = Specimens found in Montana with alleged ecological interaction Triceratops = Dinosaur found associated with a smaller theropod Stegosaur = Dinosaur that fetched 44 million dollars at auction Tyrannosaurus Rex = Carnivore believed to relate to Triceratops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major downside mentioned regarding dinosaur marketing?

    <p>It can overshadow scientific evidence and accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dinosaurs are not a significant draw for visitors to museums.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key taphonomic question that arises concerning the dueling dinosaurs?

    <p>Whether they died interacting or were buried together due to an environmental event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The author believes that every __________ has a taphanic history.

    <p>fossil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hypothesis was discussed regarding the poses of the bodies of the dueling dinosaurs?

    <p>They may have been washed together after dying.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The museum's exhibit implies that the evidence fully supports the idea of dueling dinosaurs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor made the sale of the dueling dinosaurs controversial?

    <p>Marketing claims of their interaction despite lack of evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fossils’ history is important for understanding the __________ they represent.

    <p>ecological interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their implications:

    <p>Marketing = Increases public interest in dinosaurs Taphonomy = Study of fossilization processes Environmental catastrophe = Possible cause of the dinosaurs’ deaths in the exhibit Erosion = Affects the fossil record negatively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary cause of death for individuals in Pompeii?

    <p>Suffocation due to volcanic gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Volcanic ash contains a lot of intrinsic energy that can move corpses around.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological evidence is looked for to identify areas of past volcanic activity?

    <p>Thick deep layers of volcanic ash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The unusual sound produced by sand in Mongolia is due to the sand's ______ edges.

    <p>sharp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the geological formations to their descriptions:

    <p>Volcanic ash = Layering found in sediment Ancient sand dunes = Fossilized formations in certain areas like Mongolia Fluvial deposits = Sediments deposited by rivers Rocky Mountains = Major mountain range adjacent to Alberta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that an area once had volcanic activity according to the lecture?

    <p>Reworked volcanic ash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sandy environments are unlikely to preserve fossils well.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological feature is mentioned in connection to Alberta?

    <p>Rocky Mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'Singing Sands' in Mongolia are known for producing a sound when the sand grains are ______.

    <p>moved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sediment preservation is primarily discussed in the lecture?

    <p>Volcanic ash preservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animals can be preserved in unconsolidated sand if the conditions are right.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the 'Hungry Sands' in Mongolia?

    <p>Great visibility from space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Cretaceous, sediment carried volcanic ash mixed with sand into ______ systems.

    <p>river</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match geological features with their specific traits:

    <p>Sand dunes = Ancient fossilized formations Volcanic residues = Evidence of past eruptions Fluvial layers = Deposits formed by flowing water Rock formations = Physical evidence of geological history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Taphonomy

    • Taphonomy is the study of how organisms become fossils.
    • Organisms must have a hard skeleton to be preserved.
    • Rapid burial is essential for fossilization, preventing decay.
    • Mass death events, such as volcanic eruptions or floods, likely contribute to the formation of fossil beds.
    • Gregarious animals (those that live in groups) are more likely to be found in fossil beds.
    • Scavengers can also be found in fossil beds, as they are often overwhelmed by a large food source.
    • Solitary animals are less likely to be fossilized.
    • Animals that dig their own burrows can also provide a place to be buried.
    • Fossil beds are often found in depositional settings, such as river basins or lake beds.

    Classic Cold Case: Fighting Dinosaurs

    • The Fighting Dinosaurs of Mongolia are a classic example of fossilized remains.
    • The fossils include a Velociraptor mongoliensis and a Protoceratops andrewsi locked in combat.
    • The fossils were discovered in 1971 in the Djadokhta Formation in the Southern Gobi.

    Fossil Formation in a Depositional Setting

    • The Fighting Dinosaurs were found in a specific depositional setting.
    • The area was once part of a large dune field with sand dunes and sand sheets.
    • The sandstone layers suggest the area was exposed to fluctuating water levels.
    • The fossil dinosaurs were found in a layer of structureless sandstone, while a layer above contained cross-stratified sandstone.
    • This indicates that the dinos were buried in a sand sheet area and the cross-stratified sandstone layer likely represents an area of dune formation.
    • The area had caliche (calcareous soil) covering the fossilized dinosaur remains: this indicates that the area was later exposed to water
    • This indicates the location was subject to alternating periods of dryness and wetness.
    • The environment that deposited the Velociraptor and Protoceratops was very likely a large coastal sand dune field, with a fluctuating climate of alternating wet and dry periods.

    Tafoni & Dinosaur Preservation

    • Tafoni is the study of the process of fossilization.

    • Dinosaur Bones can offer insights into the animal's life and death.

    • Dinosaur Size influences how easily their remains are transported after death.

    • Large Dinosaurs are harder to move, while smaller ones are easily moved by scavengers.

    • Water plays a role in burying bones, with sediment moving around and burying them.

    • Burial is crucial for preservation, but partial burial can lead to differential preservation of bones.

    • Taffonomically Active Zone (TAZ) is the area where biological activity can destroy bones.

    • Fast Burial below the TAZ increases the chances of fossilization.

    • Volcanic Ash and Debris Flows can quickly bury organisms, increasing their fossilization odds.

    • Obrusion is the rapid deposition of a sedimentary layer over a landscape, instantly burying organisms.

    • Turbidites are deep-sea deposits that can bury organisms, some capable of digging their way out and leaving trace fossils known as Fugichnia.

    • Mineralized Skeletons are more likely to survive the fossilization process.

    Fossil Preservation

    • Abrusion/Brushen: A rapid event where large amounts of sediment quickly bury organisms, preserving them intact.
    • Ashfall Fossil Beds: A site in Nebraska with well-preserved fossils, including rhinos with intact rib cages.
    • Scavengers: Animals that feed on dead organisms, can dismantle carcasses, leaving limited remains for fossilization.
    • Fossil Evidence of Scavenging: Tooth marks, beetle borings, and internal bone damage indicate the presence of scavengers.
    • Fungi & Bacteria: Microscopic organisms that contribute to the decomposition process and leave traces on bones.

    Factors Influencing Fossilization

    • Dying in a Group: Mass mortality events where numerous individuals die together increase the likelihood of fossil preservation.
    • Abundance of Dead Organisms: Scavenger guilds can be overwhelmed by large numbers of carcasses, allowing for preservation.
    • Bone Beds: Locations with concentrated fossil remains, often result from mass mortality events.
    • Erosion and Weathering: Erosion and weathering events expose bone beds and lead to discovery of fossils.

    Living in the Right Place for Fossilization

    • Fossorial Lifestyle: Organisms that live in burrows, like some dinosaurs, have an increased chance of fossilization if their burrows collapse or they drown in floods.
    • Western Interior Basin: A large area with extensive sedimentation during the Cretaceous, creating good conditions for fossilization.
    • Lowlands versus Highlands: Fossil records are biased towards lowland environments where sedimentation occurs. Highlands, with their erosion, offer fewer opportunities for fossilization.
    • Jungles: Jungles are poor environments for fossilization due to the abundance of decaying vegetation, soil acidification, and limited sediment deposition.
    • Open Ground: Open grounds and grasslands where large herds roam have a higher chance of producing fossils due to mass mortality events and sedimentation.

    Taphonomy & Fossil Record

    • Taphonomy: The study of the processes that affect an organism from death to fossilization.
    • Fossil Record Bias: The fossil record is incomplete and biased, reflecting the environmental factors that influence preservation.
    • Understanding Fossil Bias: It is crucial to acknowledge the biases in the fossil record to prevent misinterpretations of past life.

    Taphonomy

    • Taphonomy is the study of the processes that happen to a biological organism from the living world to the rock record.
    • Taphonomy refers to the transition of biological remains from the biosphere to the lithosphere.
    • Taphonomy encompasses the laws of burial, scavenging, and transport, which all affect biological remains, specifically bones, after they are buried in sediment and rock.
    • An example of taphonomy is when fluids in sediment and rock infuse minerals into bones.

    Fossil Record

    • The fossil record is a snapshot of the ancient world.
    • Two types of fossils emerge from the fossil record, snapshots and time averaged deposits.
    • Time averaged deposits are formed when organisms die at different times and accumulate in a single bed, creating a collection of fossils with an age range.

    Fighting Dinosaurs of Mongolia

    • "Fighting Dinosaurs" are a pair of velociraptor and protoceratops fossils found locked in battle in Mongolia.
    • Paleontologists initially thought the fossils were a museum reconstruction, but later determined they were a snapshot of ecological interaction captured by a sudden burial event.
    • Dave Loop, a geologist, recognized the taphonomic process of the burial event when studying similar sand dune deposits in Nebraska.
    • Loop determined the Mongolian fossils were buried due to a slump of sand from a sand dune, burying the dinosaurs.
    • Sand dunes in both Southern Mongolia and Nebraska experience a similar geological process of rainfall infiltrating sand, causing the front of the dune to collapse and bury everything in front of it.

    Dueling Dinosaurs of Montana

    • The "Dueling Dinosaurs" are a pair of articulated triceratops and tyrannosaur fossils found in Montana, that sold for millions of dollars.
    • They were discovered and collected by commercial collectors, a practice which makes it difficult to determine the taphonomy of the site and whether the dinosaurs were truly interacting ecologically.
    • The "Dueling Dinosaurs" were probably buried in a different taphonomic process than the "Fighting Dinosaurs" as they were discovered in a different geological region of Montana.
    • The "Dueling Dinosaurs" represent a marketing tool to increase museum revenue since the name "Dueling Dinosaurs" suggests a dynamic interaction between the dinosaurs.

    Marketing and Taphonomy

    • Dinosaurs are a marketing tool for museums.
    • Museums often give names that are attention-grabbing to fossils to increase revenue, even if they are not supported by scientific evidence.
    • The names and associated stories can hinder the true interpretations, but can help museums gain economic support.
    • It is important to separate the marketing from the scientific evidence.

    Tafoni and the Fossilization Process

    • Tafoni is a geological term referring to the study of the way organisms are preserved and the events that occur after their death.
    • This includes studying the transportation, burial, and preservation of fossils.
    • Ray is a professor specializing in Tafani, who is leading a lecture on the topic.
    • Ray highlights how the study of Tafoni is crucial for understanding the fossil record and interpreting the environments where fossils are found.
    • He emphasizes that the survival of an organism's remains after death and their potential to become a fossil is influenced by several factors.
    • Ray explains that organisms with hardened skeletons made of minerals like calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, silica, and even iron minerals are more likely to fossilize.
    • Ray underscores the importance of rapid burial for fossilization. The sooner an organism is covered by sediment, the less likely it is to be scavenged or decomposed by natural processes.
    • Ray discusses the "Tafonomically Active Zone" (TAZ), which is the area near the ground surface where bioturbation processes occur. These processes, such as root growth, fungal activity, and the actions of burrowing animals, can destroy or disturb fossils.
    • Ray emphasizes that burial below the TAZ significantly increases the likelihood of preservation.
    • He highlights that rapid burial events, such as volcanic ash falls, debris flows, and lahars, can effectively bury organisms and enhance their preservation potential.
    • A Lahar is a volcanic debris flow, comprised of volcanic material and water.
    • Ray introduces the term "Obrusion," which describes the deposition of a sedimentary layer rapidly on a landscape or seabed, covering existing life. This process often leads to the formation of fossil deposits.
    • Ray also mentions Turbidites, which are deep-sea deposits formed by turbidity currents.
    • Ray highlights the significance of studying the preservation and transportation of fossils, as it reveals insights into the dynamics of ancient environments and the interaction of organisms within these systems.

    Fossilization

    • Fugna is the trace of muscle fibers in sediment
    • Abrusion is the events that cause the rapid burial of organisms, which decreases chances of disarticulation and scavenging
    • Scavengers will rapidly recycle carcasses of dead animals, especially smaller ones in a few minutes
    • One of the most important factors in fossilization is dying in a herd or mass die-off
      • Large numbers of dead animals overwhelm scavengers.
      • This increases the likelihood of the bones being buried before the scavengers can eat them
    • Fossorial describes organisms that live underground, their burrows can increase chance of fossilization if collapse occurs during a flood
    • Bonebeds exist above the ground, and there may be a large amount of bone material that has eroded out of the bonebed, which could increase the chance of finding more fossils in the area

    Taphonomy

    • Taphonomy is the study of the fossilization process
    • Fossils can be analyzed to understand how they were buried and how they were scavenged
    • Location of fossils in relation to each other can provide information about the taphonomy of the site
    • Modern hyenas can carry parts of carcasses into their burrows
    • Ct scanning can reveal information about bone structure and can aid in understanding the lifestyle of extinct organisms
    • Sediment deposited in Lowlands is essential to fossilization of organisms
    • Uphill environments are less likely to have fossils, as sediment is primarily eroded, not deposited
    • We have a limited understanding of dinosaurs that lived in jungles
      • Because jungles are less likely to lead to burial with sediment

    Taphonomy and Fossils

    • Taphonomy is the study of the transition of biological remains from the biosphere to the lithosphere.
    • Taphonomy encompasses the laws of burial, scavenging, transport, and other processes that occur when remains are incorporated into the geological record.
    • Taphonomic processes can influence the preservation of fossils.

    Types of Fossil Deposits

    • Snapshots: These represent a brief moment in time, capturing ecological interactions.

      • The "Fighting Dinosaurs" of Mongolia exemplify a snapshot, where two dinosaurs, a velociraptor and a protoceratops, are preserved in a lifelike struggle, likely buried instantaneously by a sand dune slump.
      • Snapshot deposits provide valuable insights into behavior and ecological associations.

    • Time-averaged Deposits: Represent a longer timeframe, encompassing a collection of fossils accumulated over a period of hundreds or thousands of years.

      • Time-averaged deposits, such as fossils found in a lake bed, represent a community assemblage.
      • They provide evidence of past ecosystems but do not necessarily reflect contemporaneous interactions between organisms.

    The Importance of Taphonomic Interpretation

    • Dueling Dinosaurs: These specimens, two articulated dinosaurs found together, are often marketed as a battle scene.
      • However, the lack of clear evidence for an ecological interaction suggests that they were likely buried together by a separate event, such as a flood.
      • Commercial collectors often emphasize dramatic interpretations of fossil finds for profit, sometimes disregarding the scientific evidence.

    Taphonomic History

    • Every fossil has a taphonomic history, reflecting the processes it underwent from death to discovery.
    • By analyzing the condition of fossils, such as fragmentation, preservation, and bite marks, scientists can deduce the history of their burial, transport, and interactions with the environment.
    • Taphonomy is a critical tool for understanding the fossil record and accurately interpreting the ancient past.

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    Lecture 3 - Taphonomy with Dr Ray Rogers (Fall 2024)

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of taphonomy and its role in fossil preservation. This quiz discusses the conditions necessary for fossilization and highlights the iconic Fighting Dinosaurs fossil find. Test your knowledge about how organisms become fossils and what factors contribute to their discovery.

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