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Questions and Answers
What was the primary reason the European powers did not intervene to support the 'Taiwan Republic' when it declared independence?
What was the primary reason the European powers did not intervene to support the 'Taiwan Republic' when it declared independence?
- They saw no strategic advantage in intervening. (correct)
- They were actively supporting the Qing court.
- They were allied with Japan.
- They were unaware of the declaration.
The Qing court provided material support to the rebel Republic in Taiwan to resist Japanese occupation.
The Qing court provided material support to the rebel Republic in Taiwan to resist Japanese occupation.
False (B)
According to the passage, what treaty resulted in Taiwan being ceded to Japan?
According to the passage, what treaty resulted in Taiwan being ceded to Japan?
Treaty of Shimonoseki
The 'Taiwan Republic' declared independence in the hope of gaining support from ______ and France.
The 'Taiwan Republic' declared independence in the hope of gaining support from ______ and France.
Match the following events with their corresponding dates:
Match the following events with their corresponding dates:
What term is used to describe the treaties through which the Qing Dynasty ceded territory and privileges to European powers?
What term is used to describe the treaties through which the Qing Dynasty ceded territory and privileges to European powers?
The general population on mainland China was deeply disturbed by the sundering of Taiwan from the Qing Dynasty and the great-state.
The general population on mainland China was deeply disturbed by the sundering of Taiwan from the Qing Dynasty and the great-state.
How long after its partial annexation in 1684 did the Qing declare Taiwan to be a province?
How long after its partial annexation in 1684 did the Qing declare Taiwan to be a province?
What was the primary resource Nishizawa Yoshiji sought to extract from Pratas Island?
What was the primary resource Nishizawa Yoshiji sought to extract from Pratas Island?
The Qing government immediately intervened upon learning about the presence of a foreign merchant exploiting guano resources on Pratas Island.
The Qing government immediately intervened upon learning about the presence of a foreign merchant exploiting guano resources on Pratas Island.
What was the main concern of the United States regarding the activities on Pratas Island in the early 1900s?
What was the main concern of the United States regarding the activities on Pratas Island in the early 1900s?
Prior to the Haber-Bosch process, __________ was a key resource for keeping fields green in the industrialized world.
Prior to the Haber-Bosch process, __________ was a key resource for keeping fields green in the industrialized world.
Match each entity with their primary interest or action related to Pratas Island:
Match each entity with their primary interest or action related to Pratas Island:
What prompted William H. Taft to inquire about the activities occurring on Pratas Island during his visit to Shanghai?
What prompted William H. Taft to inquire about the activities occurring on Pratas Island during his visit to Shanghai?
Cuthbert Collingwood's visit to Pratas Island occurred after Nishizawa Yoshiji began guano extraction operations.
Cuthbert Collingwood's visit to Pratas Island occurred after Nishizawa Yoshiji began guano extraction operations.
Besides guano extraction, what other maritime concern was occupying the British authorities in Hong Kong around the same time as the Pratas Island incident?
Besides guano extraction, what other maritime concern was occupying the British authorities in Hong Kong around the same time as the Pratas Island incident?
What was the primary purpose of the 'National Defence Planning Commission' created in 1932?
What was the primary purpose of the 'National Defence Planning Commission' created in 1932?
Zhang's initial role in the National Defence Planning Commission involved foreign diplomacy.
Zhang's initial role in the National Defence Planning Commission involved foreign diplomacy.
What provinces were investigated by geographers, headed by Zhang, during the two-year-long investigation of the country’s northwestern frontier?
What provinces were investigated by geographers, headed by Zhang, during the two-year-long investigation of the country’s northwestern frontier?
The establishment of the 'Chinese Culture University' in Taipei aimed to:
The establishment of the 'Chinese Culture University' in Taipei aimed to:
The border between China and Russia was definitively established before the 17th century.
The border between China and Russia was definitively established before the 17th century.
In 1938, Chiang Kai-shek urged the use of geography and history as tools to spread _____________ ideology among the country’s youth.
In 1938, Chiang Kai-shek urged the use of geography and history as tools to spread _____________ ideology among the country’s youth.
What was the significance of the 1946 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship in relation to Mongolia?
What was the significance of the 1946 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship in relation to Mongolia?
Match the following events with their significance in the context of China in the 1930s:
Match the following events with their significance in the context of China in the 1930s:
What strategic concern prompted the Nanjing government to investigate the northwestern frontier provinces?
What strategic concern prompted the Nanjing government to investigate the northwestern frontier provinces?
The collaboration between geographers and the Guomindang aimed to create a national territory, or ______, both physically and mentally.
The collaboration between geographers and the Guomindang aimed to create a national territory, or ______, both physically and mentally.
The Central Training Corps was created to train geography teachers.
The Central Training Corps was created to train geography teachers.
What was the effect of the new Chinese nationalism in the early 20th century?
What was the effect of the new Chinese nationalism in the early 20th century?
According to Chiang Kai-shek, what two subjects were crucial for the youth to know in order to fully perceive China's humiliation and restore lost territory?
According to Chiang Kai-shek, what two subjects were crucial for the youth to know in order to fully perceive China's humiliation and restore lost territory?
Match the following events with their approximate years:
Match the following events with their approximate years:
According to the content, borders and formally defined territories are:
According to the content, borders and formally defined territories are:
What action by the People's Republic of China in 1950 brought it face-to-face with India for the first time?
What action by the People's Republic of China in 1950 brought it face-to-face with India for the first time?
What action did the governor-general take regarding the Chinese-language press following rising tensions?
What action did the governor-general take regarding the Chinese-language press following rising tensions?
The Self-Government Society's revival of the anti-Japanese boycott was sanctioned and legal under the existing laws.
The Self-Government Society's revival of the anti-Japanese boycott was sanctioned and legal under the existing laws.
What type of evidence did Admiral Li Zhun primarily seek in the archives to prove Chinese ownership of islands in the South China Sea?
What type of evidence did Admiral Li Zhun primarily seek in the archives to prove Chinese ownership of islands in the South China Sea?
The Qing authorities used a book titled Record of Sea Nation Observations written by Chen Lunjiong, a general of ______ emperor, to negotiate with the Japanese about the return of the island.
The Qing authorities used a book titled Record of Sea Nation Observations written by Chen Lunjiong, a general of ______ emperor, to negotiate with the Japanese about the return of the island.
Match the figures/entities involved in the Pratas Island negotiation with their roles:
Match the figures/entities involved in the Pratas Island negotiation with their roles:
What was the primary reason the Japanese government was willing to negotiate over the fate of Pratas Island?
What was the primary reason the Japanese government was willing to negotiate over the fate of Pratas Island?
The guano operation on Pratas Island was immediately and successfully taken over and managed by the Guangdong provincial authorities.
The guano operation on Pratas Island was immediately and successfully taken over and managed by the Guangdong provincial authorities.
How much compensation did the governor-general agree to initially pay Nishizawa in exchange for abandoning his activities on Pratas Island?
How much compensation did the governor-general agree to initially pay Nishizawa in exchange for abandoning his activities on Pratas Island?
Why did the translation of 'bank' and 'shoal' into 'tan' contribute to the South China Sea dispute?
Why did the translation of 'bank' and 'shoal' into 'tan' contribute to the South China Sea dispute?
The 1935 map of the South China Sea explicitly marked clear boundary lines indicating China's territorial claims.
The 1935 map of the South China Sea explicitly marked clear boundary lines indicating China's territorial claims.
What was the significance of naming Macclesfield Bank as Nansha ('southern sands')?
What was the significance of naming Macclesfield Bank as Nansha ('southern sands')?
The Chinese name Tuan translates as 'area of ______'.
The Chinese name Tuan translates as 'area of ______'.
What was Bai Meichu's role in the South China Sea dispute?
What was Bai Meichu's role in the South China Sea dispute?
What possible interpretation was there for the title Zhongguo nanhai ge daoyu tu?
What possible interpretation was there for the title Zhongguo nanhai ge daoyu tu?
Match the following locations in the South China Sea with their translated Chinese names.
Match the following locations in the South China Sea with their translated Chinese names.
In 1935, both the committee and the Chinese government were fully prepared to stake a firm claim to the Spratly Islands.
In 1935, both the committee and the Chinese government were fully prepared to stake a firm claim to the Spratly Islands.
Flashcards
Treaty of Shimonoseki
Treaty of Shimonoseki
Treaty that ceded Taiwan and the Pescadore Islands to Japan in 1895.
Taiwan Republic (1895)
Taiwan Republic (1895)
Short-lived independent state declared in Taiwan to resist Japanese rule after the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
Qing's Response to Taiwan
Qing's Response to Taiwan
Lack of assistance from the Qing court to the Taiwan Republic against Japanese forces.
Qing's View of Taiwan
Qing's View of Taiwan
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Binding Treaties for Qing
Binding Treaties for Qing
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Qing's Territorial Losses
Qing's Territorial Losses
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Taiwan as 'Dangerous Frontier'
Taiwan as 'Dangerous Frontier'
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Taiwan Becomes a Province
Taiwan Becomes a Province
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Chinese Culture University
Chinese Culture University
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Borders/Territories
Borders/Territories
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Chinese Nationalism
Chinese Nationalism
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New Colonialism
New Colonialism
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Geographers’ role
Geographers’ role
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Lingtu
Lingtu
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Republic of China & Mongolia
Republic of China & Mongolia
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China's Maritime Claim
China's Maritime Claim
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National Defence Planning Commission
National Defence Planning Commission
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Zhang's textbook mission
Zhang's textbook mission
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Zhang's frontier investigation
Zhang's frontier investigation
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Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, and Qinghai
Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, and Qinghai
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Geography and History
Geography and History
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Central Training Corps
Central Training Corps
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Restore lost territory definition
Restore lost territory definition
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Chiang's Hankou Speech (1938)
Chiang's Hankou Speech (1938)
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Vernacular Press Ban
Vernacular Press Ban
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Anti-Japanese Boycott
Anti-Japanese Boycott
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Pratas Islands Negotiation
Pratas Islands Negotiation
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South China Sea Evidence Hunt
South China Sea Evidence Hunt
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Record of Sea Nation Observations
Record of Sea Nation Observations
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Japanese Acceptance of Evidence
Japanese Acceptance of Evidence
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Pratas Sovereignty Payment
Pratas Sovereignty Payment
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Guano Extraction Contract
Guano Extraction Contract
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Cuthbert Collingwood
Cuthbert Collingwood
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Guano
Guano
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Haber-Bosch process
Haber-Bosch process
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Nishizawa Yoshiji
Nishizawa Yoshiji
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Pratas Naval Base Rumors
Pratas Naval Base Rumors
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William H. Taft
William H. Taft
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Qing Empire
Qing Empire
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Piracy Problem (Hong Kong)
Piracy Problem (Hong Kong)
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Tan (滩)
Tan (滩)
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Haima Tan
Haima Tan
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Zengmu Tan
Zengmu Tan
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Qianwei Tan
Qianwei Tan
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Impact of 'Tan' Mistranslation
Impact of 'Tan' Mistranslation
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Zhongguo nanhai ge daoyu tu
Zhongguo nanhai ge daoyu tu
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Nansha ('Southern Sands')
Nansha ('Southern Sands')
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Bai Meichu
Bai Meichu
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Study Notes
- In 1895, Li Hongzhang ceded Taiwan and the Pescadore Islands to Japan through the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
- The acting governor of Taiwan declared independence as the "Taiwan Republic" to avoid Japanese rule, seeking support from Britain and France.
- The Taiwan Republic collapsed within eleven days due to lack of European support, but resistance against Japanese forces persisted for five more months.
- The Qing court explicitly banned support for the rebel Republic, deeming Taiwan not worth risking further conflict with Japan.
- The Qing court accepted international treaties and relinquished rights to Taiwan, which did not become a major cause for concern among the general population in mainland China.
- In 1895, the mainland's relationship with Taiwan was described as "semi-detached."
- Taiwan was only declared a province in 1885, two centuries after its partial annexation in 1684.
- After losing Taiwan, Qing officials ignored developments on the island, similar to how they ceded land to Russia and allowed European powers to establish micro-colonies.
- In response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, Zhang became a founding member of the "National Defence Planning Commission" in 1932.
- The commission advised on strategic issues like military preparedness and the economy.
- Zhang was responsible for preparing geography textbooks to instill national values in the youth, emphasizing the need to protect China's territorial integrity.
- In 1934, Zhang led a two-year investigation of China's northwestern frontier (Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, and Qinghai), to determine if surrounding provinces might try to break away.
- The Nanjing government wanted to formulate a plan for the economic development of the region to more closely connect it to the heartland.
- By 1937 Japanese forces had captured Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing.
- Chiang Kai-shek advocated using geography and history to spread Guomindang ideology among the youth.
- In 1938, Chiang called for an emphasis on history and geography education to stimulate citizens' patriotic spirit and restore lost territory, such as Taiwan.
- Borders and territories are modern, European inventions imposed on Asian elites.
- Chinese nationalists wanted to be a "normal country" equal to industrial powers.
- They chose to exert a Chinese claim over a multi-ethnic domain, leading to a new form of colonialism by expanding "Han" Chinese rule.
- Geographers' maps and textbooks created support for this project, generating a fear of loss and humiliation that still influences Chinese policy today.
- The Republic of China formally recognized Mongolia's independence in 1946, following a referendum.
- The border between China and Russia was settled in 2008, and between Guangxi province and Vietnam in 2009.
- Tibet was forcibly incorporated into the People's Republic of China in 1950.
China's Invention of a Maritime Claim
- The lesson provides a historical background of China's maritime claim and of her errors, which instead of having been rectified were rather reinforced by Chinese officials
- In 1867, British naturalist Cuthbert Collingwood found Pratas Island was occasionally visited by Chinese fishermen and contained a dilapidated wooden temple.
- Pratas Island was rich in guano, attracting Japanese entrepreneur Nishizawa Yoshiji in 1907 to extract it for fertilizer.
- Western newspapers reported a possible naval base construction on Pratas, raising concerns from the Americans, especially given its proximity to the Philippines.
- Despite insisting the island belonged to the Qing Empire, officials did nothing about the guano theft.
- British authorities in Hong Kong addressed piracy, and the Self-Government Society revived anti-Japanese boycotts.
- To resolve the Pratas issue, the Japanese government agreed to negotiate if the Qing authorities could prove ownership.
- The search for evidence of island ownership in the South China Sea became a nationalist cause.
- Admiral Li Zhun searched archives and found a reference to the island in Chen Lunjiong's book "Record of Sea Nation Observations" (1735–1796).
- The Qing authorities presented the century-old book as evidence, which the Japanese accepted, provided Nishizawa was compensated.
- After compensating Nishizawa, the Guangdong provincial authorities contracted his firm to restart guano extraction due to their lack of knowledge.
- The committee translated both into Chinese as
tan, which has the ambiguous translation of ‘sandbank’, a feature that might be above or below water. - Erroneous translation of ‘bank’ and ‘shoal’ turned underwater features into islands in the Chinese imagination, leading to harassment.
- The Review Committee printed a map of the South China Sea with new names in April 1935.
- The map, titled "Map of China's Islands in the South Sea" or "Map of Islands in the South China Sea," did not mark boundaries or indicate territorial claims.
- The Spratlys were named Tuansha, vaguely translating as ‘area of sand,’ in 1935 though no claims were made to them then.
- Bai Meichu, born in 1876 in Hebei province, played a significant role in China's claim to islands far from its shores.
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Description
Explore the 'Taiwan Republic's' declaration of independence and the Qing Dynasty's response. Understand the reasons for the lack of European intervention and the treaties involved. Examine the historical context and key events.
