Podcast
Questions and Answers
ما هو تعريف الفرضية
ما هو تعريف الفرضية
الفرضية هي المبادئ الأولية أو المسلمات التي يسلم العقل بصحتها ولكن لا يستطيع البرهنة على صحتها مباشرة
ما هي أنواع الفرضيات المطروحة لحل المشكلة
ما هي أنواع الفرضيات المطروحة لحل المشكلة
• الفرض العلمي، الفرض العملي
ما هو الفرق بين الفرض العلمي والفرض العملي
ما هو الفرق بين الفرض العلمي والفرض العملي
•الفرض العلمي هو فرض يحتمل التجريب ويتناول تحديد مدى صلاحية النظرية أو صحتها. • الفرض العملي هو فكرة تقترح حل مشكلة معينة وتستخدم في تطبيقات عملية
ما هي شروط الفرضيات الجيدة؟(مهم يجي)
ما هي شروط الفرضيات الجيدة؟(مهم يجي)
Signup and view all the answers
على ماذا تبنى الفرضيات
على ماذا تبنى الفرضيات
Signup and view all the answers
- ما أهمية الفرضية في البحث العلمي
- ما أهمية الفرضية في البحث العلمي
Signup and view all the answers
كيف يمكن تفسير الفروض في البحث العلمي
كيف يمكن تفسير الفروض في البحث العلمي
Signup and view all the answers
- ما هي عملية اختيار الفروض؟أو اختبار (مهم جدا)يجي
- ما هي عملية اختيار الفروض؟أو اختبار (مهم جدا)يجي
Signup and view all the answers
ما هي الطرق لمعرفة ما إذا كانت الفروض التي توصلت صحيحة
ما هي الطرق لمعرفة ما إذا كانت الفروض التي توصلت صحيحة
Signup and view all the answers
ما أهمية الفرض الإجرائي في البحث العلمي
ما أهمية الفرض الإجرائي في البحث العلمي
Signup and view all the answers
ما أهمية الفرض الإجرائي في البحث العلمي
ما أهمية الفرض الإجرائي في البحث العلمي
Signup and view all the answers
- ما هو “إطار البحث” وما دوره في البحث العلمي
- ما هو “إطار البحث” وما دوره في البحث العلمي
Signup and view all the answers
ما هي العناصر الأساسية لخطة البحث
ما هي العناصر الأساسية لخطة البحث
Signup and view all the answers
- ما هو الغرض من “الدراسات السابقة” في البحث
- ما هو الغرض من “الدراسات السابقة” في البحث
Signup and view all the answers
ما هو دور المراجع في البحث
ما هو دور المراجع في البحث
Signup and view all the answers
ما هي الخطوات التنفيذية الواجب إجراؤها في البحوث العلمية لحل المشكلة
ما هي الخطوات التنفيذية الواجب إجراؤها في البحوث العلمية لحل المشكلة
Signup and view all the answers
كيف يمكن تحديد المشكلة العلمية بشكل بسيط
كيف يمكن تحديد المشكلة العلمية بشكل بسيط
Signup and view all the answers
ما هو دور الفرض في البحث العلمي
ما هو دور الفرض في البحث العلمي
Signup and view all the answers
ما هي الأهداف التي يجب تحديدها في البحث
ما هي الأهداف التي يجب تحديدها في البحث
Signup and view all the answers
اذكر مثالاً لتطبيق خطوات البحث
اذكر مثالاً لتطبيق خطوات البحث
Signup and view all the answers
ما هو تعريف المنهج الوصفي في البحث العلمي
ما هو تعريف المنهج الوصفي في البحث العلمي
Signup and view all the answers
- ما هو تعريف المنهج الوصفي في البحث العلمي
- ما هو تعريف المنهج الوصفي في البحث العلمي
Signup and view all the answers
ما هو الفرق بين المنهج الوصفي والمنهج التجريبي
ما هو الفرق بين المنهج الوصفي والمنهج التجريبي
Signup and view all the answers
ما هو دور التحليل الإحصائي في البحوث العلمية
ما هو دور التحليل الإحصائي في البحوث العلمية
Signup and view all the answers
ما هو دور المنهج الوصفي في البحث العلمي
ما هو دور المنهج الوصفي في البحث العلمي
Signup and view all the answers
ما هي فائدة استخدام المنهج الوصفي في حالات الأمراض الوبائية
ما هي فائدة استخدام المنهج الوصفي في حالات الأمراض الوبائية
Signup and view all the answers
ما هي المجالات التي يساهم فيها المنهج الوصفي
ما هي المجالات التي يساهم فيها المنهج الوصفي
Signup and view all the answers
كيف يتم استخدام المنهج الوصفي في دراسة الآفات الزراعية
كيف يتم استخدام المنهج الوصفي في دراسة الآفات الزراعية
Signup and view all the answers
ما هو تعريف المنهج التجريبي
ما هو تعريف المنهج التجريبي
Signup and view all the answers
- ما هي أهمية المنهج التجريبي في البحث العلمي
- ما هي أهمية المنهج التجريبي في البحث العلمي
Signup and view all the answers
- ما هي العلاقة بين الملاحظة والتجربة في المنهج التجريبي
- ما هي العلاقة بين الملاحظة والتجربة في المنهج التجريبي
Signup and view all the answers
ما هي أدوات البحث في المنهج التجريبي
ما هي أدوات البحث في المنهج التجريبي
Signup and view all the answers
تعريف التجربه
تعريف التجربه
Signup and view all the answers
ما هي أهداف التجربة
ما هي أهداف التجربة
Signup and view all the answers
تعريف المتغيرات
تعريف المتغيرات
Signup and view all the answers
هناك نوعين من التجربه او تقسم إلى قسمين
هناك نوعين من التجربه او تقسم إلى قسمين
Signup and view all the answers
ما الفرق بين التجربة البسيطة والتجربة المركبة
ما الفرق بين التجربة البسيطة والتجربة المركبة
Signup and view all the answers
لماذا يكون من الصعب تكرار التجربة المركبة بدقة
لماذا يكون من الصعب تكرار التجربة المركبة بدقة
Signup and view all the answers
أنواع التجارب من حيث موقع الإجراء
أنواع التجارب من حيث موقع الإجراء
Signup and view all the answers
ما هو مفهوم العينة (Sample) في البحث العلمي او المنهج التجريبي
ما هو مفهوم العينة (Sample) في البحث العلمي او المنهج التجريبي
Signup and view all the answers
العينات الخاصه بالمنهج التجريبي إلى نوعين او قسمين
العينات الخاصه بالمنهج التجريبي إلى نوعين او قسمين
Signup and view all the answers
ما هو الفرق بين العينة العشوائية (Random Sample) والعينة العشوائية المنتقاة (Random Selected Sample)
ما هو الفرق بين العينة العشوائية (Random Sample) والعينة العشوائية المنتقاة (Random Selected Sample)
Signup and view all the answers
- ما هي العينة المركبة (Composite Sample)
- ما هي العينة المركبة (Composite Sample)
Signup and view all the answers
العينات المنحازة
العينات المنحازة
Signup and view all the answers
ما هو الخطأ في التجارب العلمية
ما هو الخطأ في التجارب العلمية
Signup and view all the answers
ما هو الفرق بين الخطأ المطلق والخطأ النسبي(مهم جدا جاي بالامتحان )
ما هو الفرق بين الخطأ المطلق والخطأ النسبي(مهم جدا جاي بالامتحان )
Signup and view all the answers
ما هو الخطأ العشوائي (random error)
ما هو الخطأ العشوائي (random error)
Signup and view all the answers
ا هي الطرق الأساسية لتقليل الخطأ في التجارب العلمية
ا هي الطرق الأساسية لتقليل الخطأ في التجارب العلمية
Signup and view all the answers
ما هو دور التكرار (repeating) في الحصول على نتائج دقيقة
ما هو دور التكرار (repeating) في الحصول على نتائج دقيقة
Signup and view all the answers
ما هي أهمية البحوث التطبيقية (مهم)
ما هي أهمية البحوث التطبيقية (مهم)
Signup and view all the answers
ما هي الفروق بين البحوث الأساسية والبحوث التطبيقية
ما هي الفروق بين البحوث الأساسية والبحوث التطبيقية
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Hypothesis Definition
- A hypothesis is an educated guess or proposed explanation for a phenomenon. It is a testable statement that can be supported or refuted through research.
Types of Hypotheses
- Null hypothesis: States that there is no relationship between variables or that a treatment has no effect.
- Alternative hypothesis: Proposes that there is a relationship between variables or that a treatment has an effect.
Scientific vs. Practical Hypothesis
- Scientific hypothesis: Is based on scientific principles and is tested using scientific methods.
- Practical hypothesis: Is based on practical observations and is tested in a real-world setting.
Characteristics of Good Hypotheses
- Testable: Can be verified or falsified through experimentation or observation.
- Specific: Clearly defines the variables being studied and the relationship between them.
- Measurable: Variables are quantifiable and results can be analyzed statistically.
- Relevant: Addresses a meaningful research question.
Hypothesis Building Blocks
- Observations: Direct experience or data that prompts a question.
- Previous research: Existing knowledge that informs the hypothesis.
- Theory: An established framework that provides a context for the hypothesis.
Importance of Hypothesis in Scientific Research
- Direction: Provides a framework for research and guides the investigation.
- Focus: Helps to narrow the scope of research and concentrate on specific variables.
- Evaluation: Provides a standard for evaluating the results of the research.
Understanding Hypothesis
- Deductive reasoning: Starts with a general theory and applies it to a specific situation.
- Inductive reasoning: Starts with specific observations and uses them to develop a general theory.
Hypothesis Selection and Testing
- Literature review: Review existing research to identify gaps and formulate a hypothesis.
- Operational definition: Define variables in a measurable way.
- Experimental design: Develop a plan to test the hypothesis, controlling for potential confounding factors.
- Data analysis: Use statistical methods to analyze the data and determine whether the hypothesis is supported or rejected.
Importance of Procedural Hypothesis
- Operationalize variables: Transform abstract concepts into measurable variables.
- Guide data collection: Specifies how data will be collected and analyzed.
- Ensure replicability: Allows others to replicate the study and verify the findings.
Research Framework
- Conceptual framework: The overarching theoretical model guiding the research.
- Theoretical framework: The theoretical underpinnings used to explain the phenomenon being studied.
Elements of a Research Plan
- Research question: The central issue that the research aims to answer.
- Hypothesis: A testable prediction about the relationship between variables.
- Methodology: The procedures used to collect and analyze data.
- Timeline: A schedule for completing the research.
Purpose of Literature Review
- Context: Provide background information and identify current knowledge gaps.
- Theoretical framework: Identify relevant theories and frameworks.
- Research methods: Learn about established research methods and techniques.
Role of References in Research
- Credibility: Demonstrate the reliability and validity of the research.
- Transparency: Acknowledge sources of information and ideas.
- Avoid plagiarism: Properly cite sources to give credit to others work.
Steps for Solving Research Problems
- Identify the problem: Clearly define the research question.
- Formulate a hypothesis: Develop a testable prediction.
- Design the research: Develop a plan for collecting and analyzing data.
- Collect data: Gather information through observation, surveys, or experiments.
- Analyze data: Use statistical tests to determine the significance of findings.
- Draw conclusions: Interpret the results and answer the research question.
- Communicate findings: Publish or present the results of the research.
Identifying Research Problems
- Practical problems: Issues that arise in daily life or professional practice.
- Theoretical problems: Gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed.
- Social problems: Issues that affect society as a whole.
Role of Hypothesis in Research
- Focus: Sets clear research objectives and guides the investigation.
- Testability: Provides a framework for evaluating the results of the research.
- Direction: Helps to determine what data needs to be collected and analyzed.
Research Objectives
- Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound (SMART):
- Descriptive objectives: Aim to describe the characteristics of a phenomenon.
- Explanatory objectives: Aim to explain relationships between variables.
- Predictive objectives: Aim to predict future events or outcomes.
Example of Research Process
- Problem: The effectiveness of a new teaching method.
- Hypothesis: The new teaching method will lead to improved student performance.
- Methodology: Experimental design with control and experimental groups.
- Data collection: Student scores on standardized tests.
- Data analysis: Statistical comparison of test scores between groups.
- Conclusions: Determine whether the hypothesis is supported.
Descriptive Research
- Describes: Observes and records information about a phenomenon, without manipulating variables.
- Focuses on: Characteristics, trends, and patterns.
- Examples: Surveys, case studies, observational studies.
Descriptive vs. Experimental Research
- Descriptive research: Observes and describes phenomena without manipulating variables.
- Experimental research: Manipulates variables and measures their effect on an outcome.
Role of Statistical Analysis in Research
- Data interpretation: Helps to make sense of collected data.
- Identify patterns: Reveals relationships between variables.
- Validate hypothesis: Determine whether the results support the hypothesis.
Role of Descriptive Research
- Describe: Identify patterns and trends in populations or phenomena.
- Understanding: Gain insight into different aspects of a given phenomenon.
- Foundation for further research: Provides information for developing hypotheses and designing future studies.
Advantages of Descriptive Research in Epidemics
- Identify patterns: Track the spread of diseases and identify risk factors.
- Understand disease burden: Determine the impact of the epidemic on populations.
- Inform public health interventions: Develop strategies to prevent and control the disease spread.
Applications of Descriptive Research
- Social sciences: Understanding social trends and behaviors.
- Health sciences: Investigating health outcomes and risk factors.
- Education: Evaluating teaching methods and student performance.
Using Descriptive Research to Study Agricultural Pests
- Population distribution: Determine the geographic spread of pests.,
- Life cycle: Understand the stages of pest development.
- Impact on crops: Assess the damage caused by pests and estimate economic losses.
Experimental Research
- Manipulates: Controls and varies variables to observe their effects on outcomes.
- Tests hypotheses: Provides evidence for or against a hypothesis.
- Examples: Clinical trials, laboratory experiments, field experiments.
Importance of Experimental Research
- Cause and effect: Identifies the relationship between variables.
- Testable predictions: Provides evidence for or against hypotheses.
- Advancement of knowledge: Contributes to the understanding of phenomena.
Observation and Experimentation
- **Observation: ** Carefully watch and record data on a specific phenomenon.
- Experimentation: Manipulate variables to test specific hypotheses.
- Relationship: Observation informs experiment design and experimentation provides evidence for or against an initial observation.
Tools of Experimental Research
- Instruments: Devices used to measure variables (e.g., thermometers, scales).
- Materials: Substances used in the experiment (e.g., chemicals, plants).
- Techniques: Methods used to manipulate variables and collect data.
- Procedures: Detailed instructions for carrying out the experiment.
Experiment Definition
- A carefully controlled procedure used to test a hypothesis and determine the cause-and-effect relationship between variables.
Goals of Experimentation
- Test a hypothesis: Determine if the hypothesis is supported or refuted.
- Isolate variables: Control for extraneous factors to identify the specific effect of a variable.
- Establish cause and effect: Determine if manipulating one variable causes a change in another.
- Provide evidence-based conclusions: Reach scientifically valid conclusions based on the experimental data.
Variables in an Experiment
- Independent variable: The variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher.
- Dependent variable: The variable that is measured or observed in response to changes in the independent variable.
Types of Experiments
- Simple experiment: Involves only one independent variable and one dependent variable.
- Complex experiment: Involves more than one independent variable or more than one dependent variable.
Simple vs. Complex Experiments
- Simple: Limited scope, easier to control, less complex data analysis.
- Complex: Broader scope, more difficult to control, more complex data analysis.
Challenges of Replicating Complex Experiments
- Multiple variable interactions: Difficult to isolate the effect of each variable on the outcome.
- Control of confounding variables: More difficult to control extraneous factors that may affect the results.
- Data analysis: More complex data analysis required.
Types of Experiments Based on Location
- Laboratory experiments: Conducted in a controlled laboratory setting.
- Field experiments: Conducted in a natural environment.
- Simulation experiments: Use computer models to simulate real-world conditions.
Sample (Sample)
- A subset of a population that is selected for study.
Types of Samples
- Random sample: Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
- Non-random sample: Participants are selected based on specific criteria (e.g., age, gender).
Random Sample vs. Randomly Selected Sample
- Random sample: Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
- Randomly selected sample: A specific number of participants are randomly selected from a population.
Composite Sample
- A sample made by combining multiple samples from different sources.
Biased Samples
- Represent a population where the data is disproportionate to the population or is not accurate for the population being analyzed.
Error in Experiments
- Measurement error: Any deviation between the measured value and the true value.
Absolute vs. Relative Error
- Absolute error: The difference between the measured value and the true value.
- Relative error: The absolute error expressed as a percentage of the true value.
Random Error
- Variations in the measured value that occur due to chance.
Reducing Error in Experiments
- Precision: Use instruments that have high precision to minimize measurement errors.
- Accuracy: Use instruments that are calibrated correctly to minimize systematic errors.
- Replication: Repeat the experiment multiple times to reduce random error.
- Statistical methods: Use statistical methods to analyze data and identify potential sources of error.
Importance of Replication
- Reliability: Determine if the results are consistent across multiple trials.
- Accuracy: Reduce the impact of random error and increase the accuracy of results.
- Generalizability: Determine if the findings can be generalized to other populations or settings.
Importance of Applied Research
- Practical applications: Develop solutions for practical problems.
- Real-world impact: Improve human lives and address societal challenges.
- Innovation: Drive innovation and new technologies.
Basic vs. Applied Research
- Basic research: Focuses on understanding fundamental scientific principles and developing new theories.
- Applied research: Focuses on solving practical problems and finding solutions to real-world issues.
-
Differences:
- **Goal: ** Basic research seeks to expand knowledge while applied research seeks to solve problems.
- Methods: Basic research uses experimental methods while applied research uses various methods to solve problems.
- Applications: Basic research may have theoretical application and applied research addresses a specific problem.
- Impact: Basic research often leads to future applied research while applied research leads to practical solutions.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
الامتحان من الفروض إلى الأخطاء وأنواعها والتطبيقات داخله
