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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
Which of the following is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
- To provide adequate blood flow to the tissues and organs (correct)
- To regulate blood pressure and vascular resistance
- To maintain adequate blood flow to all tissues of the body
- To maintain normal systemic arterial blood pressure
What is the goal of short-term control of the cardiovascular system?
What is the goal of short-term control of the cardiovascular system?
- Regulate blood pressure and vascular resistance
- Maintain adequate blood flow to all tissues of the body
- Growth or absorption of blood vessels
- Maintenance of cerebral and coronary blood flow (correct)
What is the goal of long-term control of the cardiovascular system?
What is the goal of long-term control of the cardiovascular system?
- To provide inadequate blood flow to the tissues and organs
- Growth or absorption of blood vessels
- Regulate blood pressure and vascular resistance
- Maintain adequate blood flow to all tissues of the body (correct)
Why do kidneys need blood flow in excess of their metabolic needs?
Why do kidneys need blood flow in excess of their metabolic needs?
What is the purpose of blood flow to the skin on some occasions?
What is the purpose of blood flow to the skin on some occasions?
Which mechanisms are used to regulate blood flow over a long time period?
Which mechanisms are used to regulate blood flow over a long time period?
What are most regulatory mechanisms designed to maintain in the short term?
What are most regulatory mechanisms designed to maintain in the short term?
What is the blood flow needed to meet in the long term?
What is the blood flow needed to meet in the long term?
Which system contains the largest volume of blood in the body?
Which system contains the largest volume of blood in the body?
What is the study of physical factors that determine the flow of blood called?
What is the study of physical factors that determine the flow of blood called?
What is the unit of measurement for blood flow?
What is the unit of measurement for blood flow?
What is the unit of measurement for blood velocity?
What is the unit of measurement for blood velocity?
What is the unit of measurement for blood pressure?
What is the unit of measurement for blood pressure?
Which system contains smaller volumes of blood compared to the venous system?
Which system contains smaller volumes of blood compared to the venous system?
What is the primary function of hemodynamics?
What is the primary function of hemodynamics?
What is blood flow defined as?
What is blood flow defined as?
What is blood velocity defined as?
What is blood velocity defined as?
Which equation represents the relationship between vessel diameter, velocity, and flow?
Which equation represents the relationship between vessel diameter, velocity, and flow?
If blood flow through a vessel is constant while its cross-sectional area is decreased, what happens to its blood velocity?
If blood flow through a vessel is constant while its cross-sectional area is decreased, what happens to its blood velocity?
What happens to the total cross-sectional area of the vessels as you move distally (away from the heart)?
What happens to the total cross-sectional area of the vessels as you move distally (away from the heart)?
Which type of flow is described as having a parabolic velocity profile?
Which type of flow is described as having a parabolic velocity profile?
Where is the blood flow slowest in a vessel with laminar flow?
Where is the blood flow slowest in a vessel with laminar flow?
What is the primary purpose of blood flow through the capillaries?
What is the primary purpose of blood flow through the capillaries?
What is the term used to describe the flow of blood through non-branching vessels, connected end-to-end?
What is the term used to describe the flow of blood through non-branching vessels, connected end-to-end?
What is the unit of measurement for blood flow?
What is the unit of measurement for blood flow?
Which type of flow is described as having a rapid mixing due to irregular motion of fluid elements?
Which type of flow is described as having a rapid mixing due to irregular motion of fluid elements?
What is the equation used to calculate the Reynolds number (NR)?
What is the equation used to calculate the Reynolds number (NR)?
What does a Reynolds number (NR) value less than 2000 indicate?
What does a Reynolds number (NR) value less than 2000 indicate?
What does a Reynolds number (NR) value greater than 3000 indicate?
What does a Reynolds number (NR) value greater than 3000 indicate?
What is the effect of turbulent flow on resistance?
What is the effect of turbulent flow on resistance?
What does turbulent blood flow require to maintain specific flow compared to laminar flow?
What does turbulent blood flow require to maintain specific flow compared to laminar flow?
What factors determine blood density?
What factors determine blood density?
What happens to blood density during hemorrhage?
What happens to blood density during hemorrhage?
What is blood viscosity a measure of?
What is blood viscosity a measure of?
What can hematocrit cause during slower flow?
What can hematocrit cause during slower flow?
What does blood viscosity depend on?
What does blood viscosity depend on?
How does low hematocrit affect blood turbulence?
How does low hematocrit affect blood turbulence?
Which type of flow is described as having a parabolic velocity profile?
Which type of flow is described as having a parabolic velocity profile?
What happens to the velocity of blood flow when the diameter of a vessel decreases?
What happens to the velocity of blood flow when the diameter of a vessel decreases?
What is shear highest at in a blood vessel?
What is shear highest at in a blood vessel?
What is the term used to describe the aggregation of red blood cells due to low shear?
What is the term used to describe the aggregation of red blood cells due to low shear?
What happens to turbulence when blood flows into a suddenly wider diameter vessel?
What happens to turbulence when blood flows into a suddenly wider diameter vessel?
What is the effect of shear on blood viscosity?
What is the effect of shear on blood viscosity?
Which of the following is the relationship between blood flow (Q), the pressure gradient along a vessel (ΔP), and vascular resistance (R)?
Which of the following is the relationship between blood flow (Q), the pressure gradient along a vessel (ΔP), and vascular resistance (R)?
What is the force that makes blood flow?
What is the force that makes blood flow?
What is the pressure difference (ΔP) in relation to blood flow through a vessel?
What is the pressure difference (ΔP) in relation to blood flow through a vessel?
What is the direct relationship between blood flow and the pressure difference across a vessel?
What is the direct relationship between blood flow and the pressure difference across a vessel?
What must be applied to blood in order to make it flow?
What must be applied to blood in order to make it flow?
What is the unit of measurement for blood flow?
What is the unit of measurement for blood flow?
What is the primary force that makes blood flow through the blood vessels?
What is the primary force that makes blood flow through the blood vessels?
Which of the following is true about the relationship between blood flow and resistance in a vessel?
Which of the following is true about the relationship between blood flow and resistance in a vessel?
What is the primary means for the physiological regulation of resistance in blood vessels?
What is the primary means for the physiological regulation of resistance in blood vessels?
What happens to resistance when the radius of a vessel decreases?
What happens to resistance when the radius of a vessel decreases?
What happens to resistance when the length of a vessel increases?
What happens to resistance when the length of a vessel increases?
What is the primary factor that regulates the radius and therefore the resistance of blood vessels?
What is the primary factor that regulates the radius and therefore the resistance of blood vessels?
What is the effect of small changes in the radius of a vessel on resistance?
What is the effect of small changes in the radius of a vessel on resistance?
What happens to blood flow when there is an increase in blood viscosity (η)?
What happens to blood flow when there is an increase in blood viscosity (η)?
Which equation describes the relationship between pressure, flow, and the determinants of resistance?
Which equation describes the relationship between pressure, flow, and the determinants of resistance?
What happens to blood flow when blood viscosity increases?
What happens to blood flow when blood viscosity increases?
What is the effect of increased blood viscosity on blood pressure?
What is the effect of increased blood viscosity on blood pressure?
What is the relationship between resistance and the number of red blood cells?
What is the relationship between resistance and the number of red blood cells?
Which equation can be used to estimate the mean arterial blood pressure (MBP)?
Which equation can be used to estimate the mean arterial blood pressure (MBP)?
What is the flow of blood through non-branching vessels, connected end-to-end, called?
What is the flow of blood through non-branching vessels, connected end-to-end, called?
What is the total resistance of the systemic vasculature called?
What is the total resistance of the systemic vasculature called?
What happens to blood flow when the internal diameter of a vessel decreases?
What happens to blood flow when the internal diameter of a vessel decreases?
What is the primary function of hemodynamics?
What is the primary function of hemodynamics?
What does a Reynolds number (NR) value less than 2000 indicate?
What does a Reynolds number (NR) value less than 2000 indicate?
What is the flow of blood (Q) called?
What is the flow of blood (Q) called?
What is the total resistance of the systemic vasculature called?
What is the total resistance of the systemic vasculature called?
What is the pressure difference (∆P) across the systemic vasculature called?
What is the pressure difference (∆P) across the systemic vasculature called?
What is the equation that relates mean blood pressure (MBP), cardiac output (CO), and total peripheral resistance (TPR)?
What is the equation that relates mean blood pressure (MBP), cardiac output (CO), and total peripheral resistance (TPR)?
Which type of blood vessel arrangement results in the greatest total resistance?
Which type of blood vessel arrangement results in the greatest total resistance?
Which type of blood vessel arrangement results in the least total resistance?
Which type of blood vessel arrangement results in the least total resistance?
Which type of blood vessel arrangement is most common in the cardiovascular system?
Which type of blood vessel arrangement is most common in the cardiovascular system?
What is the formula for calculating the total resistance (RT) of resistances in series?
What is the formula for calculating the total resistance (RT) of resistances in series?
What is the formula for calculating the total resistance (RT) of resistances in parallel?
What is the formula for calculating the total resistance (RT) of resistances in parallel?
When blood vessels are arranged in parallel, what can be said about the total resistance compared to the resistance of any individual vessel?
When blood vessels are arranged in parallel, what can be said about the total resistance compared to the resistance of any individual vessel?
When blood vessels are arranged in series, what can be said about the total resistance compared to the resistance of any individual vessel?
When blood vessels are arranged in series, what can be said about the total resistance compared to the resistance of any individual vessel?
Which vessels in the kidney are in series with each other?
Which vessels in the kidney are in series with each other?
What is the ratio of the change in volume (ΔV) of a structure to the change in pressure (ΔP) within the structure?
What is the ratio of the change in volume (ΔV) of a structure to the change in pressure (ΔP) within the structure?
Which type of vessels have equal pressure gradients but may have different flows?
Which type of vessels have equal pressure gradients but may have different flows?
What is the measure of stiffness in a vessel?
What is the measure of stiffness in a vessel?
Which type of vessels have high compliance and expand easily?
Which type of vessels have high compliance and expand easily?
What happens to arterial compliance with age?
What happens to arterial compliance with age?
What effect does increased sympathetic tone have on venous vessels?
What effect does increased sympathetic tone have on venous vessels?
Which system contains all major organ vasculatures in parallel with each other?
Which system contains all major organ vasculatures in parallel with each other?
What is the primary function of compliance in the aorta?
What is the primary function of compliance in the aorta?
What is the effect of increased blood viscosity on blood pressure?
What is the effect of increased blood viscosity on blood pressure?
Which vessels in the kidney are in series with each other?
Which vessels in the kidney are in series with each other?
What is the typical relationship between the inlet and outlet pressures of vessels in series?
What is the typical relationship between the inlet and outlet pressures of vessels in series?
What is the typical relationship between the total flows of vessels in series?
What is the typical relationship between the total flows of vessels in series?
Study Notes
Cardiovascular System Function
- The primary function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove waste products.
Short-term and Long-term Control of Cardiovascular System
- The goal of short-term control is to maintain blood pressure and flow to vital organs.
- The goal of long-term control is to regulate blood flow and pressure over a long period of time.
Blood Flow Regulation
- Blood flow is regulated by controlling vessel diameter, velocity, and flow.
- Mechanisms used to regulate blood flow over a long time period include neural and hormonal control.
- In the short term, regulatory mechanisms are designed to maintain arterial blood pressure.
Blood Flow and Pressure
- Blood flow is defined as the volume of blood flowing through a vessel per unit time.
- Blood velocity is defined as the speed at which blood flows through a vessel.
- The unit of measurement for blood flow is mL/min.
- The unit of measurement for blood velocity is cm/s.
- The unit of measurement for blood pressure is mmHg.
Vessel Characteristics
- The systemic circulation contains the largest volume of blood in the body.
- The venous system contains smaller volumes of blood compared to the arterial system.
- The primary function of hemodynamics is to study physical factors that determine blood flow.
Blood Flow and Velocity
- When blood flow through a vessel is constant, and its cross-sectional area decreases, blood velocity increases.
- As you move distally (away from the heart), the total cross-sectional area of the vessels increases.
- Laminar flow is characterized by a parabolic velocity profile.
- Blood flow is slowest in the center of a vessel with laminar flow.
Turbulent Flow
- Turbulent flow is characterized by rapid mixing due to irregular motion of fluid elements.
- The Reynolds number (NR) represents the relationship between vessel diameter, velocity, and flow.
- A Reynolds number (NR) value less than 2000 indicates laminar flow.
- A Reynolds number (NR) value greater than 3000 indicates turbulent flow.
Blood Density and Viscosity
- Blood density is affected by hematocrit and plasma protein concentration.
- Blood viscosity is a measure of its resistance to flow.
- Blood viscosity depends on hematocrit, temperature, and plasma protein concentration.
- Low hematocrit can cause increased blood viscosity during slower flow.
Vascular Resistance
- Vascular resistance is affected by vessel radius, length, and blood viscosity.
- The primary factor regulating vessel radius and resistance is smooth muscle tone.
- The primary means of physiological regulation of resistance in blood vessels is through neural and hormonal control.
Blood Pressure and Flow
- The force that makes blood flow is the pressure difference along a vessel.
- The primary force that makes blood flow through blood vessels is cardiac output.
- The direct relationship between blood flow and pressure difference across a vessel is represented by Ohm's Law (Q = ΔP/R).
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Description
Test your knowledge of cardiovascular system regulation under different conditions in this quiz. Explore how blood flow to tissues and organs changes at rest compared to times of increased demand, such as during exercise or fever. Learn about the short-term control mechanisms that help maintain normal systemic arterial blood pressure and ensure adequate blood flow to vital organs like the brain and heart.
