Hemodynamics
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Which of the following is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

  • To provide adequate blood flow to the tissues and organs (correct)
  • To regulate blood pressure and vascular resistance
  • To maintain adequate blood flow to all tissues of the body
  • To maintain normal systemic arterial blood pressure

    • What is the goal of short-term control of the cardiovascular system?

  • Regulate blood pressure and vascular resistance
  • Maintain adequate blood flow to all tissues of the body
  • Growth or absorption of blood vessels
  • Maintenance of cerebral and coronary blood flow (correct)

    • What is the goal of long-term control of the cardiovascular system?

  • To provide inadequate blood flow to the tissues and organs
  • Growth or absorption of blood vessels
  • Regulate blood pressure and vascular resistance
  • Maintain adequate blood flow to all tissues of the body (correct)

    • Why do kidneys need blood flow in excess of their metabolic needs?

    <p>To maintain the concentration of substances in the blood within normal ranges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of blood flow to the skin on some occasions?

    <p>To dissipate heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanisms are used to regulate blood flow over a long time period?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are most regulatory mechanisms designed to maintain in the short term?

    <p>Normal systemic arterial blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blood flow needed to meet in the long term?

    <p>Metabolic demands of the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system contains the largest volume of blood in the body?

    <p>Venous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of physical factors that determine the flow of blood called?

    <p>Hemodynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for blood flow?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for blood velocity?

    <p>Centimeters per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for blood pressure?

    <p>Millimeters of mercury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system contains smaller volumes of blood compared to the venous system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hemodynamics?

    <p>To study physical factors of blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is blood flow defined as?

    <p>The volume of blood which moves through a vessel in a unit period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is blood velocity defined as?

    <p>The distance a component of the blood moves in a unit period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the relationship between vessel diameter, velocity, and flow?

    <p>Q = v * A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If blood flow through a vessel is constant while its cross-sectional area is decreased, what happens to its blood velocity?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the total cross-sectional area of the vessels as you move distally (away from the heart)?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of flow is described as having a parabolic velocity profile?

    <p>Laminar flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the blood flow slowest in a vessel with laminar flow?

    <p>Closest to the walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of blood flow through the capillaries?

    <p>To provide adequate time for diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the flow of blood through non-branching vessels, connected end-to-end?

    <p>Continuity flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for blood flow?

    <p>Volume/time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of flow is described as having a rapid mixing due to irregular motion of fluid elements?

    <p>Turbulent flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation used to calculate the Reynolds number (NR)?

    <p>NR = ρ * V * D/ η</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Reynolds number (NR) value less than 2000 indicate?

    <p>Laminar flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Reynolds number (NR) value greater than 3000 indicate?

    <p>Turbulent flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of turbulent flow on resistance?

    <p>Resistance is greatly increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does turbulent blood flow require to maintain specific flow compared to laminar flow?

    <p>Higher perfusion pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors determine blood density?

    <p>Number of cells and large proteins in whole blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood density during hemorrhage?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is blood viscosity a measure of?

    <p>Blood stickiness and thickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can hematocrit cause during slower flow?

    <p>Promotes thrombi formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does blood viscosity depend on?

    <p>Shear rate, mechanical properties of cellular elements, and composition of plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does low hematocrit affect blood turbulence?

    <p>Decreases turbulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of flow is described as having a parabolic velocity profile?

    <p>Laminar flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the velocity of blood flow when the diameter of a vessel decreases?

    <p>The velocity increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is shear highest at in a blood vessel?

    <p>The blood vessel wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the aggregation of red blood cells due to low shear?

    <p>Rouleaux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to turbulence when blood flows into a suddenly wider diameter vessel?

    <p>Turbulence increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of shear on blood viscosity?

    <p>Shear decreases blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the relationship between blood flow (Q), the pressure gradient along a vessel (ΔP), and vascular resistance (R)?

    <p>Q = ΔP / R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the force that makes blood flow?

    <p>Blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure difference (ΔP) in relation to blood flow through a vessel?

    <p>The difference between the proximal and distal pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direct relationship between blood flow and the pressure difference across a vessel?

    <p>Flow is directly proportional to ΔP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be applied to blood in order to make it flow?

    <p>Force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for blood flow?

    <p>Liters per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary force that makes blood flow through the blood vessels?

    <p>Pressure difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the relationship between blood flow and resistance in a vessel?

    <p>Blood flow is inversely proportional to resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary means for the physiological regulation of resistance in blood vessels?

    <p>Radius of the vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to resistance when the radius of a vessel decreases?

    <p>Resistance increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to resistance when the length of a vessel increases?

    <p>Resistance increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that regulates the radius and therefore the resistance of blood vessels?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of small changes in the radius of a vessel on resistance?

    <p>Small changes in the radius produce large changes in resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood flow when there is an increase in blood viscosity (η)?

    <p>Blood flow decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation describes the relationship between pressure, flow, and the determinants of resistance?

    <p>Flow = (∆P r4 PI) / (L η 8)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood flow when blood viscosity increases?

    <p>Blood flow decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased blood viscosity on blood pressure?

    <p>Increased blood viscosity increases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between resistance and the number of red blood cells?

    <p>Resistance is directly proportional to the number of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation can be used to estimate the mean arterial blood pressure (MBP)?

    <p>MBP = (Systolic BP + 2 Diastolic BP)/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the flow of blood through non-branching vessels, connected end-to-end, called?

    <p>Laminar flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total resistance of the systemic vasculature called?

    <p>Total peripheral resistance (TPR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood flow when the internal diameter of a vessel decreases?

    <p>Blood flow decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hemodynamics?

    <p>To study the physical factors that determine blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Reynolds number (NR) value less than 2000 indicate?

    <p>Laminar flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the flow of blood (Q) called?

    <p>Cardiac output (CO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total resistance of the systemic vasculature called?

    <p>Total peripheral resistance (TPR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure difference (∆P) across the systemic vasculature called?

    <p>Mean arterial pressure (MAP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that relates mean blood pressure (MBP), cardiac output (CO), and total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

    <p>MBP = CO TPR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood vessel arrangement results in the greatest total resistance?

    <p>Series</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood vessel arrangement results in the least total resistance?

    <p>Parallel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood vessel arrangement is most common in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Both series and parallel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the total resistance (RT) of resistances in series?

    <p>RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the total resistance (RT) of resistances in parallel?

    <p>RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ...</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When blood vessels are arranged in parallel, what can be said about the total resistance compared to the resistance of any individual vessel?

    <p>The total resistance is always less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When blood vessels are arranged in series, what can be said about the total resistance compared to the resistance of any individual vessel?

    <p>The total resistance is always greater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessels in the kidney are in series with each other?

    <p>Glomerular and peritubular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of the change in volume (ΔV) of a structure to the change in pressure (ΔP) within the structure?

    <p>Compliance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vessels have equal pressure gradients but may have different flows?

    <p>Vessels in parallel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of stiffness in a vessel?

    <p>Reciprocal of compliance (C-1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vessels have high compliance and expand easily?

    <p>Veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to arterial compliance with age?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increased sympathetic tone have on venous vessels?

    <p>Stiffens them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system contains all major organ vasculatures in parallel with each other?

    <p>Systemic vasculature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of compliance in the aorta?

    <p>Determines the change in pressure during ejection of blood from the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased blood viscosity on blood pressure?

    <p>Increases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessels in the kidney are in series with each other?

    <p>Glomerular and peritubular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical relationship between the inlet and outlet pressures of vessels in series?

    <p>They are usually different</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical relationship between the total flows of vessels in series?

    <p>They must be equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular System Function

    • The primary function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove waste products.

    Short-term and Long-term Control of Cardiovascular System

    • The goal of short-term control is to maintain blood pressure and flow to vital organs.
    • The goal of long-term control is to regulate blood flow and pressure over a long period of time.

    Blood Flow Regulation

    • Blood flow is regulated by controlling vessel diameter, velocity, and flow.
    • Mechanisms used to regulate blood flow over a long time period include neural and hormonal control.
    • In the short term, regulatory mechanisms are designed to maintain arterial blood pressure.

    Blood Flow and Pressure

    • Blood flow is defined as the volume of blood flowing through a vessel per unit time.
    • Blood velocity is defined as the speed at which blood flows through a vessel.
    • The unit of measurement for blood flow is mL/min.
    • The unit of measurement for blood velocity is cm/s.
    • The unit of measurement for blood pressure is mmHg.

    Vessel Characteristics

    • The systemic circulation contains the largest volume of blood in the body.
    • The venous system contains smaller volumes of blood compared to the arterial system.
    • The primary function of hemodynamics is to study physical factors that determine blood flow.

    Blood Flow and Velocity

    • When blood flow through a vessel is constant, and its cross-sectional area decreases, blood velocity increases.
    • As you move distally (away from the heart), the total cross-sectional area of the vessels increases.
    • Laminar flow is characterized by a parabolic velocity profile.
    • Blood flow is slowest in the center of a vessel with laminar flow.

    Turbulent Flow

    • Turbulent flow is characterized by rapid mixing due to irregular motion of fluid elements.
    • The Reynolds number (NR) represents the relationship between vessel diameter, velocity, and flow.
    • A Reynolds number (NR) value less than 2000 indicates laminar flow.
    • A Reynolds number (NR) value greater than 3000 indicates turbulent flow.

    Blood Density and Viscosity

    • Blood density is affected by hematocrit and plasma protein concentration.
    • Blood viscosity is a measure of its resistance to flow.
    • Blood viscosity depends on hematocrit, temperature, and plasma protein concentration.
    • Low hematocrit can cause increased blood viscosity during slower flow.

    Vascular Resistance

    • Vascular resistance is affected by vessel radius, length, and blood viscosity.
    • The primary factor regulating vessel radius and resistance is smooth muscle tone.
    • The primary means of physiological regulation of resistance in blood vessels is through neural and hormonal control.

    Blood Pressure and Flow

    • The force that makes blood flow is the pressure difference along a vessel.
    • The primary force that makes blood flow through blood vessels is cardiac output.
    • The direct relationship between blood flow and pressure difference across a vessel is represented by Ohm's Law (Q = ΔP/R).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of cardiovascular system regulation under different conditions in this quiz. Explore how blood flow to tissues and organs changes at rest compared to times of increased demand, such as during exercise or fever. Learn about the short-term control mechanisms that help maintain normal systemic arterial blood pressure and ensure adequate blood flow to vital organs like the brain and heart.

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