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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a macronutrient?
Which of the following is NOT a macronutrient?
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?
Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?
How do monosaccharides combine to form more complex sugars?
How do monosaccharides combine to form more complex sugars?
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Which of the following statements about macromolecules is true?
Which of the following statements about macromolecules is true?
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What is the primary role of the lymphatic system?
What is the primary role of the lymphatic system?
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Which chamber of the heart is the strongest?
Which chamber of the heart is the strongest?
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What is the function of the semilunar valves in the heart?
What is the function of the semilunar valves in the heart?
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What initiates the heartbeat in the heart?
What initiates the heartbeat in the heart?
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Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange?
Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange?
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During inhalation, which muscles contract to help expand the thoracic cavity?
During inhalation, which muscles contract to help expand the thoracic cavity?
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Which of the following conditions can lead to fluid imbalance and potentially cause edema?
Which of the following conditions can lead to fluid imbalance and potentially cause edema?
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What occurs during cellular respiration?
What occurs during cellular respiration?
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Which structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?
Which structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?
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What is the role of cilia in the respiratory tract?
What is the role of cilia in the respiratory tract?
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Cystic fibrosis primarily affects which of the following?
Cystic fibrosis primarily affects which of the following?
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The total volume of gas that can be moved in or out of the lungs is known as:
The total volume of gas that can be moved in or out of the lungs is known as:
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What contributes to the 'squeezing' of the ventricles during a heartbeat?
What contributes to the 'squeezing' of the ventricles during a heartbeat?
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What is the primary function of cellulose in plants?
What is the primary function of cellulose in plants?
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Which type of fat contains a cis double bond between two carbons?
Which type of fat contains a cis double bond between two carbons?
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What is the role of pepsin in the stomach?
What is the role of pepsin in the stomach?
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What percentage of blood is made up of plasma?
What percentage of blood is made up of plasma?
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Which organ produces bile that is necessary for fat digestion?
Which organ produces bile that is necessary for fat digestion?
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What is the primary function of fiber in the human diet?
What is the primary function of fiber in the human diet?
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Where does most nutrient absorption occur in the digestive system?
Where does most nutrient absorption occur in the digestive system?
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What is the role of white blood cells in the circulatory system?
What is the role of white blood cells in the circulatory system?
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Which component of the digestive system helps regulate the passage of material between sections?
Which component of the digestive system helps regulate the passage of material between sections?
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What are essential amino acids?
What are essential amino acids?
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Which of the following vitamins can be stored in the body?
Which of the following vitamins can be stored in the body?
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How does the epiglottis function during the swallowing process?
How does the epiglottis function during the swallowing process?
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Which blood cells are responsible for clotting?
Which blood cells are responsible for clotting?
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Study Notes
Systems Lesson 1 - Nutrition and Digestion
- All living things need essential nutrients to survive
- Six essential nutrients, categorized into Macronutrients and Micronutrients
- Macronutrients include Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats, as well as Water.
- Micronutrients include Vitamins and Minerals
- Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
- Carbohydrates are a source of energy that the body accesses quickly
- Simple sugars like glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of monosaccharides.
- Monosaccharides combine to form disaccharides and polysaccharides.
- Examples of disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
- Polysaccharides are more complex, made of many simple sugars combined.
- Plants make starch; animals make glycogen. Both are made of glucose subunits.
- Cellulose is a polysaccharide made by plants, providing structural support.
- Lipids (fats) are essential for energy and building cell membranes and hormones.
- They are known as roughage and help move food through the digestive system.
Systems Lesson 2 - Proteins, Vitamins and Minerals
- Proteins are made up of amino acids
- Proteins are joined together by peptide bonds.
- Proteins like antibodies, enzymes, and hormones are formed by polypeptides.
- Our bodies cannot produce nine amino acids therefore they are called essential amino acids.
- Essential amino acids come from food sources.
- Vitamins and Minerals are required in small amounts by the body and crucial to certain bodily functions.
- Vitamins and Minerals are essential components of hormones and enzymes.
- Some vitamins are stored in the body: others need to be consumed regularly.
Systems Lesson 2 - Water
- Water is an essential nutrient for making up approximately 60% of the body
- Water plays a vital role in many body function
- Water is needed for proper functioning of cells and organs.
Systems Lesson 3 - Energy and Digestive System
- We obtain energy through cellular respiration.
- Cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
- 40% of energy is used for cellular function and 60% for maintaining body temperature.
- Dietary calories represent a measure of energy.
- Fats are a rich source of energy. Carbs have less energy density than fats.
- Nutraceutical - A substance purified from food and ingested for its potential health benefits.
- Probiotics are substances that strengthen the body’s natural defenses.
Systems Lesson 4 - Digestive System Structure and Function
- Ingestion - Taking in food
- Digestion - Breaking food down into nutrients
- Absorption - Taking in nutrients by cells
- Elimination - Removing waste.
- The digestive system begins with the mouth where food is mechanically broken down by teeth and chemically by enzymes in saliva.
- The esophagus transports food to the stomach.
- The stomach mixes food with gastric juices, creating chyme.
- The small intestine absorbs most nutrients.
- The large intestine absorbs water and forms waste.
Systems Lesson 6 - Absorption, Small Intestine and Liver
- Nutrients are absorbed into the cells for energy & building blocks
- The small intestine is the primary site of absorption and contains villi to increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.
- The liver plays a crucial role in processing nutrients, producing bile, and filtering toxins.
- The liver helps process absorbed nutrients before they enter the bloodstream.
Systems Lesson 7 - Large Intestine, Pancreas and Appendix
- The large intestine's primary role is to absorb water, electrolytes, and vitamins from indigestible food.
- The pancreas produces enzymes to help break down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
- The Appendix is located in the caecum of the large intestine.
Systems Lesson 8 - Circulatory System
- The circulatory system transports gases, nutrients, and waste.
- It regulates internal body temperature and transports chemicals.
- Blood is made up of plasma (55%), red blood cells (responsible for carrying oxygen), white blood cells (immune response), and platelets (clotting).
- Blood circulates through the body, delivering nutrients and removing waste products.
- The heart is made of cardiac muscle. It continuously contracts and relaxes to pump blood throughout the body.
- Four chambered heart (2 atria & 2 ventricles).
- Electrical signals from the sinoatrial (SA) node initiate and regulate the heart's contractions.
- Blood vessels transport blood throughout the body.
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
- Veins carry blood towards the heart.
- Capillaries carry out the exchange of gases and materials with body cells.
Systems Lesson 9 - Immunity & Blood Cells
- Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that attacks and destroys pathogens. Different types exist for different specific tasks.
- Platelets are crucial for blood clotting.
Systems Lesson 10 - Respiratory System
- Respiration involves taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
- The respiratory system includes the nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
- Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the alveoli.
- Lungs expand during inhalation by expanding the chest cavity, creating lower pressure than outside air that causes air to rush into the lungs.
- Lungs contract during exhalation, returning the chest cavity to its normal size and causing higher pressure than outside air, causing air to rush out of the lungs.
Systems Lesson 11/12 - Respiratory and Other Related Diseases
- Diseases, such as SARS, can affect the respiratory and other systems of the body, thereby causing inflammation, fever, and difficulty breathing.
- Lung Cancer involves cells growing uncontrollably and forming tumors or masses.
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Description
Explore the essential nutrients needed for survival in living organisms in this quiz. Delve into the categories of macronutrients and micronutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Understand the structure and function of various sugars and polysaccharides essential for energy and health.
