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Questions and Answers
What type of genetic material do systemic viruses primarily contain?
Which virus is known to cause severe systemic inflammation in cats?
What characteristic of enveloped viruses makes them more fragile outside the host?
Which systemic virus affects sheep and leads to severe clinical signs?
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What type of virus is the Bluetongue Virus classified as?
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Which systemic virus is specifically known for causing immunosuppression in young birds?
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Which of the following systemic viruses is NOT associated with mammals?
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What is a common symptom of systemic viral diseases?
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What is the typical progression of Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) in adult cattle?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes enveloped RNA viruses?
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What is the incubation period for Bluetongue Virus in sheep?
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What outcome can result from infection with Feline Enteric Coronavirus (FECV)?
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What effect does the infection with Ovine herpesvirus-2 have on cattle?
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What is the main clinical sign of bluetongue virus (BTV) infection in sheep?
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Which of the following is a key feature of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD)?
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What is the primary method of transmission for Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF)?
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What is a common clinical sign observed in young chickens affected by IBD?
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Which statement regarding the Border Disease Virus is true?
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Which virus is responsible for causing Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)?
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What is a notable clinical feature of Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) in cattle?
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Which control measure is effective against Bluetongue virus (BTV)?
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What is the typical mortality rate associated with IBD caused by very virulent strains?
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During which gestational period do congenital infections occur if ewes are infected with the Border Disease Virus?
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Which of the following viruses has a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome?
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Which characteristic is specific to the dry form of FIP?
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How does IBD affect the immune system of affected birds?
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What is the primary method of transmission for Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)?
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Which viral family is associated with Marek’s Disease?
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What is a common clinical sign associated with Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA)?
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What type of genome does the Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) possess?
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Which control measure is critical in managing outbreaks of Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)?
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What characteristic is shared by both Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)?
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Which FeLV subtype is primarily associated with thymic lymphoma and leukemia?
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What is a major clinical feature of FIV during its chronic phase?
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In terms of control measures for Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA), what is paramount?
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What does the Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus (ISAV) primarily infect?
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Which of the following is NOT associated with the Reoviridae family?
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What is the primary concern linked to FeLV-A?
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Which clinical sign is indicative of Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)?
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What important feature of FIV contributes to its ability to evade the host immune response?
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What clinical sign is NOT associated with Immune suppression due to lymphocyte destruction?
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Which mode of transmission is NOT associated with Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)?
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Which is a characteristic feature of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIA)?
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What is the primary method of control for Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIA)?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)?
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What is a notable symptom of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)?
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What is NOT a form of Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)?
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Which virus mentioned primarily affects sheep and is transmitted by biting midges?
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Which control measure is NOT associated with Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD)?
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What does the Coggins test specifically detect?
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Which virus leads to lymphoproliferative disease due to infection of lymphocytes?
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Which of the following viruses is known for causing severe mucosal inflammation in accidental hosts?
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What common symptom is observed in Equine Viral Arteritis?
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Which statement about Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is accurate?
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Study Notes
Systemic Viral Diseases
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Systemic viruses affect multiple body systems, often infecting the bloodstream and causing widespread symptoms like fever, muscle aches, and chills.
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Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP): Caused by a mutated feline coronavirus, leading to severe systemic inflammation.
- FIP is often fatal in cats, particularly older and immune-compromised animals.
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Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA): An arterivirus affecting horses, causing respiratory and reproductive issues.
- EVA can cause abortion in pregnant mares especially in previously unexposed herds.
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Border Disease: Affects sheep, caused by a Flaviviridae virus, leading to neurological symptoms and congenital defects in lambs, including "Fuzzy Lamb Syndrome".
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Bluetongue Virus: A reovirus affecting ruminants, particularly sheep, causing severe clinical signs like fever, lameness, and swelling.
- Bluetongue is transmitted by biting midges and can lead to high mortality.
General Characteristics of Systemic Viruses
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Systemic viruses can be RNA or DNA viruses.
- RNA viruses generally mutate more quickly than DNA viruses.
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Enveloped viruses are usually more fragile outside the host and less stable in harsh environments.
- Non-enveloped viruses are more resistant to environmental factors.
Major Viral Families and Associated Diseases
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Retroviridae:
- Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV): Weakened immune system, commonly transmitted via bite wounds.
- Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV): Can lead to various diseases including lymphomas and leukemias.
- Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIA): Anemia and immune system damage, spread through horseflies.
- Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV): Persistent lymphocytosis and potential neoplastic diseases in cattle.
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Reoviridae:
- Bluetongue Virus
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Birnaviridae:
- Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD): Immunosuppression in young birds, affecting B-cells.
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Herpesviridae:
- Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF): Severe mucosal inflammation and lymphoproliferative disorders, particularly in cattle.
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Coronaviridae:
- Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
Specific Viruses of Interest:
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Bluetongue Virus (BTV):
- BTV has a segmented genome promoting recombination and reassortment.
- BTV primarily affects sheep but can infect other ruminants.
- Transmission is primarily by biting midges (Culicoides spp.)
- Control measures include vector management and vaccination.
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Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD):
- Causes immunosuppression in young birds, particularly chickens and turkeys.
- IBD affects B lymphocytes causing a significant decrease in antibody production.
- Transmission is primarily fecal-oral.
- Control measures include vaccination and biosecurity.
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Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF):
- Caused by herpesviruses affecting cattle and sheep.
- MCF is highly contagious and often fatal with no effective vaccine available.
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
- FIP is caused by mutations in the Feline Enteric Coronavirus (FECV).
- The virus is characterized by its glycoprotein spikes, giving it a "crown-like" appearance.
- The mutated virus targets monocytes and macrophages, leading to systemic inflammation.
- There are two distinct FIP presentations:
- "Wet" (effusive): Fluid accumulation in body cavities.
- "Dry" (non-effusive): Solid organ inflammation.
- Treatment currently relies on supportive care and antiviral medications.
Border Disease in Sheep
- Caused by the Border Disease Virus (BDV), a member of the Flaviviridae family.
- BDV is a single-stranded RNA virus with an envelope.
- The virus primarily targets oligodendrocytes, leading to impaired myelination and neurological symptoms.
- Transmission is through direct contact with infected animals and vertically from mother to fetus.
Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)
- EVA is caused by the Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV), a member of the Arteriviridae family.
- The virus can lead to fever, respiratory illness, and neurological complications in horses, but most infections are subclinical.
- EVA is transmitted through contact with infected animals, fomites, and aerosols.
- Effective vaccines are available for EVA.
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
- A retrovirus that primarily affects domestic cats, with a similar pathogenesis as HIV in humans.
- FIV is transmitted primarily through bite wounds.
- FIV can result in chronic infections and immune system impairment.
- The virus can infect and damage neurons, potentially leading to neurological symptoms.
- There is no cure for FIV, but management strategies include testing, isolation, and education.
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
- Another retrovirus that can cause various diseases in cats, including lymphomas and leukemias.
- FeLV is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, and can also be transmitted vertically from queen to kitten..
- Transmission often occurs through saliva, nasal secretions, urine, and feces, and through bite wounds.
Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA)
- Causes anemia and anorexia in fish, particularly farmed salmon.
- ISA is classified under Orthomyxoviridae.
- The virus has an envelope and contains a segmented RNA genome.
- Transmission typically occurs through direct contact with infected fish and contaminated water.
Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)
- A retrovirus that primarily affects cattle, leading to the development of lymphomas in some cases.
- The virus targets B lymphocytes.
- Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected blood, milk, and possibly through biting insects.
- Control measures are primarily focused on testing and culling infected animals.
Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD)
- Primarily affects young chickens and turkeys
- Causes immunosuppression
Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF)
- Caused by Ovine herpesvirus-2 and Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1
Equine Viral Arteritis
- Can lead to a 70% abortion rate in previously unexposed herds
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
- Targets CD4 T helper cells
- Leads to immune suppression
Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)
- Can progress to neoplastic multicentric lymphoma in 1-5% of adult cattle
RNA Viruses
- Generally more error-prone and evolve faster than DNA viruses
Enveloped Viruses
- More labile and less robust outside of the host
Bluetongue Virus
- Incubation period of 5-20 days
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
- Two forms: 'wet' (TH2 response) and 'dry' (TH1 response)
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)
- Detected by the Coggins test
Virus Types: Characterized by: Examples
- Enveloped RNA Viruses: More labile, require close contact for transmission, often associated with respiratory diseases. Examples: FIP, Equine Viral Arteritis
- Non-enveloped RNA Viruses: More stable in the environment, often associated with gastrointestinal diseases. Examples: Infectious Bursal Disease, Bluetongue
- Retroviruses: Use reverse transcriptase to integrate into host genome, often lead to immunosuppression. Examples: FIV, FeLV, Equine Infectious Anemia
- Herpesviruses: Can cause lymphoproliferative diseases, often have latent infections. Examples: Marek’s Disease, Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Cause and Effect
- Feline Enteric Coronavirus (FECV) Infection: Can mutate to FIPV, leading to chronic, progressive, fatal systemic disease
- Bluetongue Virus Infection in Sheep: Causes high fever, lameness, and can lead to reproductive failure or malformations
- Ovine herpesvirus-2 Infection: Leads to Malignant Catarrhal Fever in cattle, often fatal
- Equine Viral Arteritis in previously unexposed herds: Can result in a 70% abortion rate
- FIV Infection in Cats: Leads to immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections
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Description
Explore the impact of systemic viral diseases on various animals in this quiz. You'll learn about Feline Infectious Peritonitis, Equine Viral Arteritis, Border Disease, and Bluetongue Virus, as well as their symptoms and effects on animal health. Test your knowledge on these critical veterinary topics.
