Systemic Conditions and the Cardiovascular System
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a systemic condition that can affect the cardiovascular system?

  • Diabetes mellitus (correct)
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Asthma
  • Migraine

    • What is the dominant cause of mortality in diabetic patients?

  • Cancer
  • Respiratory complications
  • Neurological disorders
  • Cardiovascular complications (correct)

    • Which of the following is associated with oxidative stress in diabetic patients?

  • Low cholesterol levels
  • Low blood pressure
  • High blood sugar levels (correct)
  • Low triglyceride levels

    • What is the relationship between hypertension and cardiovascular damage?

    <p>Hypertension is the cause of cardiovascular damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a systemic condition that can affect the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Osteoporosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the article 'Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Cardiovascular Disorders'?

    <p>The link between diabetes and cardiovascular disorders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what should readers do if they want to learn more about disease processes?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease than the general population?

    <p>Familial hyperlipidaemias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is NOT mentioned as a cause of chronic pulmonary hypertension?

    <p>Thyroid disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease among women who were exposed to famine during adolescence?

    <p>Sarcoidosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is mentioned as a cause of systemic blood pressure to the normally low pressure pulmonary system?

    <p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is NOT mentioned as a cause of vascular damage and accelerated known mechanisms?

    <p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is NOT mentioned as an endocrine disease associated with cardiovascular problems?

    <p>Sarcoidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease among people with osteoarthrosis?

    <p>Rheumatoid arthritis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is mentioned as a cause of chronic pulmonary hypertension?

    <p>Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antihypertensive medication is associated with the side effect of persistent dry cough?

    <p>ACE inhibitors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antihypertensive medication is associated with the side effect of ankle edema?

    <p>Calcium channel blockers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antihypertensive medication is associated with the side effect of flushing?

    <p>Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antihypertensive medication is associated with the side effect of dizziness?

    <p>ACE inhibitors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antihypertensive medication is associated with the side effect of headaches?

    <p>Diuretics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antihypertensive medication is associated with the side effect of back/leg pain?

    <p>Diuretics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antihypertensive medication is associated with the side effect of hyperkalemia?

    <p>ACE inhibitors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antihypertensive medication is associated with the side effect of impotence?

    <p>Diuretics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antihypertensive medication is associated with the side effect of gout?

    <p>Diuretics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antihypertensive medication is associated with the side effect of oestrogen-related side effects?

    <p>Diuretics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of angina?

    <p>Mitral or aortic valve incompetence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of coronary ischaemia?

    <p>Atherosclerosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic distribution of pain in angina?

    <p>Retrosternal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause sudden ischaemia?

    <p>Thrombosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main symptom of angina pectoris?

    <p>Severe and crushing chest pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a side effect of verapamil and diltiazem?

    <p>Bradycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of calcium channel blockers (CCBs) is mainly used for hypertension?

    <p>Amlodipine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which potassium channel activator is used for patients who remain symptomatic despite optimal management with other drugs?

    <p>Ranolazine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug mainly slows ventricular rate in rapid atrial fibrillation?

    <p>Verapamil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used instead of a Beta-Blocker in Prinzmetal angina or alongside beta-blockers in most angina?

    <p>Amlodipine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of angina is caused by a fixed narrowing of the coronary arteries?

    <p>Stable Angina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medications is important in the prophylaxis and treatment of stable and unstable angina?

    <p>Beta-blockers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of angina is associated with a thrombus around a ruptured atheromatous plaque but without complete occlusion of the vessel?

    <p>Unstable Angina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medications mainly works by reducing the metabolic demand of the muscle in the treatment of angina?

    <p>Organic nitrates, nicorandil, and calcium antagonists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of angina is caused by coronary artery spasm?

    <p>Variant (Prinzmetal) Angina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is classified as an unclassified antidysrhythmic drug?

    <p>Adenosine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is classified as a class 1b antidysrhythmic drug?

    <p>Lignocaine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is classified as a class 3 antidysrhythmic drug?

    <p>Amiodarone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs blocks the beta-1 receptors and slows the heart?

    <p>Class 2 drugs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs prolongs the cardiac action potential by prolonging the refractory period?

    <p>Class 3 drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs is used to prevent recurrence of supraventricular tachycardias and reduce ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation?

    <p>Class IV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is responsible for the effect of adenosine on the AV node?

    <p>A1 receptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs shortens the plateau of the cardiac action potential and reduces the force of contraction of the heart?

    <p>Class IV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs is derived from the foxglove plant and reduces sinoatrial firing rate and conduction velocity through the atrioventricular node?

    <p>Unclassified (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs is responsible for blocking cardiac voltage-gated L-type calcium channels and slowing conduction through the SA and AV nodes?

    <p>Class IV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the learning outcomes mentioned in the text?

    <p>Know the mechanism of action, and uses of the Class I group of drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of drugs is associated with the term 'use-dependent' block?

    <p>Class I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of drugs is mainly used for hypertension?

    <p>Class II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of drugs is NOT mentioned as having a specific mechanism of action and uses?

    <p>Class IV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of drugs is associated with the term 'Vaughan Williams classification'?

    <p>Class I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can affect drug distribution?

    <p>Plasma protein binding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs has the highest relative organ perfusion?

    <p>Heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a specialised barrier that affects drug distribution?

    <p>Capillary diffusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of drugs that may pass the blood brain barrier (BBB)?

    <p>Low capillary permeability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main determinant of the initial rate of distribution of drugs?

    <p>Blood flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a fluid compartment involved in drug distribution?

    <p>Intravascular fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects drug distribution?

    <p>Capillary diffusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these is a factor that affects drug distribution once they are absorbed into the blood stream?

    <p>Chemical properties of the drug (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the volume of distribution (Vd) of a drug indicate?

    <p>The physiological compartments the drug distributes into (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical relevance of the volume of distribution (Vd)?

    <p>Age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the volume of distribution (Vd) and the elimination half-life of a drug?

    <p>Vd inversely depends on the elimination half-life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these is the correct formula to calculate the apparent volume of distribution (Vd)?

    <p>Vd = total amount of drug in the body / blood plasma concentration of drug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the article 'Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Cardiovascular Disorders'?

    <p>Relationship between oxidative stress and diabetic cardiovascular disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these is NOT mentioned as a factor that can influence the volume of distribution (Vd)?

    <p>Rate of drug administration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these is the correct formula to calculate the dose of a drug based on the volume of distribution (Vd) and desired plasma concentration?

    <p>Dose = Vd x desired plasma concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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