Systematics and Stratification

• Systematics develops specific ways of understanding living nature, the methods and criteria by which classifications are elaborated, and the classifications treated as natural

Systematics Stratification

• As a discipline, systematics delineates its main divisions, requiring knowledge of principles for classifications and methods for elaboration
• The two methods used must be suitable for use by other disciplines

Theoretical Systematics

• Taxonomy and Taxonology are forms of this
• Taxonomy has been identified as the entire systematics

Taxonomy

• Practical issues deal with the identification of particular taxa

Systematics as a Cognitive Solution

• The ontology of systematics defines the subject of taxonomy: taxonomic diversity
• The epistemology of systematics deals with developing principles of systematics research
• These are affected by schools, theories, and philosophies

Taxonomy Tasks

• These tasks include taxonomic research, elaboration of keys, application of nomenclature, systematic collections, and results

Practical Systematics

• Implements ideas elaborated by taxonomic theories, such as phylogenetic classification

Conceptual History

• Emphases differ, leading to varied understandings of systematics history
• Perspectives include botanical and evolutionary
• Variants include the use of artificial, natural, and phylogenetic systems

General History

• Consists of Pre-Proto-, Scientific, and Post-Scientific Systematics
• Study is biased toward plants due to scarcer literature

Pre-Systematics

Folk Systematics

• This lacks methods and is irrational
• Classification is intuitive for survival situations, such as ethnobiology
• It is utilitarian, classified based on practical need
• It is intellectualist, based on cognition

Figures Important in Pre-Systematics

• Shen Nung, Emperor of China, who derived medicines from plants, animals, and minerals, at 3000 B.C.
• Parashara of India, who studied soil properties and plant families, from 2000 BC
• Egyptians from 1500 BC created wall paintings
• Greeks and Romans classifying via logic
• Aristotle who classified organisms

Classifications

• Aristotle created classifications like Enaima (with blood), and Anaima (without blood)
• Theophrastus, a proponent of Botany, habit of plants, and durations was a Greek of 370-287 BC, and student of Aristotle and Plato
• Dioscorides who Traveled and gathered data of the medicinal plants in the Roman and Greek world, from 40-90 AD
• Pliny the Elder, Horticulural Practices, Medicinal Uses -Roman
• Albertus Magnus, who described vegetables from 1193-1280

Scholastic Era

• Otto Brunfels was a founder of modern botany
• Jerome Bock was a founder of modern botany
• Leonhart Fuchs was a founder of "modern" botany
• Charles Clusius researched plants/animals
• Matthias de L’Obel based Botany on observations
• Gaspard Bauhin sought binomial system
• Andreas Caesalpino was Italian and had a grasp on the genus concept
• John Ray classified plants, used all plant parts, and dealt with 18,000 species
• Pierre Magnol, was the father of the Family concept
• Joseph Pitton de Tournefort was the Father of Genus

Linnaean Era

• Carl Linnaeus began botanical and zoologial taxonomy
• He had a starting point of Species Plantarum, Systema Naturae 10th Edition, and used binomial nomenclature

Post-Scholastic Era

• Georges-Loius Leclerc de Buffon was critical of Linnaeus, opening pathway for evolution
• Michel Adanson in French, classified plants and founded Adansonia L.
• Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, launched a natural system
• Jean-Bapstiste de Lamarck, of Lamarckism.
• In post-scholistatic era was Augustin Pyramus de Candolle's Theory Elementaire de la Botanique, where Names have priority
• Strickland, who elaborated zoological law
• Darwin and Wallace, with Evolution, created Phylogeny, by August Eichler
• Hennig founded classification

Definition of "Species"

• Species interbreed and don't reproduce with other groups
• Species also look different and adapt differently

Tools to define "Species"

• Bacteria species rely on DNA sequences
• Fossil Species rely on defined differences in anatomy

The Importance of Specices

• Important to have categorization in communicating groups with others

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

• DNA Is the genetic information system
• Systematists would understand how organisms will benefit

DNA Makeup

• DNA has 4 tiny buildings blocks
• DNA pair with Adenine and Cytokine for respective pairs

Traits

• Everyone possess different character traits
• Examples might include asthma, musicality or disease risk

DNA Evidence & Ancestry

• Two species share ancestry - DNA is enough evidence
• Human shares ancestors
• Chimps Share Ancestry from DNA that provides Family History in a evolutionary view with Dr Collins
• The ERV, the Evolution, the Retroviruses
• Retroviruses alter Genetic in Dna, permanent
• The probability is astronimal because DNA has the quality

Selections

• Organism traits help survival
• Darwin's natural events transform species

Drift

• Random leads to change

Concepts & Impacts

• Biological species are potentially great breeders
• Isoiating Species

Naming & Species

• Recognized the Species
• Relies on phenotypic, data

Pluralism

• Concept of species are useful in that

Phylomgony

• The taxonomy is a science