System Development and Design Processes
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of using prototypes in system development?

The primary purpose of using prototypes is to demonstrate the proposed system to the client for feedback and validation.

How does iteration contribute to achieving desired results in the design process?

Iteration contributes by allowing repeated refinement and improvements based on feedback, resulting in solutions that better meet user needs.

What is the definition of iteration in the context of design?

Iteration is defined as a procedure in which repetition of a sequence of operations yields results successively closer to a desired result.

Which aspect is NOT considered part of the iterative design process?

<p>Starting from scratch is NOT considered part of the iterative design process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of iteration during the design process?

<p>The ultimate goal of iteration is to resolve bugs, satisfy users, and facilitate new releases of the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge when integrating legacy systems during a merger?

<p>Finding replacement parts for old systems can be difficult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common issues that can arise during data migration?

<p>Data loss, data corruption, and incompatible data formats are common issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare the implementation of a system using a client's hardware with hosting systems remotely.

<p>Client hardware systems offer more control, while remote hosting can provide scalability and reduced maintenance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between static and dynamic testing?

<p>Static testing does not involve executing the software, while dynamic testing requires execution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of User Acceptance Testing?

<p>User Acceptance Testing ensures that a new or updated system meets the expectations of its end users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe dry run testing.

<p>Dry run testing involves the programmer mentally executing the algorithm without actual code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two phases of software testing represented by Alpha and Beta testing?

<p>Alpha testing is done in-house, while Beta testing involves external users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is data testing?

<p>Data testing involves inputting normal, abnormal, and extreme data into the system for evaluation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the context in which a new system is planned?

<p>Context is defined as the background, environment, framework, setting, or situation surrounding a system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the context of a problem influence the design of a new system?

<p>The context affects the problem, which ultimately affects the solution, requiring the system to be tailored to specific environmental needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider potential organizational issues when implementing new systems?

<p>Potential organizational issues can present barriers to successful implementation, such as resistance from users or complications within existing processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some major challenges associated with change management?

<p>Major challenges include user resistance to change, potential data loss during migration, and the complexity of new systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a feasibility report (TELOS) play in system planning?

<p>A feasibility report evaluates the technical, economic, legal, operational, and scheduling aspects, helping determine if the planned system is viable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can legacy systems create compatibility issues during mergers?

<p>Legacy systems may lack compatibility with new technologies or systems, leading to integration challenges after a merger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impacts do organizational changes have on change management strategies?

<p>Organizational changes necessitate adaptable change management strategies to address the varying impacts on users and business processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor contributing to user resistance when implementing new systems?

<p>A key factor is the fear of losing familiar features or facing challenges with new technology, making users hesitant to embrace change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might occur if end-users are not included in the design process?

<p>User dissatisfaction and a product that does not meet user needs may occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some social or ethical issues raised by new IT systems?

<p>Job displacement and privacy concerns are significant social and ethical issues associated with new IT systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is usability defined in the context of IT systems?

<p>Usability refers to the potential of a product, application, or website to accomplish user goals effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one common usability problem faced by digital devices.

<p>One common usability problem is complicated navigation, which can frustrate users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name a method that can improve accessibility for digital systems.

<p>Using peripherals, such as adaptive keyboards or screen readers, can enhance accessibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of usability problems might you encounter with a ticketing system?

<p>Usability problems with a ticketing system can include confusing navigation and difficulty in completing transactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify a usability issue that can arise from online payroll systems.

<p>A common usability issue in online payroll systems is a lack of clarity in displaying salary breakdowns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What usability challenges could a scheduling application face?

<p>Scheduling applications may face challenges such as ineffective time slot selection and poor integration with calendars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mention a potential problem associated with voice recognition systems.

<p>Voice recognition systems may struggle with understanding different accents or background noise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What usability problems can arise when feedback systems are poorly designed?

<p>Poorly designed feedback systems can lead to user frustration and ineffective communication of issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of unit testing?

<p>To test individual parts of the system separately for functionality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does integration testing differ from unit testing?

<p>Integration testing evaluates the whole system together to ensure all components work as intended.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is debugging in software development?

<p>Debugging is the systematic process of identifying and fixing errors in a computer program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is user documentation important?

<p>User documentation provides essential guidance on how to use system features effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two advantages of using online support for user documentation?

<p>Online support is accessible anytime and can be updated easily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one disadvantage of printed manuals.

<p>Printed manuals can become outdated quickly and are not easily accessible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one cause of data loss related to human error.

<p>Accidental deletion of files.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of data loss for a business?

<p>Loss of critical customer data can lead to decreased trust and revenue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one method to prevent data loss.

<p>Regularly backing up data to external storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a software patch?

<p>A patch provides quick and temporary fixes for software issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define what an upgrade involves.

<p>An upgrade involves installing a newer version of software that enhances functionality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a server play in a network?

<p>A server provides resources and services to client devices in a network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one method for gathering requirements from stakeholders.

<p>Conducting surveys to capture user needs and preferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one disadvantage of formal classes for user training?

<p>Formal classes can be high-cost and inflexible in scheduling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to understand the current situation before creating a system?

<p>It ensures that the new system addresses real needs and improves upon existing issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Context of a New System

The background, environment, or situation surrounding a system. It can include factors like the company's goals, existing technology, and user needs.

Change Management

The process of making changes to an existing system, taking into account the impact on users and the organization. It aims to minimize resistance and maximize success.

Legacy Systems

These systems are older and often no longer fully supported by the original vendor. They can be difficult to integrate with newer systems.

Compatibility Issues in Mergers

When businesses combine, they may have different systems that need to be combined. This can create compatibility issues, as the systems may not easily communicate or share data.

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Feasibility Report (TELOS)

A document that assesses the feasibility of a new system. This can include technical, operational, financial, legal, ethical, and social aspects.

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Potential Organizational Issues

Factors that can cause users to resist change, like fear of the unknown, lack of trust in the new system, or disruption to their workflow.

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Need for User Training (Change Management)

The need to adjust to new ways of working, understand new features, and learn new skills.

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Successful Change Management

A set of steps and strategies used to prepare employees for a new system, manage their expectations, and address their concerns. This includes communication, training, and support.

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Merger Definition

The combination of two or more entities into one, which can present challenges.

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Legacy System Replacement Issues

Replacing a legacy system can present challenges such as incompatibility with newer technologies, lack of documentation, and potential data loss.

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Legacy System Integration Strategies

Methods for integrating legacy systems and merging businesses include: Data Migration: Transferring data from an old system to a new one. System Integration: Connecting different systems to work together. Process Re-engineering: Redesigning business processes to optimize efficiency. Training and Support: Ensuring users are comfortable with the new system.

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SaaS Definition

Software as a Service (SaaS) is a cloud-based software delivery model where applications are hosted and managed by a third-party provider and accessed over the internet.

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Alternative Installation Processes

Alternative installation processes include: On-premise: Software is installed on a company's own servers. Cloud-based: Software is hosted and managed by a third-party provider. Hybrid: Combination of on-premise and cloud-based solutions. SaaS: Software as a Service.

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Data Migration Problems

Data migration can lead to issues such as: Data loss: Data may be lost during the transfer process. Data corruption: Data may be damaged or altered during migration. Data inconsistency: Data may not be consistent across different systems. Security breaches: Data may be vulnerable during migration.

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Static vs. Dynamic Testing

Static testing involves reviewing the code without actually executing it, while dynamic testing involves running and testing the software.

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User Acceptance Testing

User Acceptance Testing (UAT) is a crucial step in the software development process where the intended users test the system to ensure it meets their needs and expectations.

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Prototype Purpose

A prototype is a basic, working version of a system designed to demonstrate functionality and gather feedback.

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Iteration in Design

Iteration is a process of repeating steps or cycles to improve a design or product, making adjustments based on feedback and results.

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Prototype Demonstration

Prototypes demonstrate the proposed system's functionality and user experience.

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Prototype Feedback

Gathering feedback from users and stakeholders helps identify areas for improvement and refine the design.

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Clarifying Vision

Prototypes help in clarifying the client's vision by showcasing the system's features and how it would work.

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Usability Problem

When a system is difficult or impossible to use correctly or efficiently.

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Navigation Issues

Users cannot find information easily or complete tasks within a reasonable time.

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Confusing Interface

The system's design or features confuse users.

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Lack of Feedback

The system doesn't provide adequate feedback to users about their actions.

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System Errors

The system has errors, crashes, or doesn't work as expected.

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Usability

The potential of a website, product, or application to successfully accomplish user goals.

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Accessibility

The potential of a service, product, or device to be accessible to and used by as many people as possible.

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Ergonomics

Ergonomics is the design of systems, products, and processes that prioritize the comfort, safety, and efficiency of human use.

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Consequences of Excluding Users

Ignoring end-user input in design can lead to user dissatisfaction, high training costs, and low adoption rates.

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Social and Ethical Concerns of New Systems

The integration of new IT systems might raise ethical and social concerns, such as data privacy, job displacement, and digital divides.

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Debugging

A systematic process of finding and correcting errors in a computer program.

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Unit Testing

Testing individual parts of a system separately to ensure they function correctly.

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Integration Testing

Testing the entire system as a whole to verify that all parts work together seamlessly.

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User Documentation

Any document that explains how to use the features and functions of a system to its end-users. It can be in various formats like books, PDFs, websites, videos, etc.

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Validation and Verification

Process of verifying that the system meets the specified requirements and validating that it meets the users' actual needs.

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User Acceptance Testing (UAT)

A method to assess the system's ability to meet the user's expectations by having real users test the system.

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Client

A computer that primarily requests services from other computers.

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Server

A computer that provides services to other computers on a network.

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Router

A computer that acts as a gateway between networks, forwarding data packets based on their destination.

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Domain Name System (DNS)

A system that translates domain names (easy-to-remember names) to IP addresses (numerical addresses) so computers can find each other on the internet.

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Email Server

A computer system that manages the sending and receiving of emails.

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Firewall

A software or hardware barrier that protects a network from unauthorized access.

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Ethical Issue

A problem or situation requiring individuals or organizations to choose between right and wrong alternatives.

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Social Issue

A problem that affects a large number of individuals within a society.

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Stakeholders

People or groups who have an interest or stake in a project or system.

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Study Notes

Systems in Organizations

  • Identify the context for a new system's planning:
    • Investigate and outline the framework of a new system
    • Describe the limitations of a proposed system
    • Present organizational issues related to new system installation
    • Identify the importance of the system for various users
    • Outline involved technologies
  • New systems are created to:
    • Replace inefficient, unsuitable, redundant, or outdated systems
    • Increase productivity, quality, or minimize costs
    • Reduce flaws and errors in existing systems
  • Context includes:
    • People involved
    • Laws involved
    • Time required
    • Money required
    • Location/space required
    • Current system
  • Context affects problem and solution:
    • Example: Delivery drivers need phones for packages, airplane pilots use tablets due to space
  • New systems are rarely in a vacuum, context is important

Considerations for a New System's Context

  • Consider the extent and limitations of the new system
  • Example: Introducing a new payment system for school trips, organizational issues, and user role changes
  • Potential organizational issues:
    • Lack of guiding organizational and business strategies
    • Lack of stakeholder and user participation
    • Lack of user ownership
    • Lack of required training
    • Lack of attention to organizational culture
    • Inadequate job design and information system tasks
  • Feasibility considerations:
    • Technical feasibility (is existing technology sufficient?)
    • Economic feasibility (is it cost-effective?)
    • Legal feasibility (conflicts with regulations?)
    • Operational feasibility (existing practices support the system?)
    • Schedule feasibility (implementation timeline?)

Need for Change Management

  • Factors involved in justifying change management
  • Change examples: changes in tutor time, traffic light changes, new phones
  • Possible issues:
  • Users dislike change, especially frequently
  • New systems may omit old features
  • Existing systems might be faster in certain circumstances
  • Change is complex for many people
  • Data loss during migration
  • Potential for significant cost (time & money)
  • Steps to make change easier: plan beforehand, communicate effectively, integrate the change, evaluate the progress.

Compatibility Issues and Business Mergers

  • Describe the importance of compatibility
  • Identify how legacy systems interact with modern systems
  • Identify struggles for successful integrations during business mergers
  • Discuss international dimensions of software compatibility
  • Legacy system: An old system or device no longer supported by the provider (e.g., old car).
  • Mergers: Combining two or more entities into one (complex integrations)

Comparison of Client Hardware and Hosting Systems

  • Define Software as a Service (SaaS)
  • Define on-premise software
  • Relate and analyze differences between SaaS and on-premise
  • Comparing Local and Remote Software
  • Discuss local software (installed on specific computers) vs. Remote software (accessed online)

SaaS (Software as a Service)

  • SaaS is a software distribution model
  • Third-party provider hosts applications accessible over the internet
  • Traditional software installation, maintenance not necessary
  • Provider handles security, availability, performance
  • Common examples: Microsoft Office 365, Google Apps, Amazon Web Services, Dropbox
  • Benefits of SaaS: minimizes IT responsibilities and costs, suitable for small businesses, reduces staff workload
  • Drawbacks: software integration challenges, security concerns, government compliance regulations, and possible data breaches.

Alternative Installation Processes

  • Direct changeover (quick but no fallback if new system fails)
  • Parallel running (old system runs alongside new for backup)
  • Pilot running (limited area testing, iron out bugs)
  • Phased conversion (introducing new system in phases)

Data Migration Problems

  • Define data migration
  • Analyze different data migration scenarios
  • Identify data incompatibility and incompleteness issues (like corrupted files, incompatible formats)
  • Data structure differences, validation rules, incomplete data transfers, international conventions on dates, currencies, and character sets

Various Testing Types

  • Importance of testing
  • Defining major testing types (e.g., static, dynamic, unit, integration)
  • Suggesting best testing for proposed scenarios
    • Static vs dynamic, alpha vs beta, black vs white box testing, automated testing.

User Documentation

  • Importance of proper documentation
  • How documentation affects implementation
  • Various documentation methods and their features
  • Example use cases of help files, offline methods such as manuals, online support

User Training

  • Importance of proper user training
  • Suggest various methods for user training
  • Discuss how user training affects implementation

Causes of Data Loss

  • Hardware malfunctions (physical damage)
  • Software malfunctions (data corruption)
  • Human error (accidental deletion, administrative errors, saving program prematurely)

Consequences of Data Loss

  • Explore various negative impacts of data loss (examples, consequences, financial, social)

Preventing Data Loss

  • Define failover systems, redundancy, removable media, offsite and online storage.

Updating Software

  • Define updates, patches, upgrades, releases
  • Description of automatic update process

System Design Basics

  • Defining hardware, software, peripherals, networks, human resources
  • Five components of a computer system: hardware, peripherals, software, network, and human resources
  • Client/Server vs. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks
  • Defining routers, firewalls and DNS servers.

Social and Ethical Issues

  • Social issues related to new IT systems and their impact on individuals and society.
  • Ethical considerations (e.g. privacy, data security, use of technology, social media use, cybersecurity)
  • Negative impacts of new systems on existing traditions.
  • Ways new IT systems change the way humans live

Usability

  • Define usability, accessibility, ergonomics
  • Components of usability (memorability, learnability, errors, readability, efficiency, ergonomics)
  • Usability problems with common devices
  • Methods for improving accessibility of systems, types of disabilities.

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Topic 1 - Systems Fundamentals PDF

Description

This quiz explores essential concepts in system development and design, focusing on prototypes, iteration, testing phases, and challenges in data migration. Understand how these factors contribute to effective system design and implementation. Test your knowledge on the critical aspects of software engineering.

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