SDLC, Agile and Iterative Development
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following activities is typically performed before designing system components in the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?

  • Completing system tests and deploying the solution.
  • Discovering and understanding the details of the problem or need. (correct)
  • Building, testing, and integrating system components.
  • Planning and monitoring the project timeline.

What is the primary characteristic of Agile development in the context of information system development?

  • Strict adherence to a pre-defined plan with minimal changes.
  • Flexibility to adapt to new requirements during development. (correct)
  • Developing the entire system in one single iteration from start to finish.
  • Emphasis on detailed documentation and formal processes.

In iterative development, how is a system typically developed?

  • All system components are designed at once, then built and tested together.
  • The system is 'grown' piece by piece through multiple iterations, refining and adding more features incrementally. (correct)
  • Each phase of the SDLC (planning, analysis, design, implementation) is completed fully before moving to the next.
  • A prototype is created and immediately deployed as the final solution.

Which activity in the SDLC focuses on transitioning the system from a controlled environment to its operational setting?

<p>Completing system tests and deploying the solution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a 'project' in the context of system development?

<p>To develop an information system with a defined beginning, end, and result. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is considered an actual approach used to develop a particular information system?

<p>System development process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which core processes are primarily addressed by the Work Breakdown Structure for an iteration?

<p>Core Processes 3, 4, 5, and 6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between Agile and Iterative development?

<p>Agile development emphasizes responsiveness to new requirements, while Iterative development grows the system piece by piece. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Work Sequence Draft for an iteration?

<p>To elaborate on the Work Breakdown Structure by providing a specific order for tasks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methodologies is most commonly associated with incorporating user feedback throughout the development process?

<p>Agile (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the initial activities of Core Process 3 (Discover and Understand Details), what preliminary artifacts are typically developed?

<p>A preliminary list of use cases, a use case diagram, a preliminary list of classes, and a class diagram (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following use cases involves retrieving information based on a supplier's name?

<p>Look up supplier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is the 'Enter/update supplier information' use case utilized?

<p>When either adding a new supplier or modifying an existing supplier's details. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would the 'Look up product information' use case be applied?

<p>To retrieve product details using either a description or a supplier name. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the singular purpose of the 'Upload product image' use case?

<p>To add or update images associated with a product. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'Look up contact' use case differ from 'Look up supplier' and 'Look up product information'?

<p>'Look up contact' locates information using a contact's name, while the others use supplier/product details or descriptions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of object-oriented design for the Supplier Information Subsystem, which of the following best describes the purpose of defining 'attributes' for the 'Supplier' object class?

<p>To define the data elements that characterize a supplier, such as name, address, and description. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During Core Process 3, 'Discover and Understand Details,' what is the primary goal when analyzing a use case within the Supplier Information Subsystem?

<p>To understand and document the detailed workflow of each use case. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity directly supports the objective of 'Define the user experience with screens and report sketches' during Core Process 4, 'Design System Components'?

<p>Developing a draft screen layout for the 'Look up supplier' use case. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A systems analyst is tasked with designing the 'Enter/update contact information' use case. Which object class is most relevant to this use case?

<p>Contact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When designing the user interface for the 'Look up supplier' use case, which of the following considerations is most important for ensuring a positive user experience?

<p>Prioritizing frequently accessed supplier information and presenting it in a clear, organized manner. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the use case diagram and the activity diagram in the Supplier Information Subsystem design?

<p>The use case diagram visually represents the system's functionalities, while the activity diagram details the workflow of a specific use case. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A project team decides to add a feature to track the 'credit rating' of suppliers. Which step in the systems analysis and design process would this change primarily impact FIRST?

<p>Adding 'credit rating' as an attribute to the 'Supplier' object class. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a design review, stakeholders suggest that the 'Supplier' object class should also include information about past performance. How should the development team approach this suggestion?

<p>Schedule a meeting to gather detailed requirements about what 'past performance' entails and how it will be used. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following user goals aligns with the role of a 'Potential Customer' within an RMO CSMS, according to the user goal technique?

<p>Searching for an item and filling a shopping cart. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A marketing manager uses a CSMS for various tasks. Which of the following is a primary goal that aligns with this user role?

<p>Adding or updating product information and promotions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which core process within the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is primarily emphasized during systems analysis?

<p>Discovering and understanding the details of the problem or need. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shipping personnel interact with a CSMS to manage the logistics of orders. Which task is most aligned with the goals of a shipping personnel user?

<p>Shipping Items and tracking shipments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for applying the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?

<p>An iterative development approach, dividing the system into subsystems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of systems analysis, what is the primary purpose of gathering information?

<p>To understand stakeholder needs and system requirements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step in the User Goal Technique for system analysis and design?

<p>Identifying all potential users of the new system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key activity performed during the systems analysis phase?

<p>Investigating system requirements and defining user needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After identifying the users, what's the next step in applying the User Goal Technique?

<p>Classifying users based on their functional role. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do models play in systems analysis?

<p>They help to visualize, analyze, and document the current system or the proposed system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the User Goal Technique, interviews are conducted with users. What is the primary purpose of these interviews?

<p>To gather a list of specific goals they will have when using the new system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the User Goal Technique, inconsistencies may arise when creating a list of preliminary use cases. What action should analysts take to address this?

<p>Look for duplicates and resolve inconsistencies in use case names. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of an activity diagram in systems analysis?

<p>To document workflows and activities performed by users or the system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Event Decomposition Technique in system analysis and design?

<p>Identifying the events to which the system must respond. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does understanding different kinds of stakeholders contribute to defining requirements?

<p>It allows for a comprehensive view of system needs and expectations from various perspectives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a nonfunctional requirement from a functional requirement?

<p>Functional requirements specify what the system should do, while nonfunctional requirements describe the quality attributes of the system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which user role can both 'Track shipment' and 'Look up order status'?

<p>Customer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which subsystem would the use case 'Create phone sale' be found?

<p>Sales Subsystem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary actor for the 'Ship items' use case within the CSMS?

<p>Shipping (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which department is responsible for both 'Manage shippers' and 'Create backorder'?

<p>Shipping (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A customer wants to see what supplementary products other people bought with an item. Which use case fulfills this?

<p>View accessory combinations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions can only a customer perform, and is not available to customer service or sales representatives?

<p>Fill reserve cart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A customer service representative needs to record a sale made over the phone. What use case supports this?

<p>Create phone sale (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the 'Fill shopping cart' and 'Fill reserve cart' use cases?

<p>'Fill shopping cart' immediately processes the order, while 'Fill reserve cart' holds items for potential purchase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Project

A planned undertaking with a definite beginning, end, and result.

Project (in IS context)

Used to develop information systems, requires systems analysis and design knowledge.

System development process

The actual approach used to develop a particular information system.

Agile development

An information system development process emphasizing flexibility and responsiveness to evolving requirements.

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Iterative development

Developing a system piece by piece through repeated cycles to gradually refine and add more

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System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

A structured, step-by-step approach to building information systems.

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SDLC Stages

First: Understand the problem. Second: Design a solution. Third: Build and test. Final: Deploy.

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Agile vs. Iterative

Agile prioritizes flexibility and quick adaptation. Iterative focuses on building the system piece by piece.

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Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

A hierarchical decomposition of the project work required for an iteration.

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Work Sequence Draft

A detailed sequence of activities to be performed within an iteration, elaborating on the WBS.

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Preliminary Fact-Finding

Preliminary fact-finding to define system requirements.

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Use case diagram

A diagram showing actors and use cases.

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Class diagram

A diagram showing the classes and their relationships.

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Look up Supplier Use Case

Operation to find the details and contacts of a supplier using the supplier's name.

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Enter/Update Supplier Info

Operation to add or modify information about a supplier.

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Look up Product Information

Operation to find details of merchandise products using a description.

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Supplier Object Class

Represents a vendor providing goods or services. Includes data like name, address, description, and any relevant comments.

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Contact Object Class

Represents a person associated with a supplier that provides goods or services. Includes details such as name, address, phone, email, position and any relevant comments.

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Product Object Class

Classifies products involving category, name, description, gender and comments.

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ProductPicture Object Class

Specifically stores unique identifiers and images associated with products.

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Discovering Details

In-depth investigation to clarify project needs.

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Detailed Workflow

Detailed documentation of a use case's procedural flow.

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Screen Sketches

Visual display and layout samples for user interfaces.

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Supplier Information Subsystem

Subsystem dedicated to managing details of external providers.

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Subsystems

To divide a system into smaller parts, making it easier to manage and refine.

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Systems Analysis

The phase in which you figure out what the system should do to meet business needs.

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Requirements

A quality or feature that the system must have. Can be functional or non-functional.

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Stakeholders

Individuals who have an interest in the successful implementation of the system.

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Information-Gathering Techniques

Methods used to gather details about the system requirements, e.g interviews and surveys.

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Models and Modeling

Diagrams that visually represent a system or process, like UML activity diagrams for workflows.

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User Goal Technique

A method for discovering use cases by focusing on user objectives.

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Customer's Goal

Searching for an item, filling a cart, viewing reviews.

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Marketing Manager's Goal

Add/update products, promotions, sales reports.

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Shipping Personnel's Goal

Ship items, track shipments, create returns.

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Steps 1-4: User Goal

Identify users, classify by role/level, interview for goals.

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Steps 5-7: User Goal

Preliminary use cases, resolve duplicates, identify shared use cases.

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Step 8: User Goal

Review list with users and interested stakeholders.

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Event Decomposition Technique

A technique to identify what events the system must respond to.

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Search for item

Allows users to find specific items within the CSMS.

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View product comments and ratings

Enables users to see what others think of a product before buying.

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View accessory combinations

Suggests related products that go well with the item being viewed.

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Fill shopping cart

Add selected products to a virtual cart for purchase.

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Empty shopping cart

Remove all items from the virtual cart.

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Check out shopping cart

Finalize the purchase of items in the shopping cart.

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Ship items

Used by shipping to send items to customers.

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Look up order status

System function to find the current status of an existing order.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1: Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World

  • Every system needs to follow a life cycle comprising feasibility studies, design, construction, inspection, and maintenance
  • In product manufacturing, an electronic device must go through a life cycle, including concept development, design, prototyping, production, distribution, and end-of-life management
  • Business process implementation in an organization requires a life cycle of analysis, design, implementation, monitoring, and continuous improvement
  • Software development encompasses life cycle phases such as planning, designing, coding, testing, deployment, and maintenance
  • To achieve a system that meets expectations, it's crucial to carefully plan each stage in the cycle
  • Computer applications (apps) are computer software programs executing on a computing device to carry out specific function sets and have a modest scope
  • Information systems are sets of interrelated components collecting, processing, storing, and outputting information for business tasks, broader than apps, and include databases and manual processes
  • System analysis is enabling a person to understand and specify what an information system should accomplish
  • System design defines in detail a system that solves a need
  • The stages of software development include understanding needs, capturing the vision/goal, defining a solution, communicating the vision and solution, building the solution, confirming that the solution meets the need, and launching the solution system
  • System Development Life Cycle's (SDLC) process has all activities to build launch and maintain information systems
  • Identify the problem or need and obtain approval from customer
  • Plan and monitor the project by timeline
  • Discover and understand the problem details
  • Design the system components to solve the problem virtually
  • Build, test, and integrate system components physically
  • Complete system tests and deploy the solution
  • A project is a planned effort with a beginning and end that produces some defined result (Project Management)
  • System development processes use Agile and Iterative development
  • Agile development is an information system development process emphasizing flexibility to anticipate new requirements during development, is fast-on-feet, and responsive to change
  • Iterative development involves growing the system piece by piece through multiple-iterations beginning by with small system parts completing a mini-project
  • Ridgeline Mountain Outfitters (RMO) is a large retail company in the Rocky Mountain and Western States specializing in outdoor and sporting clothing and accessories
  • RMO started with mail and phone orders, added retail and E-business components
  • RMO has a Tradeshow System to help purchasing agents at apparel/fabric trade shows order new products from suppliers
  • The RMO problem involves tracking supplier/new product data
  • Initial activities during pre-project include defining the problem and a preliminary investigation(what, why), System Vision Document, meeting stakeholders, decision-making and plan-implementation
  • Core Process 2; Project planning involves identification of functional areas, defining system wide functions and team responsibilities
  • Work breakdown structure (WBS) defines the tasks, effort, and start times for each task
  • Core Process 3 is discovering and understanding details
  • In the Supplier Information Subsystem, the Use cases are the look up supplier, enter/update supplier information, lookup contact information, and enter/update contract information
  • Core Process 4 entails designing the database schema, and systems high levels structure
  • Notes on project management, the project includes lots of design diagrams to select from

Chapter 2: Investigating System Requirements

  • In system analysis, the larger Ridgeline Mountain Outfitters (RMO) project will be used to illustrate analysis and design
  • In system analysis activities detailed information is gathered, requirements defined, and needs prioritized
  • System requirements include functional and nonfunctional needs
  • Functional needs are functions the users want to carry out
  • Non-functional needs are other system characteristics
  • Some Stakeholders at RMO include senior executives, phone/mail sales order clerks, and external shippers
  • Information gathering involves interviews, questionnaires, documentation, and observation of business activities
  • Preparing for interviews, involve meeting all participants
  • All stakeholders are meet, to decide who and what to talk too
  • Creating diagrams, creating system design models, creating testing models, and creating documentation models
  • In activity diagrams workflows use Swimlane, heading and transition arrows, and decision activity
  • Workflow is the sequence of processing steps that handles business transactions or requests

Chapter 3: Identifying User Stories and Use Cases

  • Functional Requirement is defined as, “A requirement that describes what the system must do, or the services it must provide to users."
  • Functional requirements specify the system's behavior, operations, and interactions.
  • Use Case has a Title (Goal we are looking for)
  • Has an Actor(a person who wants that goal satisfied)
  • Has a Scenario (series of steps needed to accomplish the goal)
  • User stories are shorter than Use-case and also describe as single scenario from a user's perspective
  • As a (user or role)
  • I want (a particular goal)
  • So that (benefit from the goal)
  • Use Cases are actions the system performs often in response to a need
  • Analyst uses functional decomposition
  • User goal technique involves Verb-noun naming
  • In Event Decomposition, the system must respond to a specific time
  • UML standards help for models for information systems
  • UML boundary is the difference between users and software applications
  • There are three types of events: External, Temporal, and State
  • External events happen outside of the system usually initiated by an actor or agent
  • Temporal is as a result of reaching a point in time
  • Internal state happens inside of the systems that trigger some process

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Questions about system development activities, agile and iterative methodologies. Covers SDLC phases, agile characteristics, iterative system development, and the purpose of projects. Key differences between Agile and Iterative development are highlighted.

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