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Questions and Answers
What is included in an information system?
Which type of information system provides results based on transaction processing?
Who is responsible for translating business requirements into technical solutions?
Which of the following roles primarily analyzes business problems?
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What do external service providers (ESP) offer to businesses?
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Which technique helps to improve communication by representing something complex?
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What type of information system helps in planning and assessing strategies?
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Which of the following best describes the role of a system builder?
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What is a key characteristic of the Waterfall model in system development?
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What are the main sources of system development projects?
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In the project classic phase of Scoping, which document is typically included?
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Which analysis stage focuses on evaluating solutions based on technical, cultural, operational, and other factors?
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What indicates a project has failed?
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What is included in the requirements analysis phase of a project?
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During which phase is the physical design of the system created?
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What does the project management function of 'Controlling' primarily involve?
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What is the primary purpose of a problem statement in project analysis?
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Which tool is specifically used for problem analysis to identify and analyze system issues?
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How are functional requirements defined in relation to non-functional requirements?
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Which fact-finding method involves directly observing activities to gather information?
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Which statement best describes non-functional requirements?
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What is the purpose of a PERT chart in project management?
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What characterizes the 6M’s template in problem analysis?
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How is the expected duration (ED) calculated using optimistic, pessimistic, and expected durations?
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What is a key characteristic of functional requirements?
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What is the main advantage of using questionnaires as a fact-finding method?
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What are the techniques for resource leveling?
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Which task dependency indicates that finishing one task will trigger the start of another?
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What does 'slack time' refer to in project management?
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When estimating task duration, if a project member operates at 80% efficiency and there are 25% interruptions, what is the estimated time for a task that can be completed in 20 hours at full efficiency?
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What is the main goal of problem analysis in project management?
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Which task dependency type means that two tasks must finish at the same time?
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What is the primary purpose of prototyping in systems analysis?
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What distinguishes a structured interview from an unstructured interview?
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In the context of use case modeling, what is an actor?
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Which of the following steps is NOT part of use-case modeling?
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What type of event is triggered by time within the system?
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Which technique is used to expedite the discovery of system requirements in group settings?
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What does a use-case diagram primarily illustrate?
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What is an abstract use case?
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Study Notes
System Analysis and Design
- A system is a collection of interacting components that work together to achieve a common goal.
- It has a boundary, structure, and behavior (process).
- Systems can be natural or man-made.
- An information system is a combination of data, people, processes, and information technology that works together to meet needs.
- Information technology (IT) encompasses both hardware and software.
- Stakeholders are individuals who have an interest in an information system.
- System owners allocate funds for the operation and maintenance phase.
- System users regularly use information systems.
- Internal users include workers, staff, and managers.
- External users include customers, suppliers, and partners.
- System designers translate business requirements into technical solutions, such as database designers and network architects.
- System builders, like application/system/database programmers, construct information systems according to designs from system designers.
- System analysts analyze business problems and create logical models, requiring skills such as programming and problem-solving.
- External Service Providers (ESP) are professionals who offer expertise and experience to other businesses.
System Development Methodology
- A system development methodology provides guidelines for completing the phases of system development.
- It includes techniques to finish one or more system phases, models to represent complex systems, diagrams to communicate, generate, and test ideas, and tools to aid in model creation.
- Waterfall model is a predictive, fixed-outcome system development lifecycle technique.
- Spiral model is an adaptive system development lifecycle technique where the outcome can change at any time.
System Development Projects
- System development projects stem from problems, opportunities, and directives.
- A problem is a situation that prevents an organization from achieving a goal.
- An opportunity refers to a chance for improvement.
- A directive represents new requirements imposed by government regulations.
Classic Project Phases
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Scope Definition:
- Contains a problem statement, constraints, scope creep, and a project charter.
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Problem Analysis:
- Understand, analyze, and identify causes of the problem.
- Establish improvement objectives.
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Requirements Analysis:
- Identify and prioritize requirements, both functional and non-functional.
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Logical Design:
- Convert user requirements into a system model.
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Decision Analysis:
- Evaluate the solution based on technical feasibility, cultural acceptance, operational fulfillment, economic cost-effectiveness, schedule adherence, legal compliance, and risk assessment.
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Physical Design and Integration:
- Design physical models based on specifications or prototypes.
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Construction and Testing:
- Build and test the design. Involves database and application programmers.
- Installation and Delivery:
- System Operating and Maintenance:
Project Management
- A project involves activities with one goal that needs to be completed within a specified time, budget, and set of specifications.
- A successful project:
- Satisfies customer needs.
- Delivers the system on time and within budget.
- A failed project:
- Contains incomplete or changing requirements.
- Lacks executive or technical support.
- suffers from poor project planning.
- Project management functions include scoping, planning, estimating, scheduling, organizing, directing, controlling, and closing.
PERT Chart and GANT Chart
- A PERT chart models dependencies between tasks.
- A GANT chart is a bar chart that displays tasks against a calendar timeline.
Task Duration Estimation
- Efficiency is generally between 75-85%.
- Interruptions consume time between 10-50%.
- To estimate task duration:
- Optimistic Duration (OD): Minimum time required.
- Pessimistic Duration (PD): Maximum time required.
- Expected Duration (ED): Expected time to complete the task.
- To calculate the most likely duration (D): D = (1 * OD) + (4 * ED) + (1 * PD)/6
Task Dependencies
- Finish to Start (FS): Completing one task triggers the start of another.
- Start to Start (SS): Starting one task triggers the start of another.
- Finish to Finish (FF): Completing one task triggers the completion of another (must be finished at the same time).
- Start to Finish (SF): Starting one task signifies the completion of another.
Resource Leveling
- A strategy for correcting over-allocation of resources.
- Techniques for resource leveling include:
- Task Delaying: Tasks with slack time can be delayed to balance resources.
- Task Splitting: Tasks on the critical path, which cannot be delayed without delaying the whole project, can be split to distribute resources.
Problem Analysis
- The goal of problem analysis is to determine the system improvement objective by understanding its problems.
- A request for system services is a document that serves as input for the "Scope" phase, typically originating from a business team requesting a project.
- A problem statement is derived from the "Scope" phase and serves as input for problem analysis.
- Cause and effect analysis involves studying system problems to identify their causes and effects.
- An Ishikawa diagram, also known as a fishbone diagram, is a tool used to identify, analyze, and document problem causes.
- The 6M's template is used to categorize causes, representing Manpower, Machine, Material, Method, Measurement, and Mother Nature.
Information Gathering
- Information gathering is a technique used to identify problems and understand requirements.
- System requirements are properties that an information system must have.
- Functional requirements outline the system's functions, while non-functional requirements specify how well the system performs.
- Fact-finding involves gathering sensitive information, such as company plans and employee salaries.
- Fact-finding methods include:
- Sampling: Collecting samples of documents, forms, and records.
- Research and site visits: Conducting research to gather data and visiting locations to observe operations.
- Observation: Watching people perform activities to learn more about the system.
- Questionnaires: Collecting information and opinions from respondents using either free-format or fixed- format questionnaires.
- Interviews: Gathering information through face-to-face meetings, conducting either unstructured or structured interviews.
- Prototyping: Building a working model of the system to discover or verify requirements.
- Joint Application Development (JAD): A group meeting technique to expedite the discovery of system requirements. It involves sponsors, IT staff, managers, and other stakeholders.
- Brainstorming is an important component of JAD sessions.
Modeling Systems with Use Cases
- Use case modeling presents business processes in terms of events, triggers, and responses.
- Use case diagrams visually represent interactions and functionality between the system and its actors, defining the system's boundaries.
- An actor is a person or object that interacts with the system to exchange information.
- A use case is a system behavior that describes a business task from the actor's perspective, representing a function provided by the system as a set of events leading to a result for the actor.
- Types of events:
- External: Triggered by an event outside the system, such as a customer placing an order.
- Temporal: Triggered by time, such as a monthly payroll report.
- State: Triggered by an internal state change, such as a stock item level falling below the reorder point.
- Use-case modeling steps:
- Identify business actors.
- Identify business use cases.
- Construct a use case model diagram.
- Produce a use case narrative.
- An abstract use case combines common steps from two or more use cases into a new use case.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of system analysis and design. This quiz covers the definition of systems, types of users, and the roles of stakeholders and designers in developing information systems. Test your understanding of how components interact within a system to achieve specific goals.
